扶绥县新植桂糖31号品比试验初报

在扶绥县进行甘蔗品比试验结果表明,桂糖31号新植蔗产量比对照品种ROC22增产14638 kg/hm2;含糖量比ROC22增产1348 kg/hm2;蔗糖分与ROC22接近;桂糖31号分蘖力强,成茎率高,蔗茎实心,比重大,产量高,抗倒伏,成熟时老叶易脱落,综合生产性能表现优良。     

新台糖22号等8个甘蔗品种的种性研究

以桂糖11号为对照，在广西13个主产蔗区具代表性旱坡地设点，从抗性、农艺性状、产量、糖分和含糖量等方面对日本农林8号、新台糖22号、新台糖23号、新台糖16号、桂糖17号、新台糖20号、美国CPSO／1827等7个甘蔗新品种进行新植和一年宿根的比较研究，并进行综合评价。结果表明：(1)新植蔗茎产量最高的是桂糖17号，达112．04t／hm^2；新台糖20号糖分最高，达15．03％；新台糖22号蔗茎含糖量最高，达15．06t／hm^2。(2)宿根产量最高的是新台糖22号，为81．96t／hm^2；新台糖20号糖分最高，达16．55％；日本农林8号蔗茎含糖量最高，达12．11t／hm^2。(3)综合评价最优的是新台糖22号。     

钾镁硫复肥生物学效应的研究I. 钾镁硫复肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

本文论述了从卤水中提取的钾镁硫(KMgS)复肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响。结果表明,发育于硅质岩的酸性硅质砂壤土,其K、Mg、S含量均潜在不足,施用KMgS复肥对甘蔗有显着的增产效果,蔗茎产量达102.3t/hm2,比光施NP增产57.9%,比NP KCl增产11%,且能改善甘蔗品质,使蔗糖分含量增加,还原糖含量降低,从而提高浸出糖的比例,经济效益显着。     

云南蔗区播期与水氮耦合对甘蔗产量和糖分影响

播期调控和水氮优化管理是提高作物产量和品质的有效措施。德宏是云南甘蔗主产区之一,属于典型的湿润蔗区,然而播期和水氮管理对该区甘蔗生产的耦合效应尚不明确。该文基于云南德宏蔗区瑞丽甘蔗试验站的大田分期播种试验数据评估了APSIM-Sugar(Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator-Sugar)模型的适应性,并应用验证后的模型进行了播期和水氮耦合对甘蔗大田生产影响的情景模拟,通过比较不同耦合方式下的蔗茎产量、蔗茎含糖量、水分和氮肥利用效率等指标差异,分析了云南德宏蔗区雨养和灌溉条件下的最优播期和水氮管理耦合方案。结果表明:APSIM-Sugar模型能够较准确的模拟云南德宏蔗区甘蔗代表品种(ROC22和YZ0551)在典型播期下的蔗茎产量和含糖量变化趋势,模拟相对均方根误差在10%以内,决定系数R~2大于0.9。播期调控和水氮优化能够为德宏蔗区的甘蔗生产提供积极影响,雨养条件下采用春植或冬植有利于甘蔗稳产和水氮高效利用,灌溉条件下采用秋植或春植有利于甘蔗高产和水氮高效利用。云南德宏等湿润蔗区旱地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,冬植蔗12月下旬播种,施用纯氮60 kg/hm~2,可获得95～100t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于19%)。水浇地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,施用纯氮120 kg/hm~2,配合伸长期灌水360 mm,可获得近120 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于17%);秋植蔗10月下旬播种,施用纯氮180 kg/hm~2,配合分蘖期和伸长期灌水720 mm,可获得近170 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于18%)。研究结果可为在云南湿润蔗区进行甘蔗生产的播期调控和水氮优化提供依据,为甘蔗高产高效种植管理决策提供参考。     

氮磷钾在甘蔗体内的积累及对产量品质的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了氮、磷、钾不同用量(氮:0、150、300、450 kg/hm2:磷:0、75、150、225 kg/hm2;钾:150、300、450 kg/hm2)对甘蔗体内氮、磷、钾积累及对产量品质的影响.研究结果表明:甘蔗的产量与钾肥的用量呈显著的正相关,与氮和磷的用量差异不显著;甘蔗的产糖量与磷、钾的用量呈正相关,与氮肥的用量没有显著性差异;甘蔗的含糖分与氮、磷、钾肥的用量没有直接的关系;营养元素在植株中的积累量随着施肥量的增加而增加,氮在甘蔗各组织中积累比例大小依次是蔗茎、梢头和枯叶,磷在甘蔗各组织中比例大小顺序依次为蔗茎、梢头和枯叶,钾在甘蔗各组织中比例大小顺序依次为梢头、蔗茎和枯叶.     

应用最优混合设计研究氮磷钾不同配比对甘蔗产量和产糖量的效应

应用“311—A”最优混合设计进行田间试验,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥用量不同配比对甘蔗产量和产糖量的效应,通过运用统计分析软件对试验结果进行回归分析,建立多项式回归模型,寻求出甘蔗蔗茎产量及其产糖量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥最佳组合范围及其最佳配比用量方案。在供试条件下,对于甘蔗产量的氮、磷、钾肥料用量最佳组合范围方案为:N=268.6~312.2kg/hm2,P2O5=130.7~141.3kg/hm2,K2O=322.4~344.8kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.45~0.49∶1.10~1.20,最高产量预测值为112.7t/hm2;对于产糖量的最佳组合范围方案为:N=257.9~290.8kg/hm2,P2O5=139.0~158.0kg/hm2,K2O=325.3~350.6kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.54∶1.20~1.26,最高产糖量预测值为16.3t/hm2。对于产量的经济最佳施肥量方案为:N=311.7kg/hm2,P2O5=140.8kg/hm2,K2O=344.4kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.45∶1.10;对于产糖量的经济最佳施肥量方案为:N=290.6kg/hm2,P2O5=157.8kg/hm2,K2O=350.4kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.54∶1.21。     

云南不同生态蔗区甘蔗施肥现状分析与评价

【目的】 云南省是我国第二大甘蔗和食糖生产基地,了解云南省不同生态蔗区甘蔗施肥现状及蔗农养分资源管理中存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策,对于提高甘蔗产量及品质、优化蔗农经济效益和甘蔗产业可持续发展具有重要意义。 【方法】 采用蔗农统一问卷实地走访调查的方法,对2013—2014年榨季的24个县1350户蔗农的甘蔗产量、施肥习惯及施肥量、施肥种类、施肥时间、施肥方式等进行了调查。根据蔗区的实际肥料投入量和各肥料产品中标注的有效养分含量,计算化肥中各养分的投入量,没有记录的按调查多数平均值计算。 【结果】 通过实际调查资料汇总,当甘蔗产量介于85.00～90.00 t/hm2 时,建议化肥用量分别为 N 285～350 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 200～250 kg/hm2、K₂O 175～225 kg/hm2,N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O 养分比例约为1∶0.7∶0.6。蔗区养分调查结果表明,不同生态蔗区甘蔗平均产量表现为南亚热带湿润蔗区 > 中亚热带湿润蔗区 > 北热带半湿润蔗区,分别为81.40 t/hm 2、81.73 t/hm2 和75.44 t/hm2,全省甘蔗平均产量80.35 t/ hm2。南亚热带湿润蔗区以施基肥为主,施用基肥的蔗农比例为99.71%;中亚热带湿润蔗区和北热带半湿润蔗区以施追肥为主,施用追肥的蔗农比例分别为94.17%和93.94%;化学肥料品种以尿素、普通过磷酸钙和复合肥为主,且施用复合肥的比例较高,其施用的样本比例占到了总样本数的94.13%;有机肥以滤泥、酒精废液和蔗叶还田为主,且均作为基肥施用,施用比例小。全省化肥氮 (N)、磷 (P₂O₅) 和钾 (K₂O) 投入量分别是193.67 kg/hm2、116.79 kg/hm2 和95.86 kg/hm2。云南省各生态蔗区甘蔗化肥养分投入量均表现为氮肥 > 磷肥 > 钾肥。蔗区施肥以两次施肥 (基肥 + 追肥) 和一次施肥 (追肥) 为主。甘蔗下种时基肥随蔗种一起施入,进入拔节伸长期时进行追肥,追肥均在4 月份至6 月份完成。肥料施用方式以条施和穴施为主,施肥深度存在较大差异,施用追肥后不盖土的现象严重,中亚热带湿润蔗区追肥后不进行覆土的蔗农占样本总数的82.53%。 【结论】 云南不同生态蔗区存在以下问题:重追肥,轻基肥;重视化学肥料、复合肥,忽视有机肥;重视氮肥,轻钾肥;部分地区追肥不覆土现象严重。因此,针对不同生态蔗区应积极推广有机肥的投入,平衡氮肥与磷肥用量,提高钾肥的施用量,优化基肥追肥肥料投入比例,推广测土配方施肥,做到施肥覆土,提高肥料利用效率。      

甘蔗新品种桂辐98-296的选育（简报）

桂辐98-296系采用辐射诱变技术选育而成的甘蔗新品系,全期生长快,中茎,宿根性好,抗逆性强。在广西不同蔗区生产适应性试验中,其单位面积产蔗量118.95t/hm2、含糖量16.65t/hm2,分别比当家品种ROC22增产32.98%和29.07%,差异性均达极显著水平,蔗糖分与ROC22相近。在国家第6轮甘蔗品种区域试验所有11个参试品种(系)中,其蔗产量名列第4, 蔗糖含量名列第3,分别比对照种ROC16增产11.41%和12.69%,差异性达显著水平, 蔗糖分比ROC16高0.11个百分点。桂辐98-296全期生长快,中茎,宿根性好,抗逆性强。     

11个甘蔗品种(系)的品比试验

对11个甘蔗品种(系)的出苗率、分蘖率、生长势、蔗茎产量和蔗糖分等进行观测。结果表明:与2个对照相比,桂糖02/1156、桂糖03/1403、桂糖03/2357、桂糖02/281综合表现较好,综合表现较差的有园林17号、桂糖02/963、桂糖03/2625。     

基于APSIM模型的低纬高原蔗区甘蔗生产潜力

针对中国(云南)低纬高原蔗区甘蔗产业高质量发展受限于不同生态条件下的甘蔗生产潜力缺乏系统评估的问题,该研究基于低纬高原不同生态蔗区17个代表站点1981–2010年的气象资料,采用大田试验数据统计结合APSIM(agricultural production systems simulator)作物模型模拟的方法,分析了典型播期充分灌溉和雨养条件下甘蔗主栽品种的蔗茎产量和糖分差异,并对不同水平的甘蔗生产潜力进行了系统评估。结果表明,无论在灌溉模式还是雨养模式下,不同生态蔗区的甘蔗生产潜力和产量差均存在差异,特别是半湿润蔗区的灌溉模式与雨养模式之间产量差异显著(P<0.05),增产潜力大;典型春播种植模式下,湿润区的潜在产量为123.1～134.6 t/hm²,半湿润区的潜在产量为99.3～132.7 t/hm²,当前农户平均单产已达72.0 t/hm²,仍有25.2%～45.4%的蔗茎增产潜力,7.4%～11.1%的糖分增产潜力,以及25.5%～49.7%的蔗糖增产潜力。蔗区生态气候、播期水氮管理优化和良种推广是影...     

国家甘蔗品种生产示范试验初报

本文报道了来自福建、广西、广东、云南四省（区）１０个甘蔗品种在广西的生产试验结果。试验结果表明：桂糖８０、闽糖８６／０５两品种的蔗茎产量,甘蔗蔗糖分含火糖量表现突出。桂糖８９／５蔗茎产量为９２．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,分别为ＣＫ１、ＣＫ２的１２４．８％和１３８．５％;含糖量达１４．４１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２;分别为ＣＫ１、ＣＫ２的１２７．５％和１３８．４％。闽糖８６／０５新宿根蔗茎平均产量为８３．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,分     

硅、镁、硼肥对甘蔗产量和产糖量影响的研究

在硅、镁、硼营养较缺乏的甘蔗田，进行硅肥、镁肥、磷肥的施肥效应试验，结果表明：硅、镁、硼肥及其不同施肥水平对甘蔗的株高、茎径、锤度、产量和产糖量有明显的影响。施用硅肥使甘蔗锤度、产量和理论产糖量分别比对照增加0.42～1．11，11．04～14．96t／hm^2和1．84～2．10t／hm^2；施用镁肥分别比对照增加0.93～1．26，4．02～9．55t／hm^2和0．99～1．53t／hm^2；施用硼肥分别比对照增加0．41～1．20，5．00～10．00t／hm^2和0．80～1．82t／hm^2。     

Changes in microbial biomass and protease activities of soil associated with long-term sugar cane monoculture

 As part of a broader study, the aim of which is to identify soil factors that might be associated with yield decline of sugar cane, microbial biomass and protease activities were examined in soil samples collected from seven paired old and new land sites in three cane-growing districts of north Queensland. No consistent changes in soil protease activities were observed, although some sites exhibited specific effects, as a result of extensive periods of sugar cane monoculture. Soil microbial biomass, however, was significantly lower in those soils where sugar cane had been grown for extended periods. The implications of a lowering of soil microbial biomass on sugar cane yields and sustainability are discussed. Received: 24 June 1997     

Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil

Abstract. A carbon emission inventory of the Brazilian agricultural sector was used to compare greenhouse gas emissions with estimated carbon offsets promoted by two main changes in agricultural management: the replacement of conventional tillage by no-tillage and the cessation of annual burning in sugar cane production. Using the IPCC revised 1996 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, we estimate that 12.65 Mt C are emitted annually from agricultural land in Brazil. Ongoing conversion of conventionally tilled land to no-tillage currently accumulates 9 Mt C yr⁻¹. Industrial by-products like alcohol and bagasse from sugar cane processing substitute fossil fuel for transportation and power generation offsetting 10 and 8 Mt C yr⁻¹, respectively. An additional opportunity for 0.53 Mt C yr⁻¹ sequestration is presented by avoiding burning before harvesting of sugar cane. These data show that there could be almost full compensation between sources and sinks/offsets in the agricultural carbon cycle. There is a great opportunity to achieve this mitigation benefit because the adoption of new technologies is increasing rapidly.     

Effect of tillage and field condition on soil physical properties, cane and sugar yields in Vertisols of Kenana Sugar Estate, Sudan

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of heavy disc harrowing in combination with chisel ploughing to depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm, on soil physical properties, cane yield, and sugar yield. The experiment was executed in two non-fallow, two semi-fallow and one fallow field conditions, in Kenana Sugar Estate, Sudan.

Results showed that the final surfaces for all tillage treatments were clean and smooth. Percent residue cover ranged from 4.2 to 5.4. After seedbed preparation percent clods greater than 1 cm in diameter ranged from 31.1 to 35.8, while gravimetric moisture content in the tillage zone ranged from 29.9 to 30.5. No significant differences were observed between treatments in residue cover, clod size and moisture content.

Soil penetration resistance in the five sites measured after the last irrigation showed no significant differences. Cone index ranged from 802 to 934 kPa. Bulk density measurements also showed no significant differences between tillage treatments.

Yield data showed that chisel ploughing to depths of 20 and 30 cm before disc harrowing, significantly increased cane and sugar yields than conventional tillage at Kenana. The highest field productivity (105.27 Mg ha⁻¹) was obtained with the combined disc harrowing and 20 cm chisel ploughing. Yield of cane per hectare under this method was 8.38 Mg ha⁻¹ higher than that under the conventional method. Sugar yield per hectare increased by 1 metric ton, which was 8.6% higher than that of the conventional method.

The relation between tillage depth (x) and cane yield (Y), in tons of cane per hectare, for average Kenana field condition could be expressed by the third-order polynomial:

Y=158.141−7.725x+0.293x²−0.003x³

The fallow, semi-fallow and non-fallow sites were not significantly different in cane yield.

All tillage methods studied were more intensive than adequate levels for soil conservation practices found in the reviewed literature; it is suggested to omit the re-harrowing operation of Kenana conventional tillage.     

A comparative study on chemical characteristics of tropical soils from volcanic material under forest and agriculture

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to compare differences in chemical characteristics of Costa Rica soils under continuous cultivation and under forest vegetation. Inceptisols from young volcanic material under forest, sugar cane, coffee and pasture, respectively, were sampled in the San Carlos region of Costa Rica, and analysed for pH, organic matter, N, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, Fe, Zn and Mn contents. Indications were obtained that continuous cropping for 1 to 22 years with sugar cane resulted in a decrease in Ca and Mg content and an increase in acid extractable Al concentrations, compared to amounts found in forest soils. In soils under coffee the only significant changes were a reduction in soil organic matter, N and Al contents. Exchangeable bases decreased slightly during the first two years, but in fields 15 years under coffee, the content of exchangeable bases was affected slightly, except for a relatively marked decrease in amounts of Mg. Conversion into pasture maintained soil fertility at a level comparable to that found in the forest soil ecosystem. It was concluded that differences in vegetational ecosystems caused soil chemical changes, but deforestation in the tropics did not necessarily result in rapid soil degradation processes. The magnitude of the data showed that the soil in the San Carlos region of Costa Rica had been cultivated for at least 10 to 20 years without producing evidence of excessive deterioration.     

应用AMMI和HA-GGE双标图分析甘蔗品种产量 稳定性和试点代表性

对甘蔗区域试验数据进行基因型与环境互作分析,有利于全面了解参试品种的丰产性和各试点的代表性,对优良新品种的推广和品种的区域分布也有着重要意义。本文综合利用AMMI模型和HA-GGE双标图对2014年国家甘蔗第10轮区域试验11个品种和13个试点的蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量数据进行产量稳定性和丰产性分析,评价试点的代表性和分辨力。结果表明:蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量在不同品种和试点间存在极显著差异,品种和试点存在极显著互作效应。‘福农40号’综合表现最佳,是产量高、丰产性好且蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量的稳定性均较强的品种;‘云蔗08-2060’的产量略低于‘福农40号’,但蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量的稳定性强于‘福农40号’;与对照品种‘ROC22’相比,‘粤甘43号’、‘粤甘46号’和‘闽糖02-205’的蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量较高,稳定性中等,‘福农40号’、‘粤甘43号’、‘粤甘46号’和‘云蔗08-2060’均具有较强的适应性,可在适宜蔗区推广应用。综合AMMI和HA-GGE双标图分析结果表明,广东遂溪、云南开远和福建福州具有较高的地点分辨力和试点代表性。因此,AMMI和HA-GGE双标图的综合运用,可更准确直观地评价出各品种的丰产性、稳定性和适应性以及各试点的分辨力和代表性。本研究可为甘蔗新品种的鉴定与推广提供有价值的理论参考。