东北黑土区防护林带对土壤水分影响的研究

对森林土壤水分的研究是揭示森林生态系统功能、评价森林环境综合效益的基础。以黑龙江嫩江九三农星分局鹤山农场鹤北流域2号小流域的横坡林带和8号小流域的顺坡林带为研究对象，系统研究了林带对土壤水分动态变化过程、土壤水分剖面特征、两侧农地土壤水分的影响。结果发现，林带对土壤水分动态和剖面特征没有显著影响．但剖面最大水分出现的深度大于周边农地。受林带拦截径流、林带遮阴等影响，林带上下坡和左右侧的土壤水分存在一定的差异。受林带及草被蒸腾耗水和降雨截留等因素的综合影响。林带边缘及林带内土壤水分明显小于林带周围的农地。     

林带和牧草地径流的研究

该文在实测资料基础上，对林带，牧草地和裸露地径流量在各月份及年度的分配进行了探讨。林带，牧草地和裸露地年径流系数分别为３．０％，４．０％和１８．２％。此外，对林冠截留，树干茎流及林下降水时空变化规律进行了分析，还论述了林带对径流的影响。     

冬春上海市郊外环林带防尘效应的初步研究

对上海市郊外环林带两侧总悬浮颗粒物浓度（简称TSP）和可吸入颗粒物浓度（简称PM10）同步测定表明：林带的防尘效应与风向有关,下风向处的TSP与PM10日均浓度均分别比上风向低19%-44%和39%-61%。林带边粒径分布测定结果表明：下风向处较大粒径颗粒物的相对含量比上风向处小一些;冬季的粒子谱分布呈现较大粒子和较小粒子重量累积百分比较高、中等粒子的重量累积百分比较低的态势;而春季则相反,中等粒子的重量累积百分比较高、较大粒子和较小粒子则比较低。说明冬春不同风向条件下上海市郊的大道旁林带区具有一定的防尘效应。     

模型林带附近乱流特征的观测研究

该文由风洞实验资料分析了林带模型对附近乱流度和动力速度的影响。结果表明,林带附近相对乱流度ε/ε_0的分布与相对风速的分布特征相反,在相对风速较小的背风面ε/ε_0最大可达200％以上。相对动力速度V_*/V_(*0)的分布特征:①林带附近的三角形区域(高1H、水平距10H)内V_*/V_(*0)减小,甚至出现负值区;②背风面存在一个卵形增值区,最大值可达200％以上,出现在高1.2H、水平距5H附近。     

上海市郊林带的防风效应分析

用夏季台风影响期间上海市东南沿海南汇海塘边林带防风观测资料和冬季冷空气影响时北面嘉定浏岛林带防风观测资料分析上海市郊林带的防风效应。结果表明：无论是夏季台风还是冬季冷空气影响时，林带的防风效应是非常明显的。台风影响期间，离林带越近，减风效应越大，随高度增加，减风效果减小；而远离林带处的减风率较小，随高度升高，减风效果增大；而且林带的减风效应还与风速有关，风速越小减风效果越明显。冬季由于受两条交叉林带的影响，两个测点的防风效应基本一致。试验结果可为上海市郊林带布局提供参考。     

海岸基干林带木麻黄蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的动态变化特征

采用Li-6400便携式光合系统,观测福建东山岛海岸基干林带木麻黄的蒸腾作用和水分利用效率在不同时间尺度上的动态变化。结果表明：1）基干林带木麻黄的蒸腾速率日动态为单峰曲线,湿季峰值出现在12：00,干季峰值出现在14：00,日均值湿季（1.33 mmol/（m2·s））〉干季（1.022 mmol/（m2·s））,湿季蒸腾速率的日变化与气温和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关,干季与气温和气孔导度呈显著正相关;2）蒸腾速率的季节动态为单峰曲线,6月最高,1月最低,不同季节蒸腾速率的平均值为夏季（1.74 mmol/（m2·s））〉春季（1.28 mmol/（m2·s））〉秋季（1.24mmol/（m2·s））〉冬季（1.06 mmol/（m2·s））,蒸腾速率的季节变化与气温、光合有效辐射和叶面水气压亏缺呈显著正相关;3）水分利用效率日动态为单峰曲线,湿季日变化较小,干季日变化较大,干季上午的水分利用效率高于湿季,水分利用效率的季节变化为双峰曲线,峰值分别为9月和1月。可见,在水分条件较好时,木麻黄具有较高的蒸腾作用和水分利用效率,在水分条件较差时,木麻黄可通过降低蒸腾作用,提高水分利用效率来维持生长,对水分变化具有较强的适应性。     

江西丘陵红壤区坡面径流及其与降雨关系的影响因素

通过径流小区方法,对比观测了采取提高植被盖度,改顺坡耕作为横坡耕作,改直坡为梯田,地表覆盖死地被物4类治理措施9个不同小区地表径流量和同期降雨特征。在比较不同小区地表径流量的基础上,分别建立降雨量、降雨强度、降雨历时与地表径流量回归方程,分析了各种措施对于降雨径流相关性的影响。（1）采取4类措施后,地表径流量显著减少;（2）4种措施对于地表径流与降雨关系的影响存在相同趋势,即措施在降低地表径流量的同时,提高降雨量、降雨历时与地表径流量的相关性,降低降雨强度与地表径流的相关性。在耕作方式对比试验中．横坡耕作与顺坡耕作相比．在减少地表径流的同时,降雨强度与径流量相关性略有提高。地表覆盖和耕作措施在降低地表径流量的同时．也降低了降雨历时与地表径流相关性。     

乌江流域坡耕地水保防护林体系建设技术研究

乌江流域坡耕地是水土流失的主要来源，以单行烯疏地埂树为主的传统坡耕地农林复合植被类型，除能起到一定的固坡护埂作用外，对坡面径流影响甚微，不能有效的控制水土流失，为此，提出了分带营造坡耕地水保防林的方法，在坡面配置上引入临界坡长的概念，采用临界坡长作为配置防护林带的间距，根据林带间耕地的产流携沙量确定林带宽度，考虑到林带间距较密，遮荫胁地影响突出，因此以林带充分发挥的防护功能，在不改进耕作方式的情况下，营建土地单位的粮食总产量不减为前提，确定林带高度的上限值，从而在山区混交农林的研究上第一次找到求算不同耕地类型（基岩特性，坡度，土层厚度等）营造防护林带的带距，带宽和带高上限值，并以此为依据进行合理树种选择和搭配的有效办法。     

南四湖过水区不同施肥模式下农田养分径流特征的初步研究

以南四湖过水区农田为研究对象,在麦玉轮作夏玉米季内设置地表径流水收集装置,探索减少养分径流损失、提高湖区水质的有效施肥模式。结果表明,有机物料覆盖和与土壤混合可有效降低地表水径流量,泥沙径流损失量与径流水量无直接关系;试验区降水的分布和强度特点使农田径流水无机态氮、总氮、可溶性磷和总磷浓度在玉米不同生育阶段内无显著规律,但其浓度在不同处理间受施肥量、品种及类型的影响差异显著;无机氮径流损失以硝态氮（NO3--N）形式为主（NO3--N占无机氮径流总量的82.9%～90.8%）;可溶性磷和颗粒磷基本各占流失总磷一半的比例,地表径流水NO3--N浓度对水质产生潜在威胁;玉米生育季内农民习惯施肥处理总氮径流损失量可达11.89kg/hm2,氮磷钾平衡施用、控释氮肥应用、有机肥替代部分化肥以及秸秆还田等处理径流水无机氮和总氮损失量（率）以及磷素地表径流量均显著低于农民习惯施肥（FP）。在保证玉米产量前提下（四个处理较FP分别增产7.7%、5.9%、3.6%和1.5%）,为降低养分随地表径流造成的水质污染,上述施肥模式均可在沿南四湖区农田使用,其中控释氮肥的应用综合效果较好。     

武汉市环城林带森林碳储量及其动态变化

为了促进城市森林固碳增汇,提升城市森林生态系统功能和价值,基于武汉市环城林带2008年和2018年的两期森林资源二类调查数据,采用生物量连续转化因子法和含碳系数法,对环城林带的森林碳储量和碳密度进行了估算,对比分析了10 a间的动态变化。结果表明:(1)10 a间环城林带森林碳储量和碳密度增幅明显,分别由64692.4133 t和27.3897 t/hm²增长到119789.9613 t和47.2434 t/hm²。到2018年,环城林带森林碳储量理论价值约为987.85万元;(2)到2018年,森林碳储量最多的区域为江夏区段,但各区段之间的碳储量差异在缩小。森林碳密度最大的区段已由东西湖区段转变为蔡甸区段;(3)森林碳储量呈现出向少数几个群落类型聚集的趋势,到2018年樟树林已成为环城林带碳储量最多的群落类型;(4)近、成熟林的碳储量和碳密度增幅明显,但是幼龄林依然是环城林带森林碳储量的绝对主体。综上,武汉市环城林带森林碳储量具有较大的增汇潜能,但需要及时开展森林精准抚育,以确保增汇潜能的有效释放并促进碳储量结构平衡。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.