土壤重金属污染的生态风险评估分析:个案研究

研究了浙江富阳某乡土壤重金属污染,并应用概率方法评估了土壤重金属的生态风险。结果表明,研究区土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染严重,平均值分别为290、794、205、2.1mg/kg。生态风险评估表明,土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd对生物种类的风险概率分别为30%、53%、15%和5%,而对生态过程的风险概率分别为44%、70%、13%和0.6%。空间分析表明,研究区有一半以上地区土壤Zn污染对生物种类的影响达75%以上。从保护生态受体来说,对研究区重金属污染的土壤进行修复和风险管理时需要优先针对土壤Zn的污染。     

土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究 Ⅱ.污染土壤的健康风险评估

快速城市化进程与工业发展，使得土壤污染日益严重。污染物进入土壤后，经水、气、生物等介质传输，通过饮水、呼吸、饮食、皮肤吸收等途径引起人体暴露，带来健康风险。污染土壤健康风险评估是制定土壤环境质量标准的基础，是一项新的环境管理技术与手段。我国污染土壤的健康风险评估还非常欠缺，为了推动其发展，本文讨论了其研究进展、方法、存在问题与发展趋势。当前，还缺乏准确定量的风险表征方法，评估过程中还具有较大不确定性。污染土壤的健康风险评估正在向多介质、多途径以及多种污染物暴露的方向发展，模型模拟的方法将会得到更多的应用。为了建立准确定量风险评估方法，在未来研究中需要加强对风险评估相关机理研究。这包括污染物的迁移传输规律、污染物的剂量一效应关系和人群生活方式等。     

微塑料对土壤-植物系统的生态效应

近年来,塑料污染已经成为全球性环境问题。陆地生态系统中的微塑料污染受到越来越多的重视,尤其是农业生态系统。由于降解性差,微塑料在土壤中的累积可能会对土壤生态系统造成不利影响,并通过食物链等威胁人畜健康。本文介绍了微塑料在土壤环境中的来源、分布和迁移,重点阐述了微塑料对土壤-植物系统的直接和间接生态效应。证据显示微塑料可以直接影响土壤理化性质、微生物与酶活性、土壤动物,影响植物种子萌发、根系对水分和养分的吸收,并可以被植物吸收和转运,对植物产生毒性效应;也可以通过改变土壤性质、与重金属等污染物联合作用等方式对植物产生间接效应。最后还对未来土壤-植物系统中微塑料相关研究进行了展望。以期为了解土壤微塑料的生态效应和潜在风险管控提供理论依据和科学指导。     

酸雨与土壤生态系统

酸雨能改变土壤生态系统中土壤酸碱性,增加土壤毒害,降低土壤活性,破坏土壤结构,同时土壤生态系统影响酸雨的形成和污染.针对我国国情提出进一步增强全民绿化意识,挖掘土壤生态系统潜在功能,提高植物对酸雨的抗性,采取加强筛选和大力推广抗酸雨、抗SO2污染的优质植物品种等生态措施,为减缓酸雨污染土壤生态环境寻求有效途径.     

酸雨与土壤生态系统

酸雨能改变土壤生态系统中土壤酸碱性,增加土壤毒害,降低土壤活性,破坏土壤结构,同时土壤生态系统影响酸雨的形成和污染。针对我国国情提出进一步增强全民绿化意识,挖掘土壤生态系统潜在功能,提高植物对酸雨的抗性,采取加强筛选和大力推广抗酸雨、抗ＳＯ２污染的优质植物品种等生态措施,为减缓酸雨污染土壤生态环境寻求有效途径。     

施用草甘膦除草剂对土壤质量影响的研究进展

草甘膦除草剂是农业生产中不可或缺的物资,过量使用会导致大量草甘膦及其衍生物在土壤中残留,对生态环境安全构成威胁。通过系统阐述草甘膦在环境中的迁移转化过程,以及草甘膦对土壤生物及环境质量的影响,着重分析了草甘膦对土壤蚯蚓、微生物群落的毒理效应,草甘膦与土壤其他污染物的协同效应和草甘膦驱动土壤碳氮磷生物地球循环变化。同时指出当前研究的不足,并提出下一步研究的重点:(1)加强草甘膦的降解机制和影响因素的研究,并筛选更高效降解能力的微生物菌株,提高草甘膦降解效率和修复草甘膦污染环境的能力;(2)定期开展农业环境中草甘膦的检测和风险评估,摸清草甘膦在喀斯特区的迁移路径,探索草甘膦在岩溶地质中的吸附和去除能力,以更好地评估岩溶地质的碳汇稳定性和水生生态系统的安全性;(3)借助酶化学计量学等研究方法,探明草甘膦在土壤中的转化速率、通量以及与微生物代谢和营养需求、环境效应之间的耦合关系。     

弹尾目昆虫在土壤重金属污染生态风险评估中的应用

土壤弹尾目昆虫作为无脊椎动物和中型土壤动物的典型代表,其具有丰富的种类和巨大的生物量,在重金属污染环境评估中具有十分重要的地位和独特的优势。本文简要概述弹尾目昆虫在污染土壤生态风险评估中、生态毒理学研究以及其他相关生物标志物研究上的一些方法体系及检测主要指标参数（群落结构,种群特征,生存率,生长率,繁殖率,金属硫蛋白和酶活指标）。最后对弹尾目昆虫在重金属污染土壤生态风险评估应用中目前存在的一些问题和应用前景进行了分析讨论。     

泰安市农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

泰安市土壤污染的研究还处于起步阶段,尚缺乏系统的研究和探讨。利用因子分析法对泰安市110个农田表层土壤（0～20cm）中7种重金属（Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg）元素进行分析并提取了3个主因子,结合泰安市工业分布情况,对比这3个主因子,分析其可能来源,并对土壤中重金属污染进行了潜在生态风险评估。结果表明,泰安市农田土壤重金属的累积现象比较明显,尤其是Hg、Ni、Cu的最大值均超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准。相关性分析表明Zn与Ni、Zn与Cu、Ni与Cr之间分别呈显著正相关,Zn与Hg呈显著负相关。因子分析显示,研究区土壤中Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr主要来源于工矿业活动,农业活动和居民生活对Cd和Hg的影响较大,商业活动对Pb污染贡献最大。潜在生态风险评估的结果是Cr、Zn、Ni、Pb4种元素的潜在生态风险均处于低危害水平,Hg、Cd、Cu均存在不同程度的潜在生态风险。     

土壤弹尾目昆虫对铜污染的急性毒理初步研究

随着土壤环境重金属污染的加剧,有关重金属污染土壤的风险评估受到关注。对土壤质量评价的方法长期以来集中在检测重金属污染物质在土壤中的浓度及化学形态等方面,而对于重金属、土壤和生物之间的相互作用很少考虑,因而难以全面评估重金属对土壤环境的生态毒性效应。重金属污染土壤的     

土壤弹尾目昆虫Folsomia candida对铜污染的急性毒理初步研究

随着土壤环境重金属污染的加剧,有关重金属污染土壤的风险评估受到关注.对土壤质量评价的方法长期以来集中在检测重金属污染物质在土壤中的浓度及化学形态等方面,而对于重金属、土壤和生物之间的相互作用很少考虑,因而难以全面评估重金属对土壤环境的生态毒性效应[1].重金属污染土壤的生物评价是对化学评价的有效补充和相互验证.土壤弹尾目昆虫(跳虫)作为土壤动物群落中的优势物种之一,是土壤环境的重要指示生物,在对污染环境的生态评估研究中得到越来越多的重视[2-5].     

Application of biological indicators to assess recovery of hydrocarbon impacted soils

Remediation programmes are considered complete when human risk-based criteria are met. These targets are unrelated to the ecological parameters that may be important with regard to future soil uses. As a consequence, there has been a move towards the consideration of biological indicators for hazard assessment in conjunction with the remediation of contaminated soils. This study uses a range of biological assays to assess the ecological health of soils from a former gas works site undergoing various remediation treatments. The indicators that optimally differentiated the extent of soil remediation were biomass-C, respiration, dehydrogenase activity, earthworm toxicity and mustard seed germination. Although they had different end-points, once robust and sensitive biological indicators were incorporated into a quantitative soil quality index, they gave a clearer representation of ecological health than chemical data alone by their integration of contamination effects at a number of trophic levels.     

Suitability of dehydrogenase activity assay as an index of soil biological activity

Summary Dehydrogenase activity was studied in typical soils of the Northwest German Lower Plains in order to test some criticisms raised by nannipieri et al. (1990) about methodology. We found that in the same soils with the sampe crop, dehydrogenase activity varies significantly. In the field dehydrogenase activity was dependent on the soil type and not on the cropping system. There is no adequate explanation of these findings. Dehydrogenase activity is a parameter of soil microbiological activity and is influenced by many factors. Either purely accidental the results are or dehydrogenase activity is affected by unknown ecological interactions and by the composition of soil microflora. We conclude that without simultaneous investigations of other microbiological parameters (microbial biomass, ATP levels, enzyme activities, etc.) the measurement of dehydrogenase activity creates confusion and may impede valid ecological comparisons of soils.Dedicated to Prof. H.-P. Blume, Kiel, on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

香港土壤研究 Ⅰ.研究现状与展望

对近半个世纪以来香港地区的土壤分类、农业和园林绿地土壤的肥力以及土壤环境保护等研究工作进行了系统的回顾和介绍,为中国香港地区及其他社会经济快速发展地区的土壤资源合理利用、生态环境保护与社会可持续发展提供了科学信息。认为,高度城市化和国际化的香港地区可以结合香港高科技及新产业的发展目标,合理利用和开发土地资源,定向培育中草药产地土壤环境与教育基地;需要进一步系统研究香港地区土壤发生与系统分类、性状与特征、空间分布与变异规律,建立香港土壤基础数据库、土壤图和土壤信息与服务系统;进一步探明污染元素和有益元素的土壤地球化学背景以及持久性有机污染物的环境生物地球化学过程及其生态与健康风险,建立长期的土壤环境质量动态观测点与研究平台,以及区域尺度的土壤环境质量信息系统和定量可视化预测预警系统;研究与发展适合香港地区的有问题土壤的风险评估与修复技术体系     

Fluorine contamination of soils and earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) near a site of long-term industrial emission in southern Germany

Summary The F contamination of soils and Lumbricus spp. around a site of long-term industrial emission in southern Germany was examined. Among total, water extractable, and HCl-soluble fractions, the latter most appropriately characterized anthropogenic F accumulation. Based on the HCl-soluble fractions from 88 sampling sites, a contamination map consisting of three zones was established. F accumulation in the calcareous soils of the area was restricted to the top 40–50 cm and can be explained by precipitation as CaF₂. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) collected from the different zones reflected the F contamination well in the significant correlations found between total F in earthworms with and without gut and the corresponding soils. The bioaccumulation of F in earthworms is obvious, and may become hazardous for the earthworms themselves and for other animals feeding on contaminated soil and/or its fauna. A significantly higher F value was recorded in the linings of earthworm tubes than in the corresponding soil. F translocation by earthworm burrowing may be a mechanism of subsoil contamination.     

土壤微生物影响土壤健康的作用机制研究进展

土壤健康是农业可持续发展的中心主题。土壤微生物参与土壤生态功能、环境功能和免疫功能协同驱动土壤生命系统运转，是维持土壤健康的核心与关键。了解不同微生物介导的土壤健康调控机制对有效利用这些核心微生物维持和改善土壤健康至关重要。本文围绕微生物参与调节土壤碳循环、养分循环，改变土壤结构、抑制植物病虫害、污染控制等主要生物过程系统梳理了微生物在调控土壤健康中的重要作用，以及微生物作为土壤健康的敏感指标对土壤健康的指示与预警作用。强调未来应加强驱动土壤健康特定功能以及多个生物过程的核心微生物组信息数据库挖掘、构建与生产应用研究，为定向利用微生物改善农业土壤生态系统功能、维持土壤健康以及保障土壤可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Defining the validity of a biochemical index of soil quality

 The native soils of Galicia (NW Spain) exhibit a biochemical equilibrium such that total soil N is a function of five biochemical and microbiological parameters: microbial biomass C, mineralized N, phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activities. To investigate whether the ratio of the total N calculated from biochemical soil properties (Nc) and the total N as measured by the Kjeldahl method (Nk; Nc/Nk) can be used as an index of soil quality, we determined these variables and consequently the ratio in three kinds of disturbed soils: an artificially Cu-contaminated soil, two lignite mine soils, and a number of arable soils. In none of the studied soils did the individual biochemical parameters respond consistently to the factors influencing soil quality, but in all cases soil degradation was reflected by the Nc/Nk value, which differed more or less markedly from 100%. Nc/Nk can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of soil degradation, since it distinguishes among biochemically balanced soils, soils in a transient state of high microbiological and biochemical activity and degraded soils. It can also serve as a reliable basis for the rapid calculation of the "ecological dose" (ED₅₀) of soil pollutants. The use of Nc/Nk as an objective index of the biochemical quality of soils is recommended. Received: 20 December 1998     

Effects of heavy metal contamination and remediation on soil microbial communities in the vicinity of a zinc smelter as indicated by analysis of microbial community phospholipid fatty acid profiles

Heavy metal contamination in an area immediately surrounding a zinc smelter has resulted in destruction of over 485 hectares of forest. The elevated levels of heavy metals in these soils have had significant impacts on the population size and overall activity of the soil microbial communities. Remediation of these soils has resulted in increases in indicators of biological activity and viable population size, which suggest recovery of the microbial populations. Questions remain as to how the metal contamination and subsequent remediation at this site have impacted the population structure of the soil microbial communities. In the current study, microbial communities from this site were analyzed by the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) procedure. Principal component analysis of the PLFA profiles indicated that there were differences in the profiles for soils with different levels of metal contamination, and that soils with higher levels of metal contamination showed decreases in indicator PLFAs for mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. PLFA profiles for remediated sites indicated that remediated soils showed increases in indicator PLFAs for fungi, actinomycetes, and Gram-positive bacteria, compared to unremediated metal contaminated soils. These data suggest a change in the population structure of the soil microbial communities resulting from metal contamination and a recovery of several microbial populations resulting from remediation.     

土壤中有机复合污染物微生物组转化机制与调控原理：进展与展望

实际污染土壤中有机污染物通常以复合污染状态存在,有机复合污染物的微生物降解过程及其作用机制显得更为复杂。土壤微生物类群多样,具有丰富的功能多样性。而有机复合污染物的降解通常由微生物组操控,通过微生物群落代谢网络完成污染物的去除。近年来,研究者逐渐关注有机复合污染土壤中微生物群落适应机制-微生物组转化过程-合成微生物组设计-原位微生物组修复等方面的研究,对认知污染土壤治理和修复具有重要的科学意义。本文以具有代谢协同性及功能互补性的微生物组为切入点,系统阐述土壤中有机复合污染物的微生物组转化机制与调控原理等,探讨微生物组在复合污染土壤绿色可持续原位生物修复中的发展前景。     

生物质炭修复重金属及有机物污染土壤的研究进展

生物质炭是生物质原料在完全或部分缺氧条件下高温热解后的固体产物,它具有丰富的孔隙结构和较高的碳含量。该物质具有巨大的表面积和较强的阳离子交换能力等特殊性质,对受污染土壤中的重金属和有机物都具有很强的吸附能力,有效地降低这些污染物的生物有效性和在环境中的迁移,对改善土壤环境具有重大意义。近年来我国土壤污染严重,利用生物质炭修复受污染土壤的技术得到了广泛的关注。本文简述了生物质炭修复土壤污染的基本原理,探讨了与其他修复方法相比存在的优势,阐述了国内外近年来利用生物质炭修复污染土壤的研究进展,最后展望了今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

土壤酶对重金属污染的响应及指示研究进展

土壤酶在关键元素生物地球化学循环、动植物健康维持、环境污染净化等方面起着不可替代的重要作用,同时还是土壤污染程度评价的辅助指标之一。然而,由于土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的差异,以及研究方法的多样化,导致重金属与土壤酶活性之间的关系十分复杂,阻碍了土壤酶在土壤质量和健康评价中的应用。系统阐述了重金属污染对土壤酶的生态毒理效应,及其对土壤酶催化动力学特征的影响,构建了土壤-重金属-微生物对土壤酶作用的概念模型,并探讨未来的研究趋势和方向。土壤酶活性测定高效、便宜,且对重金属污染敏感,是极具潜力的土壤重金属污染评价的生物学指标,但仅采用土壤酶活性可能高估或低估重金属的生态毒性,加之当前对土壤酶的选择、活性的测定均缺乏统一的标准,致使难以建立重金属毒性阈值与土壤理化性质或土壤重金属有效性之间的定量关系,最终导致土壤酶在土壤污染生态风险评价中存在争议。未来亟需通过新技术和数学模型,深入揭示不同类型土壤中酶对重金属胁迫的响应机理,构建土壤性质与毒性阈值关系的经验模型,可为加强土壤酶在土壤质量和健康评价中的应用提供重要的理论依据。