不同下垫面径流小区次降雨对产流产沙的影响

[目的]揭示南方红壤区人工径流小区次降雨对径流泥沙作用规律,为区域水土保持工程实践与基础理论研究提供参考。[方法]基于云南摩布小流域3种下垫面(林地、农地、裸地)人工径流小区2013—2015年自然降雨观测资料,采用M-K趋势检验、灰色相关分析及双累积曲线等方法研究了次降雨量、径流量、泥沙量和入渗率的变化趋势及相关关系,以及降雨因子对径流泥沙的影响。[结果](1)2013—2015年摩布径流小区月降雨均呈先增加后减少的波动性变化趋势,3a降雨量无显著性变化趋势。(2)相同降雨量各下垫面径流小区产流差异显著(p0.05),其中林地最小,农地次之,裸地最大;3种下垫面次降雨径流深增长速率大小规律与此相同。(3)次降雨产沙量与降雨量、径流量均存在密切相关关系,相关系数分别为0.67~0.82,0.69~0.85。径流小区产沙能力随雨强增大而增强。相同雨量下,林地产沙能力最小,而裸地累积产沙量增速最大。(4)3个径流小区的入渗率均随降雨量和雨强增大而增大,其中林地入渗率最大,平均入渗率为94.03%;裸地入渗率最小,平均入渗率为86.28%。[结论]与农地和裸地相比,林地不同程度提高了土壤入渗性能,降低了产流量和产沙量。     

Effects of conservation agriculture techniques on infiltration and soil water content in Zambia and Zimbabwe

The adoption of conservation agriculture (CA), based on minimal soil movement, permanent soil cover with crop residues or growing plants and crop rotation has advanced rapidly in the Americas and Australia over the last three decades. One of the immediate benefits of CA in dryland agriculture is improved rainfall-use efficiency through increased water infiltration and decreased evaporation from the soil surface, with associated decreases in runoff and soil erosion. This paper focuses on the effect of CA techniques on soil moisture relations in two researcher-managed trials in Zambia and Zimbabwe. In 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, we found significantly higher water infiltration on both sites on CA fields compared to conventionally ploughed fields. At Henderson Research Station, Zimbabwe, on a sandy soil, a direct seeded CA treatments had a 49% and 45% greater infiltration rate than the conventionally tilled plots after a simulated rainfall in both seasons. At Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia, on a finer-textured soil, the same treatment had 57% and 87% greater infiltration rate than the conventionally tilled control treatment in both seasons. Treatments that included reduced tillage and surface residue retention had less water runoff and erosion on runoff plots at Henderson Research Station, Zimbabwe. On average, soil moisture was higher throughout the season in most CA treatments than in the conventionally tilled plots. However, the full potential of CA in mitigating drought was not evident as there was no significant drought period in either season. Results suggest that CA has the potential to increase the productivity of rainfall water and therefore reduce the risk of crop failure, as was apparent at the Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia, in 2005/2006 when a period of moisture stress at tassling affected CA treatments less than the conventionally tilled treatment.     

生物结皮坡面不同降雨历时的产流特征

黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程实施后,生物结皮广泛发育,显著影响坡面产流。已有大量研究探索了生物结皮对径流的影响,但相关结论存在较大分歧。该研究以黄土高原典型生物结皮坡面为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了生物结皮坡面产流过程。结果表明:生物结皮坡面较翻耕后的裸土坡面显著降低了初始产流时间,裸土坡面初始产流时间是生物结皮坡面的1.59～3.04倍。生物结皮盖度与初始产流时间之间呈显著的负相关关系;降雨15min时与60 min时生物结皮对坡面径流的影响发生逆转,90 mm/h的雨强下,当降雨历时为15 min时,生物结皮坡面较裸土坡面增加75.42%的径流;当降雨历时为60min时,生物结皮坡面径流量较裸土坡面降低52.42%;生物结皮影响了土壤水分入渗速率,导致生物结皮坡面与裸土坡面随降雨历时变化的产流特征出现差异,裸土坡面降雨60 min时的入渗率较15 min时降低了34.30%,高盖度生物结皮坡面降低了6.38%;生物结皮对坡面入渗产流的影响与降雨历时有极大的关系,降雨历时不同,很可能得到截然相反的结论,考虑生物结皮因素的野外降雨试验,降雨历时应不少于45min。研究结果为解释生物结皮影响坡面入渗产流方面存在的分歧提供了科学依据,进一步明确了干旱半干旱地区生物结皮的水文效应。     

Effects of tillage on soil microrelief, surface depression storage and soil water storage

Conservation of soil water is an important management objective for crop production in the semi-arid tropics where droughts are persistent. Identification of the best tillage methods to achieve this objective is thus imperative. The integrated effects of conservation tillage on soil micro topography and soil moisture on a sandy loam soil were evaluated. The field experiment consisted of five tillage treatments, namely tied ridging (TR), no till (NT), disc plough (DP), strip catchment tillage (SCT) and hand hoe (HH). Data measured in the field included soil moisture content, surface roughness, infiltration and sorghum grain yield. A depth storage model was used to estimate depression storage TR treatment and the higher the surface roughness, the greater the depression storage volume. Regression analysis showed that random roughness decreased exponentially with increase in cumulative rainfall. Higher moisture contents were associated with treatments having higher depressional storage. Infiltration rate was significantly higher in the tilled soils than the untilled soils. The DP treatment had the highest cumulative infiltration while NT had the lowest. The Infiltration model which was fitted to the infiltration data gave good fit. Grain yield was highest in TR and least in NT, whereas DP and HH had similar yields.     

Interactions between soil properties and moisture content in crust formation, runoff and interrill erosion from tilled loess soils

Soil-surface seals and crusts resulting from aggregate breakdown reduce the soil infiltration rate and may induce erosion by increasing runoff. The cultivated loess areas of northwestern Europe are particularly prone to these processes.Surface samples of ten tilled silty loamy loess soils, ranging in clay content from 120 to 350 g kg⁻¹ and in organic carbon from 10 to 20 g kg⁻¹, were packed into 0.5 m² plots with 5% slopes and subjected to simulated rainfall applied at 30 mm h⁻¹. The 120 minutes rainfall events were applied to initially field-moist soil, air-dried soil and rewetted soil to investigate the effect of soil moisture content prior to rainfall. Runoff and eroded sediments were collected at 5 minutes intervals. Aggregate stability of the soils was assessed by measuring particle-size distribution after different treatments.All soils formed seals. Runoff rates were between 70 and 90% by the end of the rainfall event for field-moist plots. There were large differences between soil runoff rates for the air-dried and rewetted plots. Interrill erosion was associated with runoff, and sediment concentration in runoff readily reached a steady-state value. Measurements of aggregate stability for various treatments were in good agreement with sealing, runoff and erosion responses to rainfall. Runoff and erosion were lower for air-dried plots than for field-moist plots, and were either intermediate or lowest for rewetted plots, depending on soil characteristics. Soils with a high clay content had the lowest erosion rate when they were rewetted, whereas the soil with a high organic-carbon content had the lowest erosion rate in air-dry conditions. The results indicate the complexity of the effect of initial moisture content, and the interactions between soil properties and climate.     

Controls of infiltration–runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain

Semiarid karst landscapes represent an important ecosystem surrounding the Mediterranean Basin for which little is known on runoff generation. Knowledge of the sources and patterns of variation in infiltration–runoff processes and their controls is important for understanding and modelling the hydrological functions of such ecosystems. The objectives of this paper are to determine the infiltration rates and their controls in a representative mountain karst area (Sierra de Gádor, SE Spain) at micro-plots and to investigate the integrated response of rainfall on a typical hillslope. Rainfall simulations in micro-plots and natural rainfall-runoff monitoring on a hillslope were carried out complementarily. We investigated the role of soil surface components (vegetation, rock outcrop, fracture, and soil crust), topographic position, antecedent soil moisture, and rainfall characteristics in regulating infiltration–runoff processes. Results of rainfall simulation revealed the importance of vegetation cover and the presence of rock fractures in promoting the infiltration in the limestone karst landscape, while bare patches and rock outcrops acted as sources for runoff. All plots with > 50% vegetation cover had no runoff with up to 55 mm h^− 1 of simulated rain. In contrast, nearly all bare plots had runoff under the same simulated rain, with runoff coefficients ranging from 3.1 to 20.6% on dry soil surface conditions, and from 2.0 to 65.4% on wet soil surfaces. Runoff coefficients amounted to 59.0–79.5% for rock outcrops without cracks, but were drastically reduced by the presence of cracks. The surfaces with rock fragments resting on the soil (generally located in the middle of the slopes) prevented more effectively the runoff generation than those surfaces where rock fragments were embedded in the top soil. Antecedent soil moisture had significant impact on runoff generation, with wet soil having doubled runoff coefficient, shortened time to runoff, and increased runoff rate compared to the same but dry soil. Linear regressions indicated that the main controls for constant infiltration rate were the cover percentages of vegetation and litter, plus rainfall intensity; while the major controls for runoff coefficient were the bare soil and vegetation coverage, plus rainfall intensity. High infiltration rates measured at the micro-plots agreed with low intra-event runoff coefficients (mostly below 1%) observed under natural rainfalls at the hillslope. Runoff depth and coefficient at the hillslope was significantly correlated with rainfall depth, maximum hourly rainfall intensity and antecedent precipitation over 20 days (AP₂₀). During the 1.5-year monitoring period from Sep-2003 to Mar-2005, the overall infiltration was 41% of the total rainfall amount and the maximum infiltration rate was almost 94% of the largest single rainfall event. The results from this study contribute to improved understanding of the magnitude and controls of the surface runoff in semiarid karst mountain areas.     

黑土坡耕地不同水土保持措施的土壤水蚀特征研究

针对北方干旱地区坡耕地严重的水土流失问题,采取垄向区田、深松、横坡种植、免耕播种等水土保持耕作措施,于2010年,以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市东兴村5°坡耕地径流场为研究对象,研究了不同耕作措施对地表径流、土壤侵蚀和降雨入渗的影响。结果表明,这几种水土保持耕作措施均有不同程度的减流减沙作用,其中横坡种植效果最为明显,地表径流量和土壤流失量较常规耕作分别减少了92%和90%,稳定入渗率较常规耕作提高了41.2%。不同耕作措施的径流系数过程线的变化、径流含沙率变化以及产流量、产沙量的变化均符合横坡免耕>横坡种植>深松+区田>垄向区田>少耕深松>免耕>常规耕作>裸地这一变化规律。     

降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

为探讨降雨和植被对辽西褐土区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,2006-2010年采用坡面径流小区观测法研究了天然降雨条件下降雨侵蚀因子、植被覆盖度、植被类型对坡耕地地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的影响。设5°和10°两个坡度水平,以甘薯和谷子为供试作物,2006-2007年对照区为天然荒草地,2008-2010年为裸坡地。结果表明,甘薯地径流量和侵蚀量与降雨量(R)、最大30 min雨强(I_(30))、R×I(平均雨强)、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05);裸坡地径流量与R、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05),侵蚀量与I_(30)、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05),与降雨量相关不显著(P0.05)。甘薯地和裸坡地的径流量和侵蚀量与平均降雨强度正相关均不显著(P0.05)。回归分析表明,降雨量主要影响径流量,最大30 min雨强主要影响侵蚀量。中、高雨强下,侵蚀量与径流量显著正相关(P0.01)。甘薯地径流量和侵蚀量与植被覆盖度呈显著负指数关系(P0.05)。5°坡耕地,不同植被类型侵蚀量为甘薯地荒草地谷子地;10°坡耕地,荒草地侵蚀量总体最少。多元回归分析表明,对土壤侵蚀的影响为地表径流降雨侵蚀力(R×I_(30))植被覆盖度。通过连续5 a坡面径流小区观测,初步探明降雨和植被对辽西褐土区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,可为该区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的有效防治提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

植被对含碎石土壤坡面降雨入渗和径流侵蚀的影响

[目的]研究植被对含碎石土壤坡面入渗和径流侵蚀的影响,为合理配置三峡地区含碎石土壤坡面植被提供科学依据。[方法]在建立的径流小区内铺设含碎石土壤,并配置不同种类、不同覆盖度的植被,进行人工降雨试验。[结果]各类小区径流量排序为:裸坡灌木坡面草本坡面草灌混合坡面,入渗量与径流量排序相反,有植被覆盖坡面的壤中流大于裸坡;入渗率服从对数函数规律,产流强度呈幂函数变化;草地对水沙的调控机制更多的是直接拦沙;累计径流量和累计侵蚀量的关系均满足幂函数形式。[结论]植被措施可有效地减少含碎石土壤坡面的水土流失,不同的植被措施减少的效益不同。     

Seeding and mulching + seeding effects on post‐fire runoff,soil erosion and species diversity in Galicia (NW Spain)

The effects of two different soil rehabilitation treatments on runoff, infiltration, erosion and species diversity were evaluated in a shrubland area in Galicia (NW Spain) after an experimental fire by means of rainfall simulations. The treatments compared were: seeding, seeding + mulching and control (untreated). Rainfall simulations were conducted 9 months after fire and the application of soil rehabilitation treatments. A rainfall rate of 67 mm h⁻¹ was applied for 30 min to each runoff plot. Seeding significantly increased plant species richness in the treated plots relative to the control plots, although it had no effect on diversity or evenness. Rehabilitation treatments did not significantly increase soil cover or affect runoff and infiltration. Soil losses were low in all cases, varying from 75·6 kg ha⁻¹ in the seeded + mulched plots to 212·1 kg ha⁻¹ in the untreated plots. However, there were no significant differences in sediment yields between treatments. The percentage of bare soil appeared to be a critical variable in controlling runoff and erosion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Jag C162对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应研究

在土壤中添加高分子化合物是一种新兴的水土保持措施,阐明其对水土流失的影响可为黄土坡面水土流失治理及其措施选择提供科学依据。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究新化学材料Jag C162对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应。主要结果有:(1)撒施不同剂量Jag C162后,随着降雨时间的增加,入渗率呈减少的趋势,撒施Jag C162的入渗率减小速率均小于裸土;降雨过程中裸土达到了稳渗阶段,而撒施Jag C162的入渗率没有达到稳定状态;初始产流的时间也相应的推迟。(2)同坡度不同雨强和同雨强不同坡度下,撒施Jag C162后,入渗率显著提高。随着雨强和坡度的增大,裸土的稳定入渗率增加,3种不同撒施剂量下的平均入渗率减小。(3)撒施Jag C162的入渗量明显高于裸土的入渗量,在不同剂量下,入渗量随雨强的增加而呈现递增变化总趋势;入渗量随坡度的增加而减小。(4)撒施Jag C162可增加入渗率,减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀。     

紫鹊界梯田区坡面产流产沙特征的模拟试验研究

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究了紫鹊界梯田区红薯地与裸地土壤入渗及坡面产流产沙特征。结果表明,与裸地坡面相比,红薯地坡面由于覆盖度高,土壤疏松,其土壤入渗率比裸地高。在小雨强(0.65mm/min)条件下无径流产生,中(1.15mm/min)、高(1.65mm/min)雨强下坡面产流产沙速率以及径流系数均有很大程度的降低,表现出较强的减流减沙效益,但径流含沙量分别为裸地的1.3和2.8倍试验条件下的坡面产流产沙和土壤入渗过程均符合幂函数关系,产流率与产沙率之间呈线性关系。     

Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin—1: method assessment

Revegetation of road cuts and fills is intended to stabilize those drastically disturbed areas so that sediment is not transported to adjacent waterways. Sediment has resulted in water quality degradation, an extremely critical issue in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Many revegetation efforts in this semiarid, subalpine environment have resulted in low levels of plant cover, thus failing to meet project goals. Further, no adequate physical method of assessing project effectiveness has been developed, relative to runoff or sediment movement. This paper describes the use of a portable rainfall simulator (RS) to conduct a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of a variety of erosion‐control treatments and treatment effects on hydrologic parameters and erosion. The particular goal of this paper is to determine whether the RS method can measure revegetation treatment effects on infiltration and erosion. The RS‐plot studies were used to determine slope, cover (mulch and vegetation) and surface roughness effects on infiltration, runoff and erosion rates at several roadcuts across the basin. A rainfall rate of ≈60 mm h⁻¹, approximating the 100‐yr, 15‐min design storm, was applied over replicated 0·64 m² plots in each treatment type and over bare‐soil plots for comparison. Simulated rainfall had a mean drop size of ≈2·1 mm and approximately 70% of ‘natural’ kinetic energy. Measured parameters included time to runoff, infiltration, runoff/infiltration rate, sediment discharge rate and average sediment concentration as well as analysis of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and dissolved phosphorus (TDP) from filtered (0·45 μm) runoff samples. Runoff rates, sediment concentrations and yields were greater from volcanic soils as compared to that from granitic soils for nearly all cover conditions. For example, bare soil sediment yields from volcanic soils ranged from 2–12 as compared to 0·3–3 g m⁻² mm⁻¹ for granitic soils. Pine‐needle mulch cover treatments substantially reduced sediment yields from all plots. Plot microtopography or roughness and cross‐slope had no effect on sediment concentrations in runoff or sediment yield. RS measurements showed discernible differences in runoff, infiltration, and sediment yields between treatments. Runoff nutrient concentrations were not distinguishable from that in the rainwater used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison between seasonal changes in soil water storage and penetration resistance under conventional and conservation tillage systems in Aragón

Low and extremely variable precipitations limit dryland crop production in the semi-arid areas of Aragón (NE Spain). These areas are also affected by high annual rates of topsoil losses by both wind and water erosion. A long-term experiment to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage in the main winter barley production areas of Aragón was initiated in 1989 at four locations, three on loam to silt loam soils (Xerollic Calciorthid) and one on a silty clay loam (Fluventic Ustochrept), receiving between 300 and 600 mm of average annual rainfall. In this study, we compared, under both continuous cropping and cereal-fallow rotation, the effects of conventional tillage (mouldboard plough) and two conservation tillage systems, reduced tillage (chisel plough) and no-tillage, on soil water content and penetration resistance during the first two growing seasons. Whereas reduced and conventionally tilled treatments generally had similar soil water content during the experimental period, the effects of no-tillage were inconsistent. No-tilled plots had from 26% less to 17% more stored soil water (0–80 cm) than conventional tilled plots at the beginning of the growing season. In contrast to the conventional and reduced tillage treatments, penetration resistances were between 2 and 4 MPa after sowing in most of the plough layer (0–40 cm) under no-tillage at all sites. Fallow efficiencies in moisture storage in the cereal-fallow rotation, when compared with the continuous cropping system, ranged from −8.7 to 12%. The highest efficiencies were recorded when the rainfall in the months close to primary tillage exceeded 100 mm. Since this event is very unlikely, long fallowing (9–10 months) appears to be an inefficient practice for water conservation under both conventional and conservation management. Our results suggest that, up to now, only reduced tillage could replace conventional tillage without adverse effects on soil water content and penetration resistance in the dryland cereal-growing areas of Aragón.     

密云水库上游流域次降雨坡面产流产沙特征

以北京市密云县石匣小流域为研究区,利用2006-2010年连续5 a的坡面径流试验小区观测资料,运用统计方法,分析了密云水库上游流域的降雨、产流产沙特征以及在不同土地利用和不同坡度条件下,降雨量、降雨强度与产流、产沙之间的关系。结果表明:1)该研究区域水土保持治理措施实施的关键时间为每年的7、8月份,当降雨量大于10 mm时,应注意采取水土保持措施;2)在裸地、耕地和林地条件下,高雨量、中雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型,在草地条件下,中雨量、高雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型;3)中雨量高雨强型降雨条件下,林地的减流效益最好,低雨量低雨强型降雨和高雨量中雨强型降雨条件下,耕地的减流效益相对较低,草地和林地的减流效益差异不大;在3种不同雨型条件下,耕地、草地和林地的减沙效益差别不大;4)裸地条件下,降雨量与产流量间的关系更为密切,尤其在14.4°坡面下相关性最高;耕地条件下,产流量与降雨量的相关性较好,产沙量则与降雨强度的相关性较好,11.4°的坡面产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关系数最高;草地条件下,降雨强度与产流量间的关系较为密切;林地条件下,产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关性均不显著。研究结果可为密云水库上游水土保持措施及农业面源污染管理措施的科学实施提供依据。     

不同处理下油松枯落物减流减沙效应试验研究

森林枯落物对坡面土壤侵蚀过程发挥着重要的调控作用,但其控制效应仍待明确。采用室内大型土槽及人工模拟降雨试验探讨油松枯落物的不同铺设方式对坡面产流产沙的影响,试验在4种雨强(30,60,90,120mm/h)和油松枯落物的3种铺设方式(裸坡对照、枯落物直接铺设和枯落物隔网铺设)下进行,设置枯落物隔网铺设方式来研究枯落物降低雨滴动能减少击溅侵蚀作用,设置枯落物直接铺设方式来研究枯落物增大地表粗糙率阻滞拦截作用。结果表明:(1)枯落物存在使坡面初始产流时间延长2.3～5.5倍,且枯落物隔网铺设较直接铺设初始产流时间更长。(2)2种枯落物覆盖坡面与裸土坡面相比,枯落物减小坡面径流流速47.9%～62.3%,雨强越小,枯落物减弱径流流速作用越明显。(3)枯落物显著增加入渗并减小径流,在雨强较小时作用更加明显。(4)枯落物可减少径流泥沙75%以上,直接铺设减沙更加明显,这主要是由于枯落物增大地表糙度减小流速。研究结果为植被坡面土壤侵蚀模型建立提供一定理论基础,为面向水土流失防控的植被构建提供一定科学依据。     

耕作对坡耕地水土流失和冬小麦产量的影响

在模拟降雨和自然降雨条件下研究长期（6年）定位耕作措施对豫西早区坡耕地水分保持、土壤流失以及冬小麦产量的影响。耕作措施包括少耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖和常规耕作。田间模拟降雨试验用来测定不同耕作措施对径流和土壤流失的影响，自然降雨小区主要用来验证模拟试验结果，同时测定不同耕作措施对冬小麦产量的影响。模拟试验结果表明：不同耕作措施下的土壤饱和导水率没有明显差异，雨前土壤含水量和降雨强度均显著影响地表径流。在试验条件下，免耕覆盖处理未产生径流和土壤流失，水土保持效果最好。与常规耕作比较，深松覆盖处理分别减少径流和土壤流失50％和90％。尽管少耕可以有效降低土壤流失，但其产生的径流量和常规耕作相近。在自然降雨条件下，免耕覆盖和深松覆盖的水土保持效果从第3年开始显著。深松覆盖在任何年型均能够显著提高冬小麦的产量。相比较常规耕作，深松覆盖平均增产9．4％。免耕覆盖除丰水年也能显著提高冬小麦产量．但增产效果不如深松覆盖显著。少耕无明显增产效果。由于产量对农民来说是评判一个耕作措施效果的重要依据，同时考虑到深松覆盖显著的水土保持效果，我们认为深松覆盖是适合当地早作农业的一个有效耕作措施。     

耕作方式与地表覆盖量对苜蓿及小麦地水蚀过程的影响

通过模拟降雨对定西苜蓿-春小麦轮作土壤的水蚀过程进行了研究，试验结果表明：苜蓿翻耕（T1）处理的地面积水产生时间最长，苜蓿不翻耕处理（T2）径流产生时间最长，显著高于其它3个处理。在整个模拟降雨过程中，不翻耕处理的径流产生速率总是低于翻耕处理的径流产生速率，其中以苜蓿不翻耕处理（T2）的径流速率最小，而两个翻耕处理的径流速率之间无显著性差异。T2处理的入渗速率始终高于其他3个处理；秸秆覆盖可有效地降低累积径流量和总侵蚀量，增加累积入渗量；在不同处理中，以苜蓿不翻耕处理加100％秸秆覆盖抗水蚀的效果比较明显。     

Runoff sediment particle sizes associated with soil erosion in the Lake Tahoe Basin,USA

Runoff sediment from disturbed soils in the Lake Tahoe Basin has resulted in light scattering, accumulation of nutrients, and subsequent loss in lake clarity. Little quantified information about erosion rates and runoff particle‐size distributions (PSDs) exists for determining stream and lake loading associated with land management. Building on previous studies using rainfall simulation (RS) techniques for quantifying infiltration, runoff, and erosion rates, we determine the dependence and significance of runoff sediment PSDs and sediment yield (SY, or erodibility) on slope and compare these relationships between erosion control treatments (e.g., mulch covers, compost, or woodchip incorporation, plantings) with bare and undisturbed, or ‘native’ forest soils. We used simulated rainfall rates of 60–100 mm h⁻¹ applied over replicated 0·64 m² plots. Measured parameters included time to runoff (s), infiltration and runoff rates (mm h⁻¹), SY (g mm⁻¹ runoff), and average sediment concentration (SC, g L⁻¹) as well as PSDs in runoff samples. In terms of significant relationships, granitic soils had larger particle sizes than volcanic soils in bulk soil and runoff samples. Consequently, runoff rates, SCs, and SYs were greater from bare volcanic as compared to that from bare granitic soils at similar slopes. Generally, runoff rates increased with increasing slope on bare soils, while infiltration rates decreased. Similarly, SY increased with slope for both soil types, though SYs from volcanic soils are three to four times larger than that from granitic soils. As SY increased, smaller particle sizes are observed in runoff for all soil conditions and particle sizes decreased with increasing slope. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对坡面侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对流域内坡面侵蚀的影响和作用,为泥石流的生态治理提供科学依据。[方法]以白龙江流域一级支沟——甘家沟泥石流小流域为研究区,基于该流域已建的5个径流小区(裸地、坡耕地、草地、土坎梯田、经济林地)连续5年的观测资料,利用K-均值聚类法,选择降雨量(P)、降雨历时(D)和最大30 min降雨强度(I₃₀)3个降雨指标,将该流域46次侵蚀性降雨事件划分为3类雨型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型),以平均径流系数和平均土壤流失量为主要指标,定量化分析了不同降雨雨型和土地利用类型对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用。[结果]径流和土壤流失对降雨的响应存在差异,平均径流系数为Ⅰ型降雨最高,其次为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型降雨;土壤流失量为Ⅱ型降雨>Ⅰ型降雨>Ⅲ型降雨。最大30 min降雨强度与5种土地利用类型的径流系数和土壤流失量的正相关性最高,其次为降雨量、降雨历时。5种土地利用类型的平均径流系数为裸地>经济林地>坡耕地>草地>土坎梯田,土壤流失量为裸地>坡耕地>经济林地>草地>土坎梯田。降雨和土地利用相互作用下,径流...