降雨过程中红壤表土结构变化与侵蚀产沙关系

通过人工模拟降雨和表土微形态观测,研究了发育于泥质页岩、第四纪红粘土和花岗岩3种母质的红壤在降雨侵蚀过程中表土土壤结构的变化及其对侵蚀的影响。结果表明:降雨过程中,泥质页岩红壤极易形成土壤结皮,增加径流,响应结皮的形成,径流速率和含沙量较高,且迅速达到最大值,随后径流稳定而含沙量持续下降。第四纪红粘土红壤团聚体稳定,较难形成结皮,且结皮易被破坏,导致侵蚀过程中产流产沙量较低,均随降雨时间的延长而呈缓慢上升趋势。花岗岩红壤基本上不能产生结皮,粗化现象严重,因此产流量和产沙量也较低;由于土壤团聚体稳定性差以及径流的选择性运移,泥质页岩红壤和花岗岩红壤侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒(<0.02mm)含量远高于土壤中该粒径颗粒。而第四纪红壤侵蚀泥沙中粗颗粒较多,以多级团聚体的团聚体为主。     

南亚热带不同母质发育土壤团聚体特征及其稳定性

团聚体是土壤的基本结构单位,其稳定性是评价土壤质量的重要指标。以南亚热带地区不同母质(石灰岩、第四纪红黏土、砂页岩)发育的土壤作为研究对象,采用湿筛法和LB法测定不同母质发育土壤团聚体稳定性特征。结果表明:(1)随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重呈上升趋势,而孔隙度、有机质和游离氧化铁含量呈下降趋势。砂页岩母质发育的土壤有机质含量最高,为22.44～42.97 g/kg。石灰岩和第四纪红黏土母质发育的土壤以黏粒(40.93%,42.51%)和粉粒(41.69%,42.31%)为主,砂页岩母质发育的土壤黏粒含量最低,为33.79%。(2)经湿筛法处理后,石灰岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为91.58%～92.31%,第四纪红黏土母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为76.45%～90.80%,砂页岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为79.18%～86.67%,3种土壤团聚体的稳定性都随着土层深度增加而降低。(3)LB法处理后土壤团聚体MWD值均表现为慢速湿润处理预湿润振荡处理快速湿润处理,砂页岩母质发育的40—60 cm土层对消散和机械破碎作用最为敏感,其相对消散指数RSI和相对机械破碎指数RMI分别为0.78和0.42。不同母质土壤团聚体稳定性均与黏粒、有机质、游离态铁含量呈正相关。     

不同粒径红壤团聚体坡面溅蚀特征

为揭示不同粒径团聚体坡面溅蚀规律,以第四纪粘土发育红壤为研究对象,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验(雨强75mm/h,历时45min)研究0.25,0.25~0.5,0.5~1,1~2,2~5mm粒径团聚体溅蚀规律,系统分析了降雨条件下各粒径团聚体破碎、溅蚀率变化、溅蚀搬运量以及溅蚀搬运后的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)降雨条件下团聚体粒径越大越容易破碎,除2~5mm团聚体破碎量高达96.06%外,2mm团聚体破碎量均小于50.00%。(2)0.25mm团聚体溅蚀率具有陡涨陡落特点,表土结皮发育迅速;0.25~0.5mm团聚体溅蚀率陡涨缓落,表土泥浆化过程明显;0.5~5mm团聚体溅蚀率则能保持较长时间增长,随后降低。(3)不同粒径团聚体溅蚀总量、上下坡溅蚀量与净搬运量变化趋势一致,一次降雨过程中,溅蚀搬运量峰值出现在粒径0.25~0.5mm范围内,而后随着粒径的增大逐渐降低。(4)团聚体粒径越小,溅蚀搬运后的平均重量距离越大,各粒径团聚体溅蚀量基本全部分布在半径60cm范围内。研究结果能为降雨侵蚀防治及侵蚀过程模型提供理论参考。     

激光微地貌扫描仪测定侵蚀过程中地表糙度

为研究激光微地貌扫描仪用于测定南方红壤地区地表微地貌的演变特征和规律的可行性,该研究应用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法,在野外原位研究了鄂南3个典型红壤(泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2)模拟降雨条件下坡面侵蚀过程中的地表糙度变化过程,初步探讨了降雨和径流对红壤坡面微地貌形态演变作用。结果表明:1)随着降雨进行,雨滴打击和径流搬运的联合作用导致地表糙度降低,间歇式降雨后,供试土壤泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2的地表糙度分别降低了18.2%、18.4%和11.8%;2)地表糙度变化主要发生在降雨初期,第1场降雨前后,泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2的地表糙度降低幅度分别为16.1%、19.7%和9.6%,均达到显著水平。采用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法,能很好地定量化研究坡面水蚀过程中地表糙度的演变特征和规律。研究为南方红壤区坡面水蚀过程中地表微地貌的研究提供一定的参考,对土壤侵蚀过程模拟与预测模型的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

土粒表面电场对土壤团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响

团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是评估土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要指标。土壤团聚体破碎是降雨溅蚀发生的关键一步。土粒表面电场对团聚体稳定性具有重要影响,必然也会深刻影响降雨溅蚀过程。该文以黄土母质发育的黄绵土和塿土为研究对象,采用不同浓度的电解质溶液定量调控土粒表面电场,研究不同电场强度对团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响。结果发现:1)随电解质浓度的降低,土粒表面电位升高,表面电场增大,黄绵土和塿土团聚体平均重量直径减小,团聚体稳定性降低,降雨溅蚀量增大。2)电解质浓度小于10-2 mol/L,黄绵土和塿土表面电位绝对值分别高于202.0和231.6 mV,此时团聚体稳定性和溅蚀量变化不明显,表明表面电位202.0和231.6 mV分别是影响黄绵土和塿土团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的关键电位。3)随着土粒表面电场的减弱,团聚体破碎后释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量减小,>0.25 mm大团聚体含量增加,团聚体倾向于破碎为更大粒级的团聚体。4)电场作用下团聚体的破碎特征对降雨溅蚀具有重要的影响,溅蚀量与团聚体破碎释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与>0.25 mm大团聚体含量呈显著负相关。上述结果表明,当降雨进入土壤后,对于干燥的土壤而言,土壤溶液电解质浓度被迅速稀释,土粒表面产生强大的电场,该电场通过影响团聚体破碎程度进而影响降雨溅蚀。该研究有助于加深对降雨溅蚀的科学认识,同时也为土壤团聚体稳定性及降雨溅蚀的人为调控提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同土地利用方式砖红壤团聚体水稳性及其 对前期含水率的响应

前期含水量是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素,而其对砖红壤结构稳定性的影响缺乏系统研究,本文以海南地区3种典型利用方式（林地、荒地、耕地）下玄武岩发育砖红壤团聚体为研究对象,测定其理化性质,干、湿筛团聚体组成及不同前期含水率（3%、5%、10%、15%、20%）条件下3～5 mm粒径团聚体破碎后粒径分布状况,采用冗余分析探究了土壤性质及前期含水率对不同土地利用方式砖红壤团聚体水稳性的影响。结果表明：（1）不同土地利用方式下,土壤部分性质存在显著差异,如土壤pH、有机碳、阳离子交换量及部分交换性盐基离子等,其余性质差异较小。（2）土壤水稳性团聚体组成总体呈现“单峰”或“双峰”分布,峰值主要出现在2～1 mm和0.5～0.25 mm处,对于表层土壤而言,林地土壤团聚体稳定性最高,而耕地土壤团聚体稳定性较弱,表下层土壤稳定性显著（P<0.05）低于表层土壤。（3）在风干条件下,表层土壤团聚体水稳性普遍较高（WSA>90%,MWD>1.5,GMD>1.2）,随着前期含水率的增加,团聚体破碎后大团聚体（>2 mm）含量有不同程度的变化,整体呈现水稳性大团聚体含量随前期含水率增加而增加。（4）土壤有机碳是影响砖红壤团聚体水稳性的最主要因素,其对团聚体水稳性差异的解释率达80.6%。     

鄱阳湖流域3种典型母质发育红壤溅蚀特征

为了研究鄱阳湖流域3种典型母质对土壤溅蚀的影响,设计一种可收集过程样的溅蚀盘,通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析不同降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和母质(第四纪沉积物母质、花岗岩母质、红砂岩母质)条件下红壤溅蚀特征。结果表明:第四纪沉积物母质红壤总溅蚀量最低,其次是花岗岩母质红壤,红砂岩母质红壤总溅蚀量最高,土壤质地、有机质、游离氧化铁等指标对总溅蚀量影响较大;随着雨强的增大,总溅蚀量呈对数函数关系增加;总溅蚀量80%以上分布在0—15 cm范围内,随着雨强增大,溅蚀颗粒分布越集中。     

红壤表土团聚体稳定性对坡面侵蚀的影响

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了第四纪红粘土、泥质页岩和花岗岩三种母质发育的红壤团聚体稳定性对土壤坡面侵蚀和侵蚀泥沙特性的影响.结果表明：坡面土壤侵蚀量和径流强度与土壤团聚体稳定性存在显著负相关关系,且不同团聚体稳定性指标与二者相关程度存在差异,其中湿筛团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和》0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WSA0.25）与侵蚀量和径流强度相关程度最高,快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体标准化平均重量直径（NMWD）与二者的相关性也达到了显著;泥沙粒径与湿筛MWD和WSA0.25之间相关关系（偏相关分析）呈显著正相关（r=0.8283^＊,r=0.8209^＊）;快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体的NMWD与泥沙粒径也存在较好正相关关系（r=0.7458,r=0.6859）.泥沙粒径和水流功率在本研究中未表现出较好相关性（r=-0.1852）.     

广东省赤红壤区土壤团聚体有机碳和铁氧化物特征及稳定性

通过野外采样和室内分析相结合,以广东省赤红壤区花岗岩(G)、第四纪红土(Q)和砂页岩(S)母质发育的林地(FL)、水田(PF)和旱地(UL)土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分和不同形态铁氧化物含量,探究了其对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响及贡献。结果显示:(1)3种母质发育的3种利用方式土壤团聚体均以>0.25 mm为主,2~5 mm团聚体以花岗岩母质发育林地土壤最高(58.51%),0.25~2 mm团聚体以花岗岩(62.93%)和第四纪红土(59.21%)母质发育水田和旱地土壤最高;土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)以砂页岩母质发育林地土壤最高;(2)3种母质发育林地土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分主要分布在2~5 mm粒径中,水田和旱地土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分主要分布在<0.053 mm粒径中;3种母质发育林地土壤团聚体铁氧化物含量主要分布在<0.053,0.25~2 mm粒径中,水田和旱地土壤团聚体铁氧化物含量主要分布在<0.053 mm粒径中。(3)相关分析和主成分分析表明,MWD、GMD与团聚体HAC、HAC/FAC、Fe fr和Fe co呈显著相关(P<0.05);不同母质和利用方式以砂页岩母质发育的林地土壤团聚体胶结能力最好。研究表明,不同母质和利用方式土壤团聚体HAC、HAC/FAC、Fe fr和Fe co含量分布差异显著,进而影响了土壤团聚体分布和稳定性,同时砂页岩母质发育的林地土壤团聚体结构较稳定。     

几种侵蚀红壤中有机质和团聚体的关系

以3种侵蚀红壤（轻度、中度、严重）为供试材料,利用干湿筛法获得其不同粒径的水稳性团聚体（〉4 mm,2～4 mm,1～2 mm,0.5～1 mm,0.25～0.5 mm）,分析团聚体中有机质的分布。结果显示,随着侵蚀程度的增强,〉0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量逐渐下降,而团聚体的分散度却依次升高;无论何种侵蚀程度,湿筛后团聚体的组成均以小粒径团聚体（〈0.25 mm）占优势。轻度和中度侵蚀的红壤,其有机质含量随着团聚体粒径的增大而增大,严重侵蚀的则相反;侵蚀红壤有机质含量和〉0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体呈显著正相关,3种侵蚀红壤团聚体对土壤有机质的贡献为轻度侵蚀〉中度侵蚀〉严重侵蚀。     

Splash distance and size distributions for various soils

Splash is an important process in interrill erosion because it produces movement of soil fragments. However, this process is technically difficult to measure and little is known about its size selectivity. In this study, a splash ring device was used to characterise the spatial variation of the quantity and the aggregate size distribution of splashed soil fragments. Soil aggregates were placed at the centre of an experimental device subjected to a 29 mm h⁻¹ simulated rainfall with a kinetic energy of 17 J mm⁻¹. Splashed soil fragments were collected in concentric rings and analysed for masses and fragment size distributions. Four different soils, with various textures, were tested.Soils fragments were splashed across the whole splash device up to 45 cm from the source, and the quantity of splashed fragments decreased exponentially with the distance. For the four tested soils, the splash parameters were significantly correlated to the results of aggregate stability measurements with r=−0.96 and r=0.95, respectively, for the total splashed mass and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of the whole splashed fragments. The measurement of the splashed fragment size distributions showed that fragments up to 2000 μm were transported by raindrop impacts. The mass percentage of the coarsest fractions of splashed soil fragments exponentially decreased with the distance from the source. The extent of this decrease depends on the soil type. The size distributions of splashed soil fragments were compared with those of soil fragments produced by breakdown. Comparison of splash data to aggregate breakdown data showed an enrichment of the 200–1000 μm size fraction in the splashed fragments.     

雨滴击溅对耕作层土壤团聚体粒径分布的影响

为研究不同雨滴直径的降雨对耕作层团聚体的破碎及其粒径分布特征的影响,该文选取4个雨滴直径(2.67~3.79 mm)对耕层土壤(0~20 cm)团聚体进行雨滴击溅试验,每次试验各滴5 000滴,每1 000滴收集1次溅蚀团聚体。结果表明:1)所有收集次序中雨滴直径3.79 mm溅蚀量最大,累积雨滴数为2 000、3 000和4 000时,溅蚀量与雨滴直径均呈显著的指数函数关系。2)各雨滴直径的溅蚀量随粒径减小呈增大-减小-增大趋势,2 mm粒径的溅蚀量几乎为0,0.053 mm粒径的溅蚀量随雨滴直径增大而增大。3)相同雨滴直径不同累积雨滴数之间平均重量直径值差异不显著,相同累积雨滴数不同雨滴直径之间平均重量直径值差异不显著(P0.05)。4)不同雨滴直径溅蚀团聚体富集率随粒径变化一致,1 mm粒径溅蚀量团聚体富集率值接近0,0.053~1 mm粒径团聚体富集,1 mm粒径团聚体主要破碎成0.053~1 mm粒径团聚体,且粒级越小,富集率越高。研究可为黄土高原地区水土保持提供理论依据。     

模拟降雨条件下塿土的溅蚀特征试验研究

溅蚀在破坏土壤表层结构的同时为后续侵蚀提供丰富材料,以黄土高原典型土壤塿土为试验用土,通过模拟降雨试验,根据溅蚀速率、溅蚀前后土壤颗粒组成及表面强度变化指标,系统研究塿土的溅蚀特征。结果表明,溅蚀速率随降雨历时呈现幂函数变化,分为迅速降低、缓慢降低、趋于稳定3个阶段。土盘表面松散颗粒及利于溅蚀的粒级范围内颗粒的消耗、团聚体破碎及超渗产生的水层消耗雨滴能量、结皮的形成和发育分别是3个阶段的主要影响因素。在90mm/h的雨强下,塿土颗粒富集与耗损的临界粒径是0.05mm,雨滴打击分离粒级0.05mm颗粒,富集迁移粒级0.05mm颗粒。当含水率相等时,降雨历时越长贯入深度越浅。塿土表面强度随降雨历时增加,0~30min是塿土结皮形成的关键时期。塿土溅蚀过程是表土颗粒组成不断变化和表面强度逐渐完善的过程。     

Effect of soil aggregate size on infiltration and erosion characteristics

Detachment of soil particles by the processes of splash from rainfall and shallow flow from surface runoff is influenced by soil cohesion, soil aggregate properties, and characteristics of this flow. We have evaluated relationships between rates of detachment, aggregate size, and tensile strength of the soil. Soil and water losses were determined in the laboratory from sieved air‐dry samples on three aggregate size ranges of two clay loam soils differing in particle‐size distribution and organic matter. Tensile strength was measured for each aggregate size range. The results showed that as clod size increased, detachment rates increased and interaggregate tensile strength decreased. Wash erosion increased as initial clod size increased despite a decrease in runoff. Final rates of loss by splash were greater from the largest clods than from the smaller clods. Finally, splashed material was larger in size than material washed off. The fact that the size of the splashed material was larger than washed‐off material shows that material in the wash suffered more impact by raindrops and thus was more likely to be fragmented.     

中国亚热带红壤团聚体稳定性与土壤化学性质的关系

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and Al oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates, especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm. In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fe_d, Al_d, Fe_o and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.     

Aggregate Stability and Its Relationship with Some ChemicalProperties of Red Soils in Subtropical China

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and A1 oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates,especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm.In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fed, Ald, Feo and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.     

不同植被恢复模式对红砂岩土壤化学性质及抗蚀特征的影响

通过对不同恢复年限及恢复类型(2a人工恢复湿地松林、5a人工恢复湿地松林、5a自然恢复湿地松林、5a自然恢复荒地和6a种植杨梅园空地)0～30cm红砂岩发育土壤团聚体中有机碳、全磷、全氮分布规律、化学计量比及其与土壤抗蚀性的相关性进行分析,旨在探究红砂岩侵蚀劣地植被恢复过程中土壤养分变化及抗蚀性。结果表明:红砂岩纯裸地土壤养分含量较低,经过不同措施恢复后,土壤理化性质有不同程度的改善。不同类型红砂岩土壤团聚体级配不同。裸地以5 mm粒径团聚体为主,约占60%以上。除自然恢复5a荒地以2～5 mm团聚体为主以外,其余恢复措施的红砂岩土壤均以小于0.25mm粒径微团聚体为主。不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮含量均随恢复年限增长呈增加趋势。C、N集中分布在0.25～1 mm团聚体上,尤其是0.5～1 mm团聚体;P则分布较为均匀。采取不同恢复措施后土壤抗蚀性有不同程度的提高,其中结构体破坏率从55.68%降至10%以下。研究区土壤C:N均值为15.0:1;C:P均值为79.7:1;N:P均值为4.0:1。由此可知不同红砂岩发育土壤随着恢复年限而增长,抗蚀性能大幅提升,由于养分主要分布在0.5～5 mm土壤水稳性的团聚体上,而该部分团聚体流失严重,导致土壤养分含量低、土壤抗蚀性差,恢复过程较为困难。