不同耕作和施肥措施对潮土生物学特性的影响

对山东禹城综合试验站免耕潮土试验田中不同耕作和施肥措施对土壤潮土生物学特性的影响进行了研究,结果表明:免耕和秸秆还田可以显著增加潮土中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,也可以显著增加土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性,尤其是土壤表层。不同施肥措施对土壤生物学特性有显著影响,分次施肥要优于集中施肥,免耕秸秆还田可以提高土壤生物学特性,优化土壤微环境。     

耕作侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地土壤容重和有机质二维分布的影响

为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡耕地土壤容重、有机质以及两者相互关系的影响,选择四川盆地中部的简阳县的坡耕地作为研究对象,采用模拟耕作的方法,通过对比模拟耕作前与5次、20次模拟耕作之后的土壤容重、有机质的水平以及垂直变化与分布规律,并探讨耕作侵蚀对两者关系变化的影响规律。研究结果表明:由于耕作侵蚀的搬运作用,5次和20次耕作之后坡顶位置的表层土壤被不断搬运至下坡位置,从而导致坡顶表层土壤容重增加;并且耕作过程中锄头的翻转作用改变了土壤容重在垂直方向的分布。耕作前土壤有机质在各坡面位置的垂直分布可用对数方程描述,然而5次和20次耕作之后其两者之间没有显示任何关系。耕作前土壤有机质含量与土壤容重呈现显著的负相关关系,5次和20次耕作之后,土壤有机质和土壤容重之间无相关关系。因此,耕作侵蚀改变土壤有机质和容重在水平和垂直方向的分布并且改变有机质和容重之间的关系。     

长期不同施肥对稻田土壤有机质和全氮的影响

通过对湖南新化、宁乡、株洲、桃江、武岗5个国家级稻田肥力长期定位试验点18年的田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式下0-20 cm土层土壤有机质和全N含量的演变规律。结果显示,中量和高量有机肥与化肥配合处理在提高土壤有机质和全N含量方面效果明显优于单施化肥和秸秆还田处理,且随有机肥用量的增加而增加,表明有机肥与化肥配合施用是提高土壤有机质和N素肥力的重要措施。在不同施肥方式下,稻田土壤有机质总体上呈现出上升或者下降的趋势,但在不同的年份会有波动。     

湖南省典型农田土壤养分现状及近30年变化趋势

通过文献资料分析及实地调查和采样,对比研究了湖南省典型农田土壤的肥力状况及近30年变化趋势.结果表明:湖南省典型农田当前0 ～ 20 cm 和20 ～ 100 cm土壤有机质平均含量为30.43 g/kg和11.91g/kg,全氮平均含量为1.79 g/kg和0.82 g/kg,全磷平均含量为0.56 g/kg和0.44 g/kg,全钾平均含量为17.13 g/kg和17.17 g/kg.与第二次土壤普查结果比较:除20 ～ 100 cm土壤层次有机质和碱解氮含量呈下降趋势外,其他层次有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分指标呈显著增加趋势.0～20 cm土壤有酸化趋势.     

长期施肥条件下土壤碳氮循环过程研究进展

土壤是主要的陆地生态系统碳库,碳、氮通过大气-作物-土壤界面进行周转和协同转化。长期施肥通过改变土壤物理、化学和生物学性质,进而影响土壤有机碳、氮储量的稳定性。土壤有机质是评价土壤质量的重要指标,具有农艺和环境双重功能。有机-无机肥配施不仅可显著提高土壤肥力,并且可减少农田土壤温室气体排放,保持农田土地的可持续利用。本文就土壤碳、氮消长动态研究以及有机质周转的同位素示踪测试技术等作一简要综述。     

Long-Term Tillage,Straw Management,and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Organic Matter and Mineralizable Carbon and Nitrogen in a Black Chernozem Soil

Soil, crop, and fertilizer management practices may affect quality of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil. A long-term field experiment (growing barley, wheat, or canola)was conducted on a Black Chernozem (Albic Argicryoll) loam at Ellerslie, Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of 19 years (1980 to 1998) of tillage [zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)], straw management [straw removed (S_Rem) and straw retained (S_Ret)], and N fertilizer rate (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^?1 in S_Ret and 0 kg N ha^?1 in S_Rem plots) on macro-organic matter C (MOM-C) and N (MOM-N), microbial biomass C (MB-C), and mineralizable C (C_min) and N (N_min) in the 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm soil layers. Treatments with N fertilizer and S_Ret generally had a greater mass of MOM-C (by 201 kg C ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 254 kg C ha^?1 with S_Ret), MOM-N (by 12.4 kg N ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 8.0 kg N ha^?1 with S_Ret), C_min(by 146 kg C ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 44 kg C ha^?1 with S_Ret), and N_min(by 7.9 kg N ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 9.0 kg N ha^?1 with S_Ret)in soil than the corresponding zero-N and S_Rem treatments. Tillage, straw, and N fertilizer had no consistent effect on MB-C in soil. Correlations between these dynamic soil organic C or N fractions were strong and significant in most cases, except for MB-C, which had no significant correlation with MOM-C and MOM-N. Linear regressions between crop residue C input and mass of MOM-C, MOM-N, C_min, and N_min in soil were significant, but it was not significant for MB-C. The effects of management practices on dynamic soil organic C and N fractions were more pronounced in the 0- to 7.5-cm surface soil layer than in the 7.5- to 15-cm subsoil layer. In conclusion, the findings suggest that application of N fertilizer and retention of straw would improve soil quality by increasing macro-organic matter and N-supplying power of soil.     

Tillage effects on maize yield in a Colombian savanna oxisol: Soil organic matter and P fractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) and phosphorus (P) fractions play a key role in sustaining the productivity of acid-savanna oxisols and are greatly influenced by tillage practices. In 1993, a long-term experiment on sustainable crop rotation and ley farming systems was initiated on a Colombian acid-savanna oxisol to test the effects of grain legumes, green manures, intercrops and leys as possible components that could increase the stability of systems involving annual cereal crops. Five agropastoral treatments (maize monoculture—MMO, maize–soybean rotation—MRT, maize–soybean green manure rotation—MGM, native savanna control—NSC and maize-agropastoral rotation—MAP) under two tillage systems (no till-NT and minimum tillage-MT) were investigated. The effects of NT and MT on SOM and P fractions as well as maize grain yield under the five agropastoral treatments were evaluated. Results showed that soil total C, N and P were generally better under no-till as compared to minimum-tilled soils. While P fractions were also generally higher under no-till treatments, SOM fractions did not show any specific trend. Seven years after establishment of the long-term ley farming experiment (5 years of conventional tillage followed by 2 years alternative tillage systems), MT resulted into moderately higher maize grain yields as compared to NT. The MGM rotation treatment had significantly higher values of maize yield under both tillage systems (4.2 Mg) compared to the NSC (2.3 Mg ha⁻¹). Results from this study indicate that the rotational systems (maize–soybean green manure and maize-pastures) improved the soil conditions to implement the no-till or minimum tillage systems on Colombian savanna oxisol.     

金昌市土壤养分现状与施肥建议

通过2002年秋后对甘肃省金昌市1县1区12个乡镇10万hm2耕地的601个土样化验分析,结果表明:土壤有机质含量平均15.1g/kg,大面积处于较缺和中等状况,而且较缺面积在扩大,中等面积在减少。土壤碱解N含量平均38mg/kg,以缺和较缺占据了绝大部分面积,而且缺的面积在扩大,较缺面积在减少。土壤有效P含量平均20.9mg/kg,明显增加,已处于中等和较丰富状况,也有一定面积处于较缺状况。土壤速效K含量平均158mg/kg,明显下降,大面积处于较丰富和中等状况,中等面积大幅度增加。     

腐植酸复混肥对葡萄养分吸收利用的影响

为明确不同腐植酸复混肥施用量,对葡萄生长及土壤养分的影响,采取以二年生葡萄幼树进行盆栽试验。结果表明,与等养分无机化肥相比,腐植酸复合肥明显提高了葡萄植株对N、P、K肥的利用率,使土壤中的N素释放减缓,P的移动性和K的含量有较明显提高,并使土壤中有机质含量有增加的趋势。     

耕作方式对滨海盐渍土有机碳含量及团聚体特性的影响

为探明不同耕作措施对滨海盐渍土耕层土壤有机碳含量和团聚体特征的影响,本研究在江苏省东台市滨海滩涂农田区开展田间试验,选择玉米-大麦的旱-旱轮作方式,采用传统翻耕、深翻、少耕和免耕4种耕作方式,分别对耕层土壤的有机碳含量、土壤体积质量(容重)、水稳性团聚体含量和稳定性进行测定。结果表明:与传统翻耕相比,免耕措施利于促进土壤有机碳的积累,免耕能使土壤有机碳含量增加18%~32%;少、免耕措施能使0~10 cm土层0.25 mm团聚体增加10%~31%,并且能显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径值;团聚体中有机碳含量表现为,除0.25~0.5 mm团聚体外,在5 mm至0.5~1 mm粒径之间,粒径愈小,有机碳含量愈高。     

采样深度和计算方法影响保护性耕作土壤碳氮储量的评估结果

为探讨不同年限耕作措施下土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）在土壤剖面中的分布和累积特征,了解采样深度和计算方法对SOC和TN储量评估结果的影响,基于山东桓台（5a）和河北栾城（17a）耕作定位试验,设置翻耕（CT）、旋耕（RT）和免耕（NT）三个处理（秸秆均还田）,分析土壤剖面中（桓台60cm;栾城50cm）土壤容重（b）、SOC和TN浓度的分布特征,并比较不同土层深度下“固定深度法（FD）”和“等效重量法（ESM）”所计算SOC和TN储量的差异。结果表明,连续多年保护性耕作后,NT处理较CT促进了SOC和TN储量在表层积累,增加了SOC和TN浓度的层化比率（SR）值。在山东桓台试验点,NT处理较CT显著增加了0−5cm土层SOC和TN储量（P＜0.05）,增幅分别为29%和30%,而整个土壤剖面（0−60cm）的碳氮储量分别降低8%和10%。河北栾城试验点,0−10cm土层NT和RT处理较CT分别增加SOC储量10%和14%,但在≥20cm剖面中不同耕作处理之间的碳氮储量无显著差异。由于各处理之间b的差异,传统FD法高估了山东桓台免耕处理SOC和TN储量,但低估了河北栾城碳氮储量。因此,为准确评估不同耕作措施下土壤碳氮固持效应,推荐在“深层采样”（≥30cm）策略基础上,利用ESM法计算其储量。保护性耕作对改善土壤质量有积极作用,但其通过土壤碳截留以缓解气候变化的潜力不应该被高估。     

沼液化肥配施对红壤旱地土壤养分和花生产量的影响

通过沼液化肥配施定位实验,研究等氮量条件下沼液替代化肥的不同比例(沼液全氮分别占总N 0%、15%、30%、45%、100%)对红壤旱地土壤养分库和花生产量的影响。结果表明,沼液施用2年后,花生平均产量显著增加,较无肥和单施化肥处理分别增产33.15%~48.29%和10.24%~22.77%,其中30%处理达到最高(3 332 kg hm~(~(-2))),较其他处理显著增产4.0%~48.3%。同时土壤有机质(OM)、活性有机质(LOM)及碳库管理指数(CMI)也发生了显著变化,30%处理较其他处理表现为显著增加。可见沼液化肥均衡配施在提高土壤有机质含量的同时显著改善了有机质质量。同时较不施肥和单施化肥处理,30%处理显著提高了土壤全氮、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、有效磷和速效钾含量。对花生产量与土壤各养分指标进行Pearson相关分析,发现相关系数最高的是有效磷(0.956**),表明有效磷是当前红壤旱地花生持续高产的首要限制因子。作物产量与LOM显著正相关(0.826*),而与OM无显著相关性。同时,LOM与OM(0.920**)、全氮(0.894*)、全磷(0.867*)、有效磷(0.872*)和速效钾(0.821*)均呈极显著或显著正相关,而OM除与LOM达到显著相关外,仅与全氮(0.922**)和有效磷(0.862*)呈极显著或显著正相关。这表明LOM较OM更能客观反映土壤质量的变化,应成为土壤施肥的良好评价指标。本实验条件下,红壤旱地花生产区沼液化肥均衡配施(30%)既显著提高花生产量、减少化肥使用量,又可以提高土壤养分库,增加土壤有机质和活性有机质含量,应成为红壤旱地地区花生增产和地力培肥的有效途径。     

长期施肥对红壤稻田土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

研究长期施肥下红壤双季稻田土壤胞外酶活性(EEAs)变化特征及其主要驱动因子,可为该地区稻田土壤培肥和合理施肥提供理论依据.选择持续了37 a的长期定位试验的不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、高倍化肥(HNPK)和化肥有机肥配施(NPKM)4个处理,采用微孔板荧光法测定了土壤胞外酶活性,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物...     

免耕与翻耕条件下农田土壤呼吸的比较

采用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统于2010年3-10月在冬小麦-大豆轮作期对免耕与翻耕田土壤呼吸速率、5cm深土壤温度和湿度进行测定,以研究耕作措施对农田土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,在冬小麦、大豆生长时段,免耕与翻耕田土壤呼吸速率的季节变化趋势基本一致。冬小麦生长时段免耕与翻耕田土壤呼吸速率的平均值分别为2.50±0.14和2.40±0.29μmol.m-2.s-1,大豆生长时段分别为2.82±0.28和3.50±0.52μmol.m-2.s-1。冬小麦生长时段免耕与翻耕田土壤呼吸无显著差异,但大豆生长时段二者存在显著差异(P<0.05),差异最明显的阶段在大豆开花期(7月下旬-8月中旬)。利用温度影响函数(指数函数)和湿度影响函数(二次函数)耦合的模拟模型进行土壤呼吸与土壤温度和湿度的回归分析,得出免耕条件下土壤温度和湿度可以共同解释25.3%的土壤呼吸变异(R2=0.253,P<0.05),翻耕条件下二者可以共同解释44.0%的土壤呼吸变异(R2=0.440,P<0.01)。可见,一方面,耕作措施对土壤呼吸的影响因种植作物而异,与翻耕相比,免耕显著降低了大豆田土壤呼吸,但对冬小麦田无显著影响;另一方面,免耕下土壤温度和湿度对土壤呼吸的影响比翻耕要小。     

设施栽培条件下土壤养分及有机质组成变化趋势的研究

以黄泛平原壤质潮土不同年限的设施栽培土壤为研究对象,探讨了设施栽培条件对土壤养分及土壤有机质组成的影响。结果表明,设施栽培土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、盐分含量均明显高于大田,其含量主要取决于施用化学肥料的种类和数量,随栽培年限的增加而增加;土壤有机质、腐殖酸、胡敏酸含量随种植年限有升高趋势;HA/FA与栽培年限显著相关,表示设施栽培条件下,土壤熟化程度随有机肥料的逐年施用而有所提高,但HA/FA变化幅度不大,这可能与设施栽培形成的高温高湿条件及施用有机肥料中难分解物质的含量有关。     

砂姜黑土长期定位施肥对小麦生长及土壤养分含量的影响

砂姜黑土10年定位试验结果表明:施肥是砂姜黑土小麦增产的关键,N肥增产贡献率为69.4%,P肥增产贡献率为23.3%,K肥为7.3%。P、K肥的肥效随时间的推移逐渐提高。凡施肥处理土壤有机质含量都有所提高,施P处理土壤速效P含量提高幅度较大,每年每公顷施135kg K2O尚不能满足一年两季作物的高产需求,应适当提高K肥用量。     

滨海盐碱地不同施肥模式对棉花氮磷养分积累和产量的影响

为探索盐碱地棉花种植最佳施肥模式,在山东省东营市中度滨海盐碱地设置了6种施肥模式(包括不施肥对照、习惯施肥、优化施肥、一次性施肥、减量化肥以及减量化肥+有机肥),通过对棉花关键生育时期植株调查取样和测定分析,探讨了不同施肥模式对棉花养分积累及产量的影响。结果表明:一次性施肥处理(非控释氮和控释氮1∶2配合)与同等养分水平的优化施肥处理相比,棉花的干物质积累量和各器官氮磷含量均有显著提高,前者花铃期氮磷养分总积累量分别比优化施肥处理高23.39%和13.97%,比不施肥处理高50.98%和46.94%。减量化肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O减量20%)+有机肥处理棉花产量最高,比不施肥处理高31.14%,比习惯施肥处理高13.37%,经济效益增长1 925元/hm~2;一次性施肥处理棉花产量与习惯施肥相近,经济效益比习惯施肥增长了279元/hm~2。籽棉产量与吐絮期土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量呈显著正相关。在中度滨海盐碱地采用减量化肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O减量20%)+有机肥和一次性施肥处理措施节本增产效果较好。     

不同粮草复种方式下土壤养分动态研究

对6种不同的粮草复种方式下土壤养分的季节变化进行了比较研究.结果表明:冬季种植牧草与种植粮食作物比较降低了土壤pH值、增加了土壤有机质和速效养分,特别是冬季种植多花黑麦草和黑麦明显增加了土壤有机质、碱解N、速效K和速效P含量,促进后作生长,为后季作物增产提供可能性.土壤pH值随土层增加而增加,土壤养分随土层增加而减少.经过一个复种周期,各复种方式土壤pH值稍有提高;有机质、全N、碱解N含量稍有降低,变化不大;土壤速效P和速效K含量有较大幅度的降低.     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions under Different Land Uses and Tillage Practices

Many questions have surfaced regarding long-term impacts of land-use and cultivation system on soil carbon (C) sequestration. The experiment was conducted at Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Only minor variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) fractions with depth under plow tillage (PT). The SOC, total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) concentrations were higher under grassland and forestland in the top 0–15 cm depth than arable soils. No-tillage (NT) also increased SOC and N fractions concentrations in the surface soils than PT. Compared to arable, grass and forest could significantly improve proportions of MBC and MBN, and reduce proportions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). NT and forest also increased the ratio of SOC/TN, MBC/MBN, and DOC/DON. Overall, grass and forest provided more labile C and improved C sequestration than arable. So did NT under arable land-use.     

Depth distribution of soil organic C and N after long-term soybean cropping in Texas

Crop management practices have potential to enhance subsoil C and N sequestration in the southern U.S., but effects may vary with tillage regime and cropping sequence. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of tillage and soybean cropping sequence on the depth distribution of soil organic C (SOC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and total N after 20 years of treatment imposition for a silty clay loam soil in central Texas. A continuous soybean monoculture, a wheat–soybean doublecrop, and a sorghum–wheat–soybean rotation were established under both conventional (CT) and no tillage (NT). Soil was sampled after soybean harvest and sectioned into 0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–55, 55–80, and 80–105 cm depth intervals. Both tillage and cropping intensity influenced C and N dynamics in surface and subsurface soils. No tillage increased SOC, DOC, and total N compared to CT to a 30 cm depth for continuous soybean, but to 55 cm depths for the more intensive sorghum–wheat–soybean rotation and wheat–soybean doublecrop. Averaged from 0 to 105 cm, NT increased SOC, DOC, and total N by 32, 22, and 34%, respectively, compared to CT. Intensive cropping increased SOC and total N at depths to 55 cm compared to continuous soybean, regardless of tillage regime. Continuous soybean had significantly lower SOC (5.3 g kg⁻¹) than sorghum–wheat–soybean (6.4 g kg⁻¹) and wheat–soybean (6.1 g kg⁻¹), and 19% lower total N than other cropping sequences. Dissolved organic C was also significantly higher for sorghum–wheat–soybean (139 mg C kg⁻¹) than wheat–soybean (92 mg C kg⁻¹) and continuous soybean (100 mg C kg⁻¹). The depth distribution of SOC, DOC, and total N indicated treatment effects below the maximum tillage depth (25 cm), suggesting that roots, or translocation of dissolved organic matter from surface soils, contributed to higher soil organic matter levels under NT than CT in subsurface soils. High-intensity cropping sequences, coupled with NT, resulted in the highest soil organic matter levels, demonstrating potential for C and N sequestration for subsurface soils in the southern U.S.