土地利用变化对艾比湖流域生态系统服务价值的影响

基于遥感与GIS技术,运用生态系统服务价值系数分析了1970-2009年艾比湖流域生态系统服务价值的变化,探讨了干旱区典型内陆湖流域生态系统服务变化对土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)的响应.结果表明,近40 a艾比湖流域土地利用状况变化显著,耕地和建设用地的面积增加,其他土地利用类型的面积减少;流域生态系统服务价值整体变化较小,总价值先增后减,林地、水域和草地面积的减少是总服务价值减少的主要原因,耕地面积的增加补偿了总价值的部分损失,但损失略大于收益;各项生态功能的服务价值对总生态系统服务价值贡献大小的等级基本稳定,其中,水源涵养、土壤形成保护和废物处理能力的贡献率最大;敏感性分析表明,研究区生态系统服务价值对于生态价值系数是缺乏弹性的,各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值敏感性指数都小于1,研究结果是可信的.     

滨海生态脆弱区土地生态系统服务价值动态变化分析——以黄骅市为例

以黄骅市为研究区,运用ENVI遥感技术解译出黄骅市1990年、2000年、2014年三期影像,分析研究区各生态类型的变化特征,采用生态系统服务价值评估方法对该地区生态系统服务价值进行测算并分析其变化情况。结果表明:（1）1990—2014年,黄骅市园地和建设用地面积增加,耕地、草地、水域、盐碱地和未利用地面积减少;（2）黄骅市1990年、2000年、2014年土地生态服务价值分别为418 629.47万元、415 055.68万元和411 372.07万元,土地生态系统总服务价值共减少7 257.40万元。其中,园地和建设用地的生态服务价值增加;耕地、草地、水域、盐碱地和未利用地的生态服务价值减少;（3）1990—2014年,水源涵养和废物处理服务功能价值在研究区土地生态系统服务价值构成中贡献度最大,原材料最小。此外,研究区只有原材料供给增加,其他均在减少,减少最多的是废物处理。     

基于土地利用变化的安徽省生态服务价值研究

[目的]揭示安徽省生态系统服务价值变化规律,为区域可持续发展提供依据。[方法]以安徽省3期的土地利用数据为基础,根据研究区不同土地利用类型的单位面积生态服务价值和各土地利用类型面积分别分析了研究区内2000—2010年不同时段的生态系统服务价值、不同土地利用类型生态服务价值变化的贡献率以及不同年份各单项功能生态服务价值。[结果]研究区林地和耕地是主要的土地利用类型,其次是建设用地和未利用土地;2000,2005,2010年生态服务总价值量分别为:532.31,537.59和531.35亿元;土地利用类型的贡献度从大到小依次为:林地耕地水域草地未利用地建设用地;林地和建设用地是生态系统服务价值变化贡献率最大的土地利用类型;9个单项生态服务价值从大到小依次为:维持生物多样性保持土壤气候调节气体调节原材料生产提供美学景观食物生产废物处理水文调节。[结论]研究区内的生态服务价值呈现相对稳定态势,其中林地对生态服务总价值的贡献最大,建设用地是生态服务总价值增长的主要牵制力。     

干旱区绿洲土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值响应——以甘肃省金塔县为例

通过运用土地利用类型动态度、土地利用程度模型、生态系统服务价值估算模型和土地利用调查和变更数据等,分析1990年、2000年和2008年金塔县土地利用变化及其生态系统服务价值变化特征。结果表明:(1)1990—2008年间,耕地、园地、林地、建设用地和水域呈现增加趋势,牧草地和未利用地面积表现为减少趋势,总体土地利用程度为中下水平,处于发展阶段。(2)研究期间生态系统服务总价值呈现上升趋势,从1990年的47.238亿元增加到2008年的48.228亿元(+0.989 9亿元)。水域在研究区生态系统服务总价值中所占份额最大,草地生态服务功能的下降对生态系统服务总价值有明显的负贡献。(3)研究区各类生态系统的生物多样性保护、水源涵养和废物处理等服务性功能价值远大于其粮食生产和原材料等生产性功能价值。因此,该区域水土资源的合理利用与有效管理是实现生态系统服务功能维持和可持续发展的根本。     

基于RS与GIS的沙坡头区生态系统服务价值研究

以宁夏自治区沙坡头区为例,以2000年、2007年、2013年3期TM影像为数据源,综合运用土地利用动态度、GIS空间分析法以及中国陆地生态系统服务价值估算法对沙坡头区土地利用变化状况及其生态系统服务价值变化进行了分析研究。结果表明:2000—2013年沙坡头区土地利用变化显著,耕地和未利用地面积分别减少了39 951.90,241 289.24hm~2,而其他土地利用类型面积逐年增加,其中草地面积增幅最大,年变化率高达10.58%;研究期间沙坡头区生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,草地和林地面积的增加起到了主导作用;从沙坡头区生态系统服务价值构成来看,草地和林地两者的生态系统服务价值占比在67%~87%,是生态系统服务价值的主要构成部分;各单项生态功能服务价值中土壤形成与保护、废物处理和生物多样性保护占研究区生态系统服务价值的比重最大,三者之和占生态系统服务总价值的55%以上;各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值敏感性指数均小于1,说明沙坡头区生态系统服务价值对生态服务功能价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。     

铜川市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响分析

土地利用类型及其结构的变化引起各类生态系统服务功能价值发生相应变化,应用Constanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,采用谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,分析了2006-2011年铜川市土地利用的时空变化以及由此导致的生态系统服务价值的时空变化,并运用灰色系统分析方法对各土地利用类型与生态系统服务价值量变化的相关性进行了定量研究.结果表明:研究期内,研究区耕地、林地和建设用地增加,林地增加最多,而草地和未利用地急剧减少;研究区内土地利用程度存在明显的空间差异,其中王益区土地利用程度最大,宜君县最小;生态系统服务价值总量以及各类生态系统服务类型的价值量均呈上升趋势;关联度计算表明,研究区建设用地和林地的生态系统服务价值对生态系统服务价值总量的影响最大.     

基于土地利用的祊河流域生态系统服务价值动态变化

为了保护生态环境和合理利用土地资源,以1978年、1985年、1995年、2005年、2015年5个时点的土地利用数据为基础,采用生态系统服务价值评估法、空间自相关分析、热点分析等方法分析了1978—2015年祊河流域生态系统服务价值时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)流域土地利用变化趋势为耕地和草地减少,建设用地、水域、林地、未利用地增加。各地类间的转移以耕地向建设用地的转移为主,其次是耕地向林地以及耕地和草地之间的转移。(2)流域生态系统服务总价值变化呈"先减少后增加再减少"的波动减少趋势。耕地和草地的服务价值减小,林地、水域和未利用地的服务价值增加;土壤形成与保护、食物生产、生物多样性保护、气体调节、原材料和气候调节的服务价值减小;水源涵养、娱乐文化和废物处理的服务价值增加。(3)流域生态系统服务价值呈空间集聚分布格局且集聚程度略有减弱。冷点区范围呈明显的扩张趋势,且集中分布于平邑县、费县和兰山区的城区内;热点区范围基本保持不变,主要分布在蒙山山脉、水库、河流和低山丘陵。     

基于CLUE-S模型的南四湖流域土地利用及其生态效应评估

[目的]分析南四湖流域土地利用变化的生态效应并探讨其动态演变特征,为流域土地资源的合理开发利用和生态系统的保护提供参考。[方法]基于南四湖流域2000至2015年土地利用数据,利用生态系统服务价值核算模型及CLUE-S模型对南四湖流域的生态服务价值及其动态演变特征进行计算和分析。[结果]2000—2015年南四湖流域耕地、草地和未利用地面积减少,林地、水域/湿地和城乡建设用地面积增加,南四湖流域整体生态系统服务价值增加了9.10亿元,但粮食生产、气体调节和保持土壤等生态功能分别下降了0.85%,0.85%和1.29%,生态问题依旧存在,生态系统服务价值分布不均匀,生态减值区的分布范围大于生态增值区。2030年流域内生态系统服务价值略微增加,而粮食生产、气体调节和保持土壤等单项生态系统服务功能继续下降,生态价值极低区以城市为中心向四周扩张,生态增值区范围缩小。[结论]虽然研究区内生态系统服务价值呈上升趋势,但生态价值分布不平衡,生态服务功能有升有降,因此有必要制定相应的措施,来控制土地利用类型的转换,平衡流域内的生态环境。     

延安市城郊农村土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

以典型黄土丘陵沟壑区-延安市赵庄村为例,在分析2000-2006年间的土地利用变化的基础上,依据谢高地等人生态服务价值系数对土地利用系统的生态系统服务价值进行了估算,并对其进行了敏感性分析.结果表明,6 a间,研究区土地利用变化主要表现为耕地减少和撂荒地等未利用土地增加.总生态服务价值减少了32.92万元,变化率为1.86%.未利用土地、居住及建设用地、林地、灌草地的生态服务价值增加;耕地、果园、水域的生态服务价值减少.这8种服务功能类型呈减少趋势,只有娱乐文化类型在增加.敏感性指数均小于1,所采用价值系数缺乏弹性,估算价值可靠,系数适合当地情况.根据研究区生态系统服务价值变化特点,应进行针对性的土地利用结构调整.     

沈阳市土地生态系统服务价值变化研究

以1992年、2004年和2014年三期Landsat TM影像解译数据为依据,借助RS与GIS技术对沈阳市城区近22年来的土地利用变化进行分析;参考Costanza和谢高地等研究成果,制定出符合沈阳市的土地生态系统服务价值系数,对沈阳市土地生态系统服务价值变化进行了研究。结果显示:(1)1992~2014年间沈阳市土地利用发生了很大变化,建设用地明显增加,耕地和林地大幅度减少,草地、水域以及未利用地也表现为减少的状态;(2)研究区生态系统服务价值在1992~2004年间减少5.53亿元,在2004~2014年间减少10.52亿元,土地利用变化是导致生态系统服务价值空间分异的主要原因;(3)生态系统服务价值系数变化对生态系统服务价值变化缺乏弹性,相对敏感性为:耕地林地水域建设用地草地和未利用地。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

我国亚热带山地丘陵区特征及开发中的有关问题

我国亚热带山地丘陵区，山多地少、人口众多、经济基础薄弱，生态环境严重恶化，障碍着区内经济的发展，区内开发应按照以下几个方面搞好：１、协调山－林－地－人的关系；２．调整粮食－林牧－融渔关系；３．改善生产－生活－生态环境。４．提高生态－经济－社会效益。     

红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收累积特征及根际土壤Pb、Cd形态分布研究

为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。     

百菌清和毒死蜱在大棚番茄中的分布与降解特征

大棚和露地环境下,分别对番茄植株一次性喷洒推荐剂量的百菌清（CHT）和毒死蜱（CHP）,研究喷药后两周内农药在番茄根、茎、叶和果实中分布的持久性及其动态降解规律。实验结果表明,百菌清在大棚番茄中的残留浓度分布呈现为叶片垌果实〉茎〉根;毒死蜱呈现为叶片〉果实垌茎〉根。大棚番茄各部位的最高残留浓度出现时间滞后于喷药时间8~60h;空间浓度分布上表现为大棚中间区域浓度高于两侧,这与棚内的空气对流有关。大棚番茄果实中百菌清和毒死蜱的残留半衰期分别为5.8d和7.2d,明显高于文献报道。     

Sources of sulphate and acidity in wetlands and lakes in Nova Scotia

There is a declining gradient of wet SO₄ deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO₄ emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO₄ to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO₄ during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO₄ concentrations range from 45 ueq L^?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L^?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L^?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L^?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO₄ The SO₄ concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L^?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L^?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L^?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO₄ concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO₄ concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO₄ concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO₄ deposition.     

Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990

In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immobilization and species of heavy metals in soils in the absence and presence of rhizobia

Abstract

The effect of bacterial inoculation of Rhizobium fredii HN01 on the immobilization and speciation of Cu, Zn, and Cd was studied in Red and Cinnamon soil which are typical Chinese soils. The soil was mixed with bacterial suspension for one week followed by an immobilization of each heavy metal for another week. The total binding and fractionation of heavy metals in soils were analyzed. As compared with the control, the retention of total Cu, Zn, and Cd in Red soil increased by 28, 16, and 28%, respectively, in the presence of rhizobia. The amount of exchangeable, NH₄OAc-extractable, Mn oxides-bound and organic matter-bound Cu increased by 23–123%. There were significant decrease of exchangeable Cu and marked increases of NH₄OAc-extractable and Mn oxide-bound Cu in Cinnamon soil with the presence of rhizobial cells, although no changes for the total retention of Cu were observed. The amount of exchangeable Zn in Red soil-rhizobia composite was 20% greater than that of the no-rhizobia soil. Addition of rhizobia also increased exchangeable Cd and specifically-adsorbed Cd by 25 and 93%, respectively, in Red soil. No considerable differences were found for the total immobilization of Zn and Cd as well as their distribution in various solid fractions of Cinnamon soil in the absence and presence of rhizobial cells. In terms of soil components, it is assumed that bacterial biomass had a relatively less impact on the species of heavy metals bound with Fe oxides. Results suggested that the retention and speciation of heavy metals in soil are governed largely by the interactions of bacteria with various inorganic and organic soil constituents. The data are useful in understanding the impact of microorganisms on the behavior, mobility and transformation of heavy metals in soil environments.     

Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in pairs of arable and afforested soils in Denmark

Afforestation of sandy arable soils in northern Europe is likely to lead to an increase in the soil's acidity and changes in the behaviour of the organic matter, and this might affect the ability of the soil to retain heavy metals. It is important to assess the impact of such a change in the land use on the solubility of the heavy metals and to assess the risk of leaching to surface‐ and groundwater and the possible entrapment of heavy metals in the tree canopy. The impact of afforestation was assessed by excavating soil profiles in adjacent 34‐year‐old Norway spruce stands and arable plots at four different sites. We found that after 34 years the pH had decreased and cations were depleted in the topsoil under forest. The aqua regia‐extractable heavy metals were determined, and the heavy metal binding within the soil was assessed using a modified version of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. Higher contents of heavy metal were found in the arable plots in the loamy sand soils. Cadmium was found only in the most mobile fractions. The content of Pb in the subsoil was strongly correlated with the clay content, but not in the topsoil, which suggested that Pb had been added to the topsoil. We found strong correlations between the clay content and the Cu, Ni and Zn in the residual fraction, leading us to conclude that much of the Cu, Ni and Zn is of geological origin. No significant differences in the heavy metal fractionation between forest and arable soil were found, presumably because 34 years of different land use is not long enough to produce such differences.     

Expression and inheritance of isozymes in Brassica species and in their interspecific hybrids

Abstract

Gene expression was analysed by means of isozyme electrophoresis for three diploid species Brassica rapa (genome AA), B. nigra (BB), and B. oleracea/ B. oleracea var. alboglabra (CC), three amphidiploids B. juncea (AABB), B. napus (AACC) and B. carinata (BBCC), and in 15 interspecific hybrids from crosses within and between the diploids and the amphidiploids. Five enzyme systems were assessed: glucosephosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Alleles descending from the diploid species were found both in natural and artificially produced amphidiploids. No effect of reciprocal crosses was observed. i.e., the Brassica isozymes were under nuclear gene control. Mendelian segregation in the F₂ generation from crossing two resynthesized B. napus was observed for the loci glucosephosphate isomerase-2 and phosphoglucomutase-3. Genome-specific alleles were identified for several loci. No alteration in the allelic expression of isozymes was found when assembling all three Brassica genomes in the trigenomic interspecific hybrids. Moreover, trigenomic hybrids were capable of disclosing a silent allele of leucine aminopeptidase from B. carinata, and thus in this study the capability of isozyme analysis for detecting hidden variation was demonstrated.