简易式工厂化循环水对虾养殖系统构建及试验

为探索低换水量的对虾养殖生产方式,该研究构建了一种简易式工厂化对虾养殖系统,试验组利用自行研发的蛋白分离器和新型集污盘去除系统总悬浮颗粒物和老化微藻,对照组不设置蛋白分离器和集污盘,进行对虾养殖和水质调控试验,结果表明:试验组平均总氨氮浓度、平均亚硝氮浓度、平均TSS(Total Suspended Solids)浓度、平均副溶血弧菌数量分别为(0.4±0.16)、(0.53±0.23)、(68.33±39.72)mg/L和(140±113.83)cfu/mL,显著低于对照组(0.96±0.62)、(1.17±0.59)、(147.14±94.18)mg/L和(661.34±473.96)cfu/mL(P0.05);试验组成活率及单位产量分别为82.62%±5.64%和(3.44±0.85)kg/m~3,显著高于对照组18.29%±4.63%和(1.09±0.23)kg/m~3(P0.05)。该研究构建的简易式循环水工厂化系统,设置蛋白分离器流量10 m~3/h且不间断运行,养殖前45 d不换水、后55 d利用集污盘进行强排污保持日换水量5%的情况下能够有效调控对虾养殖水质。     

对虾高位池循环水养殖系统对水质调控效果研究

为了改善高位池对虾养殖水质,降低养殖环境污染,提高产品质量安全,对自主研发的高位池循环水养殖系统调控对虾养殖水质的效果进行研究,设计了3个不同循环量（20m·3h-1,T1）、（40m3·h-1,T2）、（60m3·h-1,T3）水处理系统进行高位池试验。结果表明,不同处理量的循环水系统均能有效地降低水体中NH4＋和NO2-,T1、T2、T3对NH4＋的相对消除率分别为46%、56%、57%;对NO2-的相对消除率分别为38%、34%、54%;各处理组对NO3-均没有明显的消除作用。T1、T2对PO34-无消除效果,T3对PO34-的相对消除率为36%。T1对COD无消除效果,T2、T3对COD的相对消除率为9%、15%。综合比较可知,60m·3h-1循环水处理系统对改善水质效果最好,40m3·h-1次之,20m3·h-1最差。     

基于物质平衡的对虾高位池循环水养殖系统设计与试验

为建立一种高效、低成本的高位池循环水养殖系统构建技术,采用物质平衡相关原理,结合水净化设施构建技术,精准设计确立水处理系统物理过滤设施体积、生物过滤设施体积、循环量及供氧量等关键参数,并优化系统结构,建立融斜管沉淀设施、流化床生物过滤设施、增氧于一体的设施型高位池循环水养殖系统。应用该系统开展凡纳滨对虾运行试验,结果表明:p H值7.43~8.03,溶解氧5.32~7.82 mg/L,氨氮值0.06~0.54 mg/L,水质调控良好;系统养殖负荷2.26 kg/m3,饲料系数1.17,成活率81.3%,取得高效养殖生长结果;单茬利润3.34万元,亩均年利润2.67万元(按1年3茬计),获得良好经济效益。该研究系统主要参数设定值(预期值)与实测值吻合较好,可为高位池养殖模式可持续发展提供借鉴。     

小鼠卵母细胞去核方案的优化

为了优化小鼠卵母细胞去核方案，本研究对比了透明带磨口刺入和透明带直接刺入两种去核方法（分别简称磨口法和刺入法）、蔗糖处理与否、CB的浓度及去核针内径对小鼠卵母细胞的去核效率的影响，及CB浓度对去除部分胞质（不去核）的孤雌胚早期发育的影响。结果：（1）无论是磨口法还是刺入法，添加3％蔗糖和对照组之间的去核成功率及去核操作时间差异均不显著（P>0.05）；（2）CB浓度为5μg/mL、10μg/mL和20μg/mL时，各试验组的操作时间差异不显著（P>0.05），但10μg/mL的CB操作速度最快，磨口法三个试验组间去核成功率差异不显著（P>0.05），刺入法在CB浓度为5μg/mL、10μg/mL时去核成功率显著高于20μg/mL组（P<0.05），磨口法去核成功率显著高于刺入法（P<0.05）；（3）去除部分胞质的孤雌胚卵裂率各试验组之间差异不显著（P>0.05），20μg/mLCB处理组囊胚率显著低于其它处理组（P<0.05）；（4）在CB浓度为10μg/mL的操作液中，分别用内径为10μm、15μm和20μm内径的去核针，各试验组间操作时间差异不显著（P>0.05），15μm内径的去核针操作速度较快，磨口法去核成功率差异不显著（P>0.05），15μm去核针去核成功率较高，刺入法应用20μm去核针的去核成功率显著低于其它组（P<0.05）。结果表明，磨口法在10μg/mL CB和15μm内径去核针条件下提高了去核成功率(90.8%)及去核速度（50sec/个），且不影响孤雌胚的体外发育率。     

涌浪机在对虾养殖中的增氧作用

溶解氧是对虾正常代谢和生长中所必需的,为了探索对虾养殖增氧方式的新途径,该文进行了涌浪机在高位池凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖条件下增氧情况的研究,并进行了不同天气状况下与水车增氧机增氧效果的对比。试验表明:涌浪机在晴好天气下增氧能力远超同功率水车增氧机。在试验养殖密度约为10000kg/hm2时,0.75kW涌浪机在晴好天气白天时与同功率水车增氧机相比,使池中溶解氧质量浓度平均提高1.24mg/L,但在阴雨天和夜间涌浪机的增氧效果较差,增氧能力与同功率水车增氧机相近。因此,涌浪机在实际应用中需与其他增氧模式相结合使用,将会取得较好的增氧效果。     

磷酸盐和碳酸盐对秸秆类生物质光发酵产氢的影响

为研究磷酸盐和碳酸盐对光发酵产氢过程的影响,该文主要以酶解预处理后的玉米秸秆为产氢基质,对不同浓度的磷酸盐(K_2HPO_4)和碳酸盐(NaHCO_3 )下的氢气产量、pH值、ORP值和产氢动力学结果进行分析。结果表明,当K_2HPO_4的浓度为10 mmol/L时,氢气产量为(40.65±0.35)m L/g,比对照组显著提高了28.48%,对光发酵产氢的促进效果最好;终pH值为6.37±0.02,显著高于对照组的6.06±0.03,能够有效缓冲反应体系的pH值。不同K_2HPO_4浓度下的产氢动力学特性结果表明,适当的K_2HPO_4浓度提高了最大产氢潜能和最大产氢速率,缩短了产氢延迟时间,当K_2HPO_4的浓度为10 mmol/L时,最大产氢潜能最大,和最大产氢速率较大,产氢延迟时间较短,分别是40.81 m L/g、1.87 m L/(h·g)和2.85 h。当NaHCO_3 浓度为5 mmol/L时,氢气产量为(37.46±1.40)m L/g,比对照组显著提高了18.39%,对光发酵产氢的促进效果最好;终pH值为6.26±0.04,显著高于对照组的6.06±0.03,能够有效缓冲反应体系的pH值。不同NaHCO_3 浓度下的产氢动力学结果表明,适当的NaHCO_3 浓度能够提高最大产氢潜能和最大产氢速率,但却会延迟光合细菌的产氢,当NaHCO_3 浓度为5 mmol/L时,最大产氢潜能和最大产氢速率最大,产氢延迟时间相对较短,分别是37.26 m L/g、1.92 m L/(h·g)和5.11 h。该研究可为秸秆类生物质光发酵生物制氢工艺提供参考。     

封闭循环系统对虾合理养殖密度的试验研究

2002年5月～8月在室内工业化养殖温室内进行了高密度封闭循环水养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)试验，采用人工配制海水(盐度为4)，养殖排放水经过滤、消毒、增氧处理后循环利用，日添加新水量为总循环水量的3%～7％。经86 d养殖，对虾体重从(0.3±0.04)g/尾增加到(10.40±2.04)g/尾，平均产量为5.85 kg/m³，饵料系数为1.76，成活率为67％，该封闭循环养殖系统设计合理，每m³水体放养约1029尾对虾较适宜。     

鲜水葫芦与其汁液厌氧发酵产沼气效率比较

为开发高效处理水葫芦的厌氧发酵产沼气技术,该文在35℃中温条件下,分别以鲜水葫芦和经固液分离的水葫芦汁为发酵底物,应用实验室自行设计的2套完全混合搅拌反应器(CSTR)进行了厌氧发酵比较研究。结果表明,以水葫芦为底物直接进行厌氧发酵,最大容积负荷为2.0kg/(m3·d),挥发性固体(VS)产气率为267mL/g,容积产气率为0.61m3/(m3·d),滞留期为27d,平均甲烷体积分数为58%,而以水葫芦汁为底物,COD(化学需氧量)容积负荷可达6.0kg/(m3·d),原料(COD)产气率为231mL/g,容积产气率可达1.4m3/(m3·d),平均甲烷体积分数为66%,滞留期仅需2.4d,COD平均去除率达85%,MLVSS(挥发性悬浮物浓度)平均去除率可达88%。因此,对水葫芦进行固液分离,以水葫芦汁作为厌氧发酵原料可大大提高处理效率,为水葫芦资源化利用提供了一条新途径。     

斑节对虾循环水养殖系统构建与运行试验

为探索斑节对虾循环水养殖可行性及应用发展价值,该研究自主设计蛋白分离组合装置、内循环流化床等关键工艺环节水净化装备,构建了技术先进、结构紧凑的斑节对虾循环水养殖系统。针对其不同阶段生长特性及水环境需求,提出一种水质调控方法,科学投喂。运行试验120d,溶解氧浓度5.30～7.14mg/L,p H值7.23～8.44,氨氮浓度0.43～1.38 mg/L(稳定运行后),亚硝酸盐氮浓度0.15～0.56 mg/L(稳定运行后);斑节对虾在循环水养殖模式水生态环境下正常生长,先后经历快速生长期、稳定生长期及缓慢生长期,终末养殖密度3.02 kg/m2,取得高效养殖结果;终末饲料系数1.67,单茬每平方米利润34.78元,每平方米年利润69.56元(按1年2茬计),获得良好经济效益。该实践可为斑节对虾循环水养殖模式应用提供技术支持。     

补料发酵法生产玫瑰醋工艺优化及风味分析

为了提高传统玫瑰醋的生产效率,以装料量为500 kg的陶缸作发酵容器,在自然发酵条件下,分别在1.5、2.5、3.5 g/100 mL的初始酸度进行补料,补料体积比(原醋液:黄酒醪)设置为2:1和1:1两种情况,完成玫瑰醋补料发酵工艺的研究。结果表明:在初始酸度2.5 g/100 mL时补加等体积酒醪,发酵过程酸度最高上升到(5.59±0.27)g/100 mL(对照组为(5.19±0.23)g/100 mL),醋酸发酵周期从90 d缩短至78 d;非挥发性有机酸积累量达(27.15±1.11)mg/mL(对照组为(24.57±0.69)mg/mL),样品酸甜适口,酸味柔和;补料成品色率达到1.8×105(对照组色率为1.9×105),色泽接近传统玫瑰醋。该工艺的完成对玫瑰醋生产企业扩大产量、提高效率有积极意义。     

聚六亚甲基双胍对凡纳滨对虾不同生长阶段及饵料藻类的安全性研究

采用药浴方式,研究了一种新型消毒剂——聚六亚甲基双胍对凡纳滨对虾受精卵、无节幼体、幼虾、成虾的毒性及饵料藻类的影响。结果表明,聚六亚甲基双胍对凡纳滨对虾幼虾24、48h的LC50为64.1mg·L^-1和31.13mg·L^-1,安全浓度Sc为2.20mg·L^-1;聚六亚甲基双胍对凡纳滨对虾成虾24、48h的LC50为66.17mg·L^-1和32.16mg·L^-1,安全浓度Sc为2.28mg·L^-1,为了保证凡纳滨对虾的安全性,聚六亚甲基双胍的用量应控制在0.5mg·L^-1之内;聚六亚甲基双胍在125mg·L^-1浓度内对受精卵的孵化率无明显影响,0.5mg·L^-1浓度以内对无节幼体的变态率无明显影响。聚六亚甲基双胍对球等鞭金藻和亚心形扁藻表现出了明显的剂量-效应关系,其对球等鞭金藻和亚心形扁藻的生长不产生抑制的最高浓度为5mg·L^-1;聚六亚甲基双胍对球等鞭金藻48、96、144h的EC50为27.01、34.95mg·L^-1和33.14mg·L^-1;亚心形扁藻为34.65、28.73mg·L^-1和20.57mg·L^-1,聚六亚甲基双胍对两种藻类的安全浓度分别3.5mg·L^-1和2.9mg·L^-1,表明聚六亚甲基双胍对亚心形扁藻的影响更明显。     

Cu污染条件下封闭循环水养虾系统的效能

为获得Cu2+污染对封闭循环水养虾系统的影响,选用0.3 mg/L Cu2+浓度,研究其对系统中水质、对虾生长、存活及生物滤器水处理效能的影响。结果表明,经过84 d的试验,养殖水体中Cu2+质量浓度在系统水处理单元作用下降为(0.089±0.012)mg/L,对虾能正常生长和存活,0.3 mg/L Cu2+处理质量浓度对生物滤器的化学需要量（COD）、NH4-N和NO2-N去除率及滤器中异养细菌、氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量不造成显著影响。处理系统对虾体内Cu质量分数为(42.91±6.10)mg/kg,与对照中质量分数(29.36±4.06)mg/kg相比,具有显著差异,但均在国家无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准（Cu≤50 mg/kg）范围内。在0.3 mg/L Cu2+质量浓度污染下,封闭循环水养虾系统仍能提供较好的水质条件,获得较高的产量和较低的饵料转化率,所养对虾符合无公害水产品要求。     

Inhibitory effect of mimosine on polyphenoloxidase from cephalothoraxes of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The inhibitory effect of mimosine on polyphenoloxidase (PPO) from the cephalothorax of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was studied. Mimosine showed inhibitory activity toward PPO from white shrimp with an apparent molecular weight of 210 kDa as evidenced by the decrease in the activity staining band, as compared to the control. An inhibition kinetic study revealed that mimosine exhibited the mixed type reversible inhibition on PPO from white shrimp with a Ki value of 3.7 mM. Mimosine showed copper (Cu2+) reduction and chelating capacity in a dose dependent manner. Mimosine could react with the intermediate browning product, thereby rendering lower red-brown color formation. Therefore, mimosine could inhibit PPO by different modes of inhibition and could be used to prevent melanosis formation in Pacific white shrimp.     

Composition of phototrophs in different soil types of Astrakhan oblast

The composition of phototrophic organisms has been studied in light chestnut soils (Cambisols), alluvial meadow soils (Fluvisols), brown semidesert soils (Calcisols), sandy soils (Arenosols), and solonchaks (Solonchaks) of Astrakhan oblast. Representatives of the Cyanobacteria phylum constitute 71.3% of the total number of studied soil phototrophs. Overall, 64 species of cyanobacteria have been identified; they belong to 3 classes (Chroococceae, Chamaeciphoneae, and Hormogoneae), 4 orders (Chroococcales, Pleurocapsales, Nostocales, and Oscillatoriales), 9 families, and 19 genera. Most common species include Phormidium faveolarum, Phormidium tenue, Phormidium retzii, Phormidium ambigum, Phormidium inundatum, Phormidium bohneri, Oscillatoria woronchnii, Oscillatoria mucicola, Gloeocapsa magma, Gloeocapsa minuta, Anabaena variabilis, and Plectonema nostocorum. The assessment of similarity of the species composition of cyanobacteria and green algae in the studied soil types using the Jaccard and Sorensen similarity coefficients demonstrates that the maximum similarity coefficient reaches 0.37–0.54 for cyanobacteria and 0.67–0.80 for green algae. The high diversity of cyanobacteria and green algae denotes an important role of phototrophs in the processes of soil formation in the studied soils.     

微酸性电解水对虾仁的杀菌效果及其动力学

为探明微酸性电解水(slightly acidic electrolyzed water,SAEW)对南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)虾仁表面杀菌效果及其动力学规律,选取料液比1:4、1:10、1:20,将虾仁分别浸洗杀菌2、5、10 min,对杀菌过程中虾仁表面及SAEW残存液中总菌落数,与有效氯质量浓度(available chlorine concentration,ACC)的变化进行测定,建立ACC衰减与微生物减灭的动力学模型,并通过颜色、硬度、pH值,及水分横向弛豫行为分析,探讨SAEW杀菌处理对虾仁品质的影响。结果表明SAEW对虾仁表面大肠杆菌有较强杀菌效果,并随处理时间的延长、作用量的增大,SAEW的杀菌效力不断增强,处理5 min时,随着料液比的增加,虾仁表面菌落数从最初的6.6 l(CFU/mL),依次降到5.0、4.7、4.4 lg(CFU/mL),料液比为1:20时,静置浸洗10 min后,虾仁表面菌落数由最初的6.6 lg(CFU/mL)降至3.9 lg(CFU/mL);同时SAEW浸洗液中残存菌落数也随处理时间的延长、作用量的增大,而不断减少,在处理2、5和10 min时,SAEW中的残存菌落数分别为4.18、3.47、2.78 lg(CFU/mL),处理时间为5 min时,随料液比的增加,SAEW中的残存菌落数分别为3.47、2.78、2.65 lg(CFU/mL);同时SAEW中ACC的消耗随处理时间的延长、而不断变大,杀菌处理5、10 min时,ACC质量浓度从初始的20.53 mg/L分别降至7.79、10.97 mg/L。动力学分析表明:SAEW在杀灭虾仁表面大肠杆菌的过程中,ACC的衰减可以用一级动力学模型描述,拟合后决定系数R2均大于0.9,而微生物的减灭遵循更为复杂的动力学模型;此外经过SAEW杀菌处理的虾仁,其颜色、pH值、硬度、以及水分的横向弛豫行为,与未处理样品相比,基本没有显著性变化。相关结果能为SAEW在水产品加工过程中的应用提供技术指导,同时也有助于SAEW杀菌技术理论的完善。     

土壤生物结皮在干旱半干旱地区退化生态系统恢复中的作用(英文)

 土壤生物结皮是由细菌、真菌、藻类、地衣和苔藓等形成的一种混合体,作为干旱半干旱地区生态系统的组成部分,它对生态系统镶嵌格局和生态过程有不可忽视的影响;同时,土壤生物结皮通过影响局部水分条件,可以起到稳定土壤表层、减少土壤侵蚀、增加土壤氮养分的作用:因此,土壤生物结皮能够为土壤表层提供一种天然保护的作用,对干旱半干旱地区退化生态系统的恢复具有非常重要的作用。     

The influence of different bioremediation methods on the algal cenoses of oil-polluted soils

The influence of oil and remediation methods on soil algal cenoses was studied. The oil pollution caused the reconstruction of the soil algocenoses with the alteration of the species composition and a decrease in the number of alga cells and biomass. The diatoms and yellow-green algae turned out to be the most sensitive to the oil pollution; the cyanobacteria and green algae were less sensitive to it. The bioremediation lowered the toxic effect of the oil on the algae and restored their floristic composition on the 90th day. In the course of the whole experiment, the number of alga cells and the biomass increased. The Lenoil preparation was accepted as the most efficient.     

The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae and bryophytes on some microbiological,biochemical, and physical soil properties

Summary The influence of surface growth of inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) on subsurface properties of a brown earth, silt loam soil was studied in reconstituted flooded soil columns. One blue-green algae species, Nostoc muscorum, become dominant within the first 7 days of inoculation. In light control columns (not inoculated) a bryophyte, Barbula recurvirostra, was dominant although significant growth of indigenous blue-green algae occurred. The blue-green algae counts were in the range of 1×10⁶ g^-1 dry soil in the surface layer (0–0.7 cm) in both columns. Any effect of surface phototrophic growth on soil properties was restricted to the surface layer. In inoculated columns there was a twofold increase in microbial biomass and an eightfold increase in bacterial numbers by week 13. However, bacterial numbers declined so that there was only a 2.8-fold increase by week 21. Dehydrogenase (x2.1), urease (x2.8) and phosphatase (x3.1) activities and polysaccharides (+69%) increased by week 21 as a result of the blue-green algae inoculation along with a significant improvement in soil aggregation. However, similar increases occurred in the light control columns, indicating that given appropriate conditions of light and moisture indigenous species may be ultimately as effective as introduced species in bringing about biochemical and microbiological changes to soil.     

New trophic biomarkers for Collembola reared on algal diets

We used fatty acid (FA) analysis to investigate green algae and cyanobacteria as food sources for Collembola. We studied the effects of food quality on body mass and on neutral lipid (NLFA) and phospholipid (PLFA) fatty acid patterns of Collembola. Folsomia candida, Heteromurus nitidus and Protaphorura fimata were fed with common green algae (Chlorella vulgaris), filamentous soil algae (Klebsormidium flaccidum), cyanobacteria (Nostoc commune) and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Body mass of F. candida and H. nitidus was highest when reared on C. vulgaris and S. cerevisiae. P. fimata gained the most weight when fed baker's yeast. K. flaccidum and N. commune as resources resulted to low biomass in all Collembola. The four diets caused significant differences in the NLFA and PLFA composition of Collembola after six weeks of feeding. Two new trophic biomarker FAs indicating algal diets were assigned with 16:3ω3,6,9 and 16:2ω6,9, which were only present in NLFAs of Collembola consuming C. vulgaris and K. flaccidum. The amount of FAs from the ω7 family was high in Collembola lipids with cyanobacteria and yeast as food sources, whereas only trace amounts occurred in the NLFA fraction with algae as the resource. In summary, common soil algae and cyanobacteria differed in food quality for Collembola, depending on their growth form (unicellular versus filamentous) and/or secondary metabolites (e.g. cyanobacteria). The new FA biomarkers detected will allow further investigation of these trophic interactions under field conditions; for example, assessing the role of collembolan grazers in the formation of biological soil crusts.