中国三类典型稻田CH4排放的稳定性碳同位素变化

Little is known about the stable carbon isotopes of methane(CH4) emitted(δ~(13)CH_(4emitted)) from permanently flooded rice fields and double rice-cropping fields.The CH4 emission and corresponding δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) under various field managements(mulching,water regime,tillage,and nitrogen(N) fertilization) were simultaneously measured in three typical Chinese rice fields,a permanently flooded rice field in Ziyang City,Sichuan Province,Southwest China,a double-rice cropping field in Yingtan City,Jiangxi Province,Southeast China,and a rice-wheat rotation field in Jurong City,Jiangsu Province,East China,from 2010 to 2012.Results showed different seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) among the three fields during the rice-growing season.The values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) were negatively correlated with corresponding CH4 emissions in seasonal variation and mean,indicating the importance of CH_4 production,oxidation,and transport associated with isotopic fractionation effects to the δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).Seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) were slightly impacted by mulching cultivation,tillage,and N application,but highly controlled by drainage.Meanwhile,tillage,N application,and especially mulching cultivation had important effects on seasonal mean CH4 emissions and corresponding δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) with low emissions accompanied by high values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).Seasonal mean values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) from the three fields were similar,mostly ranging from —60‰ to — 50‰,which are well in agreement with previously published data.These demonstrated that seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) mainly depended on the changes in CH4 emission from rice fields and further indicated the important effects of methanogenic pathways,CH4 oxidation,and CH4 transport associated with isotope fractionation effects influenced by field managements on δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).     

长期施用化肥和有机肥对太湖地区水稻土有机碳特征的影响

A long-term experiment set up in 1980 compared the effects of applying manures and chemical fertilizers on a paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region,China.Of the fourteen randomly distributed treatments consisting of different combinations of organic manure,inorganic nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P),and potassium (K),and rice straw,eight were selected for the present study in 2007.Application of organic manure plus straw significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content of the topsoil (0-10 cm) compared to that of chemical fertilizers alone.The content of SOC was relatively stable in the 10-30 cm layer in the chemical fertilizer treatments and in the 20-40 cm layer in the manure treatments.The stable carbon isotope ratio (δ 13 C) ranged from 24‰ to 28‰ and increased gradually with depth.The content of SOC was significantly (P < 0.05) negatively correlated with δ 13 C.In the 0-20 cm layer,the δ 13 C value significantly decreased in the treatments of manure alone (M),manure and chemical N and P fertilizers (MNP),manure and chemical N,P,and K fertilizers (MNPK),manure,rice straw,and chemical N fertilizer (MRN),and chemical N fertilizer and rice straw (CNR),as compared with the no-fertilizer control.In the 30-50 cm layer,however,the ratio significantly increased in all the treatments except Treatment CNR.Mineralization of organic C peaked in the first 2-4 d of incubation and gradually leveled off thereafter over the first 3 weeks,being faster in the manure treatments than the chemical fertilizer treatments.The average rate of mineralization varied from 55.36 to 75.46 mL CO 2 kg-1 d-1 and that of stable mineralization from 10 to 20 mL CO 2 kg-1 d-1.In eight weeks of incubation,cumulative mineralization was always higher in the manure treatments than the chemical fertilizer treatments,being the highest in Treatment MRN.Combined humus in the soil was mainly (over 50%) composed of tightly combined fraction.The loosely combined humus and its ratio of humic acid (HA) to fulvic acid (FA) significantly increased with long-term application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers.It could be concluded that the cycle of organic C in the paddy soil ecosystem studied was stable over the long-term application of fertilizers and continued cultivation.     

稻秆还田及土壤预淹对施入土壤的(15NH4)2SO4-N的去向及水稻生长的影响

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of straw incorporation and soil pre-flooding on the fate of (15NH4)2SO4-N and the growth of rice.Excessive application of rice straw when incorporated with(^15 NH4)2 SO4 at the C/N ratio of 40 reduced the loss of (^15NH4)2SO4-N and retarded the growth and development of rice significantly,while no adverse effects were observed on dry weight of panicle and the total recovery of (15NH4)2 SO4-N when rice straw was incorporated with(15NH4)2SO4 at a C/N ratio less than 25.There were no significant effects of duration of soil pre-flooding within 6 weeks on (^15NH4)2 SO4-N uptake by rice and on rice growth,but,less loss of (^15NH4)2SO4-N was observed in the soil with a longer period of pre-flooding.     

中国东北休闲期稻田温室气体排放

CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions from northeast Chinese rice fields were measured in the fallow season （November to March） to investigate the effects of freezing-thawing on the emissions. Both CH4 emission from and atmospheric CH4 oxidation by the soil occurred, but the flux was small. During the fallow season, rice fields acted as a minor source of atmospheric CH4, which accounted for about 1% of the CH4 emission during the rice growing period. The field was also a substantial source of atmospheric N20, which ranged between 40 to 77 mg m-2 and eu=counted for 40%-50% of the annual N20 emission. The largest N20 flux was observed in the thawing period during the fallow season. Laboratory incubation tests showed that the largest N20 flux came from the release of N20 trapped in frozen soil. Tillage and rice straw application （either mulched on the soil surface or incorporated in the soil） stimulated the CH4 and CO2 emissions during the fallow season, but only straw application stimulated N2O emission substantially.     

淹水条件下FACE处理的水稻以及小麦秸秆的分解及产物

Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg-1 (air-dried), and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25 ℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 (FR) were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 (AR), respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C productions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emissions from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw (P < 0.05). These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission.     

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.     

长期稻草还田对土壤球囊霉素和土壤C、N的影响

A long-term experiment was conducted to investigate how long-term fertilization and rice straw incorporation into soil affect soil glomalin, C and N. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and straw resulted in a significant increase in both soil easily extractable glomalin （EEG） and total glomalin （TG） concentrations, as compared with application of only chemical fertilizer or no fertilizer application. The EEG and TG concentrations of the NPKS （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application ＋ rice straw return） plot were 4.68% and 5.67% higher than those of the CK （unfertilized control） plot, and 9.87% and 6.23% higher than those of the NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer applied annually） plot, respectively. Application of only chemical fertilizer did not cause a statistically significant change of soil glomalin compared with no fertilizer application. The changes of soil organic C （SOC） and total N （TN） contents demonstrated a similar trend to soil glomalin in these plots. The SOC and TN contents of NPKS plot were 15.01% and 9.18% higher than those of the CK plot, and 8.85% and 14.76% higher than those of the NPK plot, respectively. Rice straw return also enhanced the contents of microbial biomass C （MBC） and microbial biomass N （MBN） in the NPKS plot by 7.76% for MBC and 31.42% for MBN compared with the CK plot, and 12.66% for MBC and 15.07% for MBN compared with the NPK plots, respectively. Application of only chemical fertilizer, however, increased MBN concentration, but decreased MBC concentration in soil.     

基于多年田间实验的尿素和控释尿素肥料对稻田甲烷排放的影响研究

A four-year(2008–2011) field study was implemented in a major rice-growing region of China to better understand the effect of urea and controlled release fertilier(CRF, thermoplastic resin-coated urea in this study) on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Over the four years, the average CH4 emission during the rice growing seasons was 76.9, 65.8 and 64.9 kg CH4ha-1in treatments CK(zero N), U(urea) and C(CRF), respectively. Urea and CRF significantly reduced CH4 emission by 14.4% and 15.6%, and increased average rice grain yield by 25.8% and 19.7%(P 0.05), respectively, compared with treatment CK. Flooding duration would affect CRF's effect on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Under normal aeration conditions, CH4 emission tended to be 3.9%–15.2% lower in treatment C than in treatment U from 2009 to 2011, while it tended to be 4.2% higher under delayed aeration conditions in 2008. The findings suggest that mid-season aeration(MSA) starting on D30(30 days after rice transplanting), just like the local practice, would optimize the CRF's effect on CH4 emission from rice fields in China. Over the four years, average rice yield did not differ between treatments U and C, and tended to be 5% lower in treatment C than in treatment U.     

苏打盐碱水灌溉的土壤添加石膏肥和有机肥后水溶性碳和微生物碳研究

Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), a small fraction of soil organic matter, has a rapid turnover rate and is a reservoir of labile nutrients. The water-extractable carbon pools provide a fairly good estimate of labile C present in soil and can be easily quantified. Changes in soil MBC and water-extractable organic carbon pools were studied in a 14-year long-term experiment in plots of rice-wheat rotation irrigated with canal water (CW), sodic water (SW, 10-12.5 mmol c L-1 residual sodium carbonate), and SW amended with gypsum with or without application of organic amendments including farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), and wheat straw (WS). Irrigation with SW increased soil exchangeable sodium percentage by more than 13 times compared to irrigation with CW. Sodic water irrigation significantly decreased hot water-extractable organic carbon (HWOC) from 330 to 286 mg kg-1 soil and cold water-extractable organic carbon (CWOC) from 53 to 22 mg kg-1 soil in the top 0-7.5 cm soil layer. In the lower soil layer (7.5-15 cm), reduction in HWOC was not significant. Application of gypsum alone resulted in a decrease in HWOC in the SW plots, whereas an increase was recorded in the SW plots with application of both gypsum and organic amendments in both the soil layers. Nevertheless, application of gypsum and organic amendments increased the mean CWOC as compared with application of gypsum alone. CWOC was significantly correlated with MBC but did not truly reflect the changes in MBC in the treatments with gypsum and organic amendments applied. For the treatments without organic amendments, HWOC was negatively correlated with MBC (r = 0.57*) in the 0-7.5 cm soil layer, whereas for the treatments with organic amendments, both were positively correlated. Irrigation with SW significantly reduced the rice yield by 3 t ha-1 and the yield of rice and wheat by 5 t ha-1 as compared to irrigation with canal water. Application of amendments significantly increased rice and wheat yields. Both the rice yield and the yield of rice and wheat were significantly correlated with MBC (r = 0.49**-0.56**, n = 60). HWOC did not exhibit any relation with the crop yields under the treatments without organic amendments; however, CWOC showed a positive but weak correlation with the crop yields. Therefore, we found that under sodic water irrigation, HWOC or CWOC in the soils was not related to MBC.     

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.     

冬季淹水稻田CH4排放通量及其δ13C的时间变化特征

通过田间试验研究了持续淹水稻田冬季休闲期和水稻生长期CH4排放通量及其稳定性碳同位组成的时间变化。结果表明:CH4排放在冬季休闲期从4月份呈逐渐上升趋势,至6月份出现排放峰,为CH46.4 mg m-2h-1;水稻移栽后则迅速增加,于7月和8月出现两个排放峰,分别为CH423.1 mg m-2h-1和CH429.8 mg m-2h-1,此后急剧下降,末期稻田排水落干期间出现一个排放峰。冬季休闲期CH4排放总量为CH43.3 g m-2,占全年排放总量的8.9%。稻田排放的δ13CH4在冬季休闲期后期逐渐从-51‰上升至-44‰,然后下降至-56‰。水稻移栽后,δ13C值从-62‰迅速降至-68‰,然后慢慢上升至-60‰,并在较长一段时间内保持不变,后期再次富集13C。末期排水落干对排放δ13CH4影响显著。排放δ13CH4在水稻生长期较冬季休闲期低得多,原因在于冬季休闲期的CH4氧化率很高(60%～90%),而水稻生长期的CH4氧化率相对较低(10%～80%)。全观测期内,CH4排放通量的季节变化均与土壤温度显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Eh显著负相关(p<0.01),与δ13CH4呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。     

烤田对种稻土壤甲烷排放的影响

本文通过温室盆栽试验研究了烤田对种稻土壤甲烷排放的影响。在水稻移栽后的第４３天和１０２天各烤田一次,持续时间分别为２８和１１３小时。结果表明种稻土壤在开台田后前１６和４２小时内有大量甲烷排放,且在烤田后不久土壤呈微干松软状态时出现甲烷排放高峰。随着烤田的延续,至土壤呈干裂状态时甲烷排放通量降为零,烤田能促进土壤闭蓄态甲烷的排放,烤田期间甲烷排放量点水稻生长期甲烷排放总量的５．９６％～１０．０５％。     

麦季稻秆施用对后续稻季CH_4产生氧化及排放的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验研究了2007年麦季稻秆施用对2008年稻季CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量的影响。结果表明,水稻生长前期,稻秆还田处理的CH4氧化潜力仅在水稻移栽后19 d时表现为显著高于稻秆不还田处理,而两处理的CH4产生潜力与排放通量均无显著差异;水稻生长中期,两处理的CH4氧化潜力无显著差异,稻秆还田处理的CH4产生潜力及排放通量均显著高于稻秆不还田处理,其中稻秆还田处理的CH4产生潜力是稻秆不还田处理的2~4倍;水稻生长后期,两处理的CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量均无显著差异。CH4排放主要发生在水稻生长中期。水稻全生育期内,稻秆还田处理的CH4排放总量为稻秆不还田处理的1.4倍。     

稻田CH4和N2O排放对大气CO2浓度升高响应的研究进展

大气CO_2浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响陆地生态系统碳氮循环。阐明稻田生态系统CH_4和N_2O排放对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应及其机制,是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分。本文综述了国内外不同大气CO_2浓度升高模拟技术平台条件下稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的响应规律,进一步讨论分析了大气CO_2浓度升高影响CH_4和N_2O排放的相关机制,并展望了今后稻田CH_4和N_2O排放对大气CO_2浓度升高响应的主要研究方向,以期为应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

西北干旱区两种不同栽培管理措施下棉田CH4和N2O排放通量研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对西北干旱区当前普遍采用的膜下滴灌和传统的无膜漫灌两种栽培管理下土壤CH4和N2O通量日变化和季节变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,随时间的推移,无膜漫灌栽培管理措施下棉田土壤CH4日变化通量呈先降后升趋势,而膜下滴灌栽培处理CH4排放通量日变化则呈现先升后降趋势;在整个生长季节,无膜漫灌和膜下滴灌土壤CH4季节变化规律不太明显,前者吸收大气CH4 45.2～52.5 mg m-2 a-1,后者释放CH4通量为0.7～23.1 mg m-2 a-1。两种栽培管理措施下棉田土壤N2O通量的日变化和季节变化均随时间的推移均呈现先升后降趋势,但是,无膜漫灌日均排放N2O通量显著高于膜下滴灌。在整个生长季节,无膜漫灌土壤N2O释放量(N2O 99.3～320.0 mg m-2 a-1)显著高于膜下滴灌(N2O60.0～259.0 mg m-2 a-1)。以上结果说明,膜下滴灌栽培管理措施可以改变旱田传统无膜漫灌栽培土壤与大气CH4的交换方向,促进土壤CH4向大气的排放,但对N2O通量日变化和季节变化规律不产生影响,显著降低土壤N2O的排放量。     

施肥对板栗林土壤 CH4 吸收通量动态的影响

为了探明无机肥和有机肥施用对板栗林地土壤 CH4 吸收通量动态的影响,探讨板栗林地土壤 CH4 通量与环境因子之间的关系,在浙江省临安市典型板栗林样地布置施肥试验。于2011年6月~2012年6月期间,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了不施肥（CK）、 无机肥（IF）、 有机肥（OF）和有机无机混合肥（OIF）处理下土壤CH4 吸收通量的全年动态变化,并测定了土壤温度、 土壤水分、 水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）含量。结果表明,板栗林土壤CH4 吸收通量呈现明显的季节性变化,最大值出现在9月,最小值出现在2~3月;施肥处理均显著抑制了土壤 CH4 的吸收,具体表现为 IF、 OF和OIF处理下土壤CH4年吸收量与CK处理［CH4 3.09 kg/(hm2a)］相比分别减少了7.0%、 1.6% 和 4.4%。此外,施肥显著增加了土壤WSOC和MBC含量（P 0.05）,且施肥使土壤碱解氮、 铵态氮、 硝态氮、 全氮和有机质含量均有不同程度的增加。相关性分析表明,土壤CH4 吸收通量与土壤表层5 cm处温度之间呈显著正相关（P 0.05）,但与土壤水分、 MBC含量之间没有显著相关性;土壤CH4 吸收与土壤WSOC含量之间（除CK处理外）均具有显著相关性（P 0.05）。因此,施肥引起土壤理化性质［如 NH+4-N、 NO-3-N、 全氮（TN）、 有机碳（SOC）等］和 WSOC 含量的改变可能是施肥显著抑制了板栗林土壤CH4排放的主要原因。     

秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用3种秸秆还田方式(对照、秸秆均匀混施和秸秆条带状覆盖)进行田间试验,观测稻田CH4和N2O的排放通量,以探讨秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响。结果表明:秸秆条带状覆盖的CH4排放量是对照的2.7倍,二者的N2O排放量无明显差异;秸秆条带状覆盖的稻田CH4排放量较秸秆均匀混施减少32%,其N2O排放量是后者的5.1倍;稻田排放CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP)为:秸秆均匀混施秸秆条带状覆盖对照,且差异显著;秸秆条带状覆盖的水稻产量分别较对照和秸秆均匀混施增加27%和17%。秸秆条带状覆盖是值得推荐的稻季秸秆还田方式。     

添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

为探讨添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N₂O和CH₄排放的影响,以海南砖红壤为供试土壤,设置了玉米秸秆（Straw）、生物质炭（Biochar）、秸秆 + 生物质炭（Mix）和对照（CK）4个处理,探讨了等秸秆用量条件下添加不同秸秆形态对土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的影响及形成强还原环境的可行性。结果表明:与CK处理相比,三个处理均可显著降低土壤N₂O累计排放量,但仅Straw处理可显著促进土壤CH₄排放、其它两个处理对土壤CH₄排放影响不显著,致使straw处理综合温室效应增加明显。与CK处理相比,与Mix处理5天内土壤氧化还原电位（Eh）显著下降,而Biochar处理土壤Eh变化不显著;三个处理均使土壤pH上升、但Straw与Biochar处理之间差异不显著,Mix处理土壤有机碳、全氮及速效钾含量显著增加。因此,玉米秸秆及其生物质炭的配合施用,既可有效降低淹水条件下海南砖红壤排放CH₄和N₂O的综合温室效应,还能改善土壤养分状况但易于形成强还原条件。     

秸秆还田种类对稻田N2O排放及硝化反硝化微生物的影响

以太湖流域典型单季稻田的原状土柱为研究对象，通过设置温室土柱试验，同步监测三种秸秆施用（水稻秸秆RS、小麦秸秆WS、玉米秸秆MS）下水稻各生长期N2O排放、水稻产量和土壤理化因子；同时定量化分析多个N2O排放相关菌群功能基因的丰度，阐明N2O排放对不同种类秸秆施用引发的微生物响应机制，以期筛选出控制单季稻田N2O减排增效最佳的秸秆种类。结果表明，与对照相比，RS、WS和MS处理下水稻生长期N2O排放量分别增加162.32%、107.11%和9.48%，其中RS处理显著高于MS处理。水稻生育期内，土壤氨氧化菌（AOA、AOB）和反硝化菌群落（nirS、nosZ）丰度均呈现先上升后下降的季节变化趋势。与对照相比，拔节期RS处理显著增加AOA、AOB、nirS和nosZ拷贝数，MS和WS处理对上述功能基因丰度均无显著影响。各生育期土壤NH4+-N含量整体高于NO3--N含量，二者均在水稻分蘖期达到峰值，而后随水稻生长不断降低，同一时期不同秸秆处理之间二者无显著性差异。相关性分析和结构方程模型（SEM）结果表明，土壤AOB丰度和土壤NH4+-N含量是直接影响稻田土壤N2O排放的主要因素。综合考虑不同类型秸秆还田后土壤理化因子、水稻产量和微生物丰度数据，玉米秸秆是减缓太湖流域单季稻田N2O排放且提高产量的最优秸秆还田种类。