苏南丘陵区主要林分类型土壤水文效应

以苏南丘陵区杉木、马尾松、栎林、毛竹等4种林分土壤为研究对象,研究了该区域内不同林分类型土壤层的水文效应。结果表明:不同林分类型土壤的蓄水能力、渗透性能均存在着一定的差异,其中毛竹林地土壤蓄水能力最好,为2 096 t/hm2,渗透性能也以毛竹林最好,为17.56mm/m in;通过测定4种林地土壤的入渗速率与入渗过程,对其入渗曲线进行拟合,得出土壤渗透速率与渗透时间呈乘幂函数关系,复相关系数为0.93~0.97,说明方程拟合效果较好,可以较好地描述各林地的土壤入渗过程;土壤理化因子与土壤渗透性能的相关分析显示研究区土壤渗透性能受多个因素影响,其中土壤非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量与土壤初渗、稳渗速率相关性最高,为首要影响因素;基于主成分分析,各样地土壤综合水文效应优劣依次为:毛竹栎树杉木马尾松。     

太行山低山丘陵区不同植被类型土壤渗透特性及影响因素

为了探讨太行山低山丘陵区不同植被恢复类型土壤水分入渗规律及影响因素,采用双环刀入渗法和相关分析、典型相关分析方法,研究了该区域不同植被群落表层土壤的入渗特性,对土壤入渗过程进行模拟,并深入探讨了土壤入渗的影响因素。结果表明:(1)从裸地、草地、灌草地、灌丛到乔灌林地,土壤渗透性能不断增加;不同植被类型0—10cm层土壤渗透速率大于10—20cm层土壤渗透速率;土壤初渗速率和稳渗速率最大值均出现在侧柏林地,分别为5.96mm/min和4.76mm/min。(2)土壤入渗模型拟合结果表明Philip入渗模型对不同植被类型土壤入渗过程拟合效果最好,Kostiakov入渗模型拟合效果次之,Horton入渗模型拟合效果最差,不适合用于描述该区域土壤入渗特征。(3)土壤渗透特性指标与土壤容重、总孔隙度、有机质质量分数、根质量密度、根体积密度、根平均直径存在显著相关关系(p0.05);土壤理化性质指标和根系结构指标中对土壤渗透性能产生影响作用最大的分别是总孔隙度和根平均直径,典型相关负荷量分别为1.299,1.084。     

SAR,EC与水温对辽西褐土入渗速率的影响研究

土壤入渗速率是影响灌溉水产流、侵蚀的重要因素之一。为了研究不同水温、不同SAR/EC下辽西褐土入渗速率,进行了室内变水头渗透试验。结果表明:SAR,EC一定时,渗透系数随着灌溉水水温的升高而增大,水温从15℃升至35℃,土壤渗透系数增大了1.3倍;随着灌溉水SAR增加、EC降低,土壤渗透系数会下降,水温35℃情况下SAR从0.7(mmol/L)0.5增大至12.0(mmol/L)0.5,EC从2.0dS/m减小至0.5dS/m时,土壤渗透系数由0.000 698cm/s减小至0.000 338cm/s,渗透系数下降了51.6%。相关分析表明水温、SAR/EC对渗透系数的影响显著,回归分析分别建立了沟灌土壤渗透系数与水温、SAR/EC二次函数数学模型,相关性极好。     

喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中土壤渗透性能及其影响因素

采用空间代替时间的方法,选取喀斯特地区大湾小流域不同植被恢复阶段样地和不同经果幼林样地,以烤烟坡耕地和柳杉人工林作为对照,研究喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中的土壤渗透性能及其影响因素。结果表明:1)土壤渗透性能由高到低的顺序为李树+金银花>刺梨+猕猴桃>李树+刺梨>枣树+玉米,乔木疏林>灌木林>灌草>乔灌过渡林>草坡>柳杉人工林;2)烤烟坡耕地土壤平均入渗速率与稳定入渗速率均次于乔木疏林地,烤烟坡耕地土壤入渗性能较好;3)考斯恰柯夫方程是比较适宜于描述喀斯特地区植被恢复阶段土壤入渗特征的模型;Philip模型和Horton模型对经果幼林的土壤渗透性能模拟效果较好,Horton模型的初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率与实测值较为接近,适宜于描述喀斯特地区的土壤入渗过程;4)土壤的渗透性能与>0.05 mm砂粒质量含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与0.05～0.001 mm粉粒质量含量呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01);土壤渗透性能的影响因素主要是土壤>0.05 mm砂粒质量含量和0.05～0.001 mm粉粒质量含量。     

坡度对土壤渗透规律影响试验研究

研究土壤的渗透规律是土壤侵蚀规律研究的重要组成部分,坡度是渗透规律的重要因素。在王家沟流域不同地类不同坡度上作了人工模拟降雨渗透试验,试验结果表明:坡度与产流时间呈线性负相关关系;产流后坡度对土壤入渗规律指数的影响显著,尤其是降雨开始的前20min影响最为明显,对稳渗率无影响。土壤入渗率与入渗时间呈幂函数关系(i=ct-a),不同坡度对应有不同的c值和a值。坡度对入渗方程指数影响较大,坡度越缓,渗透力越大,坡度越陡,渗透能力越小。     

豫南山区典型林地土壤入渗特征及影响因素分析

为弄清典型林地不同发育阶段表层土壤入渗性能差异规律及其影响因素,通过在豫南山区开展野外调查与室内分析,模拟和分析土壤入渗过程及特征,研究土壤理化性质、地表根系结构对土壤渗透能力的影响。结果表明:1)各个林地类型土层厚度0～10 cm层的土壤渗透能力均高于10～20 cm层;初渗率、稳渗率、前30 min入渗量在各土层深度中均表现相同的趋势,即30 a马尾松针叶林>30 a麻栎阔叶林>30 a麻栎+马尾松混交林>荆条灌丛>20 a麻栎阔叶林>20 a麻栎+马尾松混交>20 a马尾松针叶林;20 a、30 a林分中,平均稳渗率最高的林分类型分别是麻栎阔叶林和马尾松针叶林,分别为3.140和4.256 mm/min。2)土壤渗透特性指标均与土壤有机质质量分数、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、根体积密度、根表面积密度存在显著的相关关系(P<0.05);对土壤渗透能力影响最大的土壤理化性质指标和根系结构指标分别是非毛管孔隙度和根表面积密度,典型相关负荷量分别达到0.559和0.773。     

哈尼梯田水源区不同景观类型土壤水分的入渗特性及影响因子

[目的]揭示不同景观类型土壤水分入渗特性及影响因子的差异,为红河哈尼梯田世界遗产的保护及持续发展提供参考。[方法]选择草地、林地、旱地和茶园等景观类型的7个样地,用Hood IL-2700土壤水分入渗仪测定样地土壤水分入渗参数,并分析枯落物持水性能和土壤物理性质因子对土壤水分的影响。[结果]在人为影响程度不同的森林和草地生态系统内部,土壤水分入渗能力表现为:原始林次生林人工林,荒草地蕨草地。在研究区的4种景观类型水平上,土壤水分入渗能力表现为:园地(翻耕)草地森林耕地(未翻耕),说明人为活动对土壤水分入渗效率影响显著。不同景观类型的土壤水分入渗特征值与影响因素的相关分析显示,除园地外的其他景观类型土壤水分入渗值与土壤枯落物特征、土壤物理性质中的多个指标具相关性。[结论]人为活动影响下的4种景观类型的土壤入渗能力差异明显,枯落物特性和土壤物理性质是关键因素。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

采用野外测定与室内分析相结合的方法,对红叶李林、李园、梨园、桃园的入渗特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,红叶李林与李园、梨园和桃园相比,砂粒含量分别增加5.78%,16.17%和19.59%,粘粒含量分别减少5.34%,10.46%和13.57%,其土壤有机质含量、总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度是4种土地利用方式中最高的;4种土地利用方式下土壤入渗特征差异明显,土壤渗透性能表现为红叶李林李园梨园桃园,这表明红叶李林能够有效延缓地表径流的发生;不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗能力与砂粒含量、有机质含量、非毛管孔隙度及总孔隙度呈正相关,与粉砂粒含量、粘粒含量、土壤容重和毛管孔隙度呈负相关,且4种土地利用方式的土壤入渗过程均可通过考斯加可夫公式进行高精度拟合。     

黄土丘陵区退耕坡地植被自然恢复过程及其对土壤入渗的影响

生态系统自我修复是黄土高原植被恢复的重要途径。以永久性天然草地和三龄沙打旺人工草地为对照,在对黄土丘陵区坡地退耕植被自然恢复过程群落演替、地上部分生物量的增长及其组成动态变化特征调查的基础上,定量分析了不同恢复阶段主要群落下土壤的入渗能力。研究表明,随着植被演替的进展,群落生物量逐步增加,土壤入渗能力显著改善。退耕草地土壤表层0-20cm土壤渗透能力(K10℃)每年可提高0.10mm。植被改善土壤入渗能力的有效深度达40cm。说明黄土丘陵区通过坡地退耕还林还草恢复植被可以改善土壤渗透性能,强化降雨就地入渗,减少水土流失。     

均质土壤积水入渗的气阻变化规律及其影响

在水平畦藻及暴雨径流形成过程中，大流量，快速推进的水流将使土壤的内空气来不及排出而受到压缩，从而对入渗流生阻力，使入渗能力下降，并对积水入渗过程中土壤气阻的减掺机理进行了实验研究，依据实验结果，讨论了多因素条件下单一均质土壤及不同质地均质土壤积水入渗过程中气阻的变化规律以及入渗的影响，这种影响对指导节水灌溉和水土保持措施的实施具有重要意义。     

Effects of long-term contrasting lime and phosphorus applications on barley grain yield,root growth and abundance of mycorrhiza

Lime and phosphorus (P) applications are common agricultural management practices. Our aim was to quantify the effects of long-term application practices on root growth and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. We assessed the effects of lime and P fertilizer applications on barley yield, root growth and AMF abundance in 2016. Treatments were no, low, medium and high liming rate corresponding to application of 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg lime ha⁻¹ every 5–9 years since 1942 combined with no or yearly application of 15.6 kg P ha⁻¹ since 1944. At harvest, grain yield, root intensity (core-break) and AMF abundance at different soil depths were estimated. Root development was monitored during early growth with minirhizotrons in treatments receiving low, medium and high liming rates and P fertilization. A quadratic model relating grain yield to liming rate estimated yields to peak at 6.4 Mg lime ha⁻¹ with yields of 4.2 and 3.2 Mg grain ha⁻¹ with and without P fertilization, respectively. Low and medium liming rates resulted in greater AMF abundance, especially in the no P treatments. During early growth in P-fertilized treatments, 77% and 65% more roots developed in the soil profile when treated with medium and high liming rate, respectively, compared to low liming rate. We conclude that long-term application of lime in soils receiving yearly P fertilization improved conditions for root growth in soil layers below 30 cm, but at the high liming rate, this did not translate into higher yield.     

不同耕作处理下冻融对农田黑土硬度的影响

为探讨冻融作用对农田黑土硬度的影响,在吉林省德惠市中层黑土小区上进行了9a的田间定位试验,对不同耕作方式下冻融前后的土壤硬度以及土壤硬度与土壤含水量之间的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,土壤硬度与土壤水分呈对数显著性负相关关系(R2=0.838 8)。冻融前免耕较秋翻显著增加了土壤硬度(p<0.05),主要表现在2.5-17.5cm深度之间。冻融后免耕较秋翻降低了2.5-17.5cm的土壤硬度,并且在2.5-10cm达到差异显著性水平(p<0.05)。冻融后土壤硬度明显低于冻融前,冻融前后两种处理下玉米连作的土壤硬度均高于玉米-大豆轮作,但最大土壤硬度均对作物的生长没有限制作用。     

Least limiting water range for different soil management practices in dryland farming in Iran

Integrated evaluation of soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better knowledge of soil water availability. We determined the LLWR for four tillage practices consisted of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and fallow no-tillage (NT_f). In addition, LLWR was determined for abandoned soils (i.e. control), compacted soils, ploughed compacted soils and abandoned soils with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application. Soil water retention, penetration resistance (PR), air-filled porosity and bulk density were determined for the 0–5 and 0–25-cm depths. Mean LLWR (0.07–0.08 cm³ cm^?3) was lower in compacted soils than the soils under CT, NT, NT_f, RT, tilled, abandoned and SAP practices but it was not different among tillage practices. The values of LLWR were 0.12 cm³ cm^?3 for NT and CT. LLWR for tilled plots (0.12 cm³ cm^?3) became greater than compacted soils by 1.3 times. Analysis of the lower and upper limits of the LLWR further indicated that PR was the only limiting factor for soil water content, but aeration was not a limiting factor. The LLWR was more dependent on soil water content at permanent wilting point and at PR.     

耕作方式对辽西褐土区土壤穿透阻力的影响及机理

为了探明耕作方式转变对土壤物理性质的影响，研究设置田间定位试验，监测长期旋耕转变为免耕和深松耕后土壤容重、水分和穿透阻力的变化特征。试验设免耕（no tillage，NT）、深松（subsoiling，SS）、旋耕（rotary tillage，RT）3个处理，在玉米生长季监测土壤含水量、容重和穿透阻力动态，定量并分析土壤穿透阻力对含水量和容重变化的响应。结果表明，玉米生育期NT处理的土壤容重保持相对稳定，RT和SS处理容重逐渐增大；与RT和SS处理相比，NT处理增加0—30 cm的容重、0—45 cm的含水量和0—15 cm的穿透阻力，但在干旱时期降低15—45 cm的穿透阻力，避免了土壤紧实对玉米的胁迫。基于含水量和容重参数，建立了预测土壤穿透阻力的指数模型，其P<0.001，R²为0.77。模型结果表明，当容重>1.4 g/cm³且含水量<0.13 cm³/cm³时，土壤穿透阻力将大于限制作物生长的阈值（2 MPa）；在含水量<0.2 cm³/cm³时，土壤穿透阻力对含水量的敏感性显著高于容重，说明该区域干旱（水分）引起的土壤紧实度增加比压实更为重要。免耕有助于该区域保持土壤水分，同时降低容重增加导致的土壤紧实效应，有利于避免土壤紧实胁迫对作物生长的影响。     

Pipeline right‐of‐way construction activities impact on deep soil compaction

A 762‐mm‐diameter pipe 1,886 km long was installed to transfer crude oil in the USA from North Dakota to Illinois. To investigate the impact of construction and restoration practices on long‐term soil productivity and crop yield, vertical soil stresses induced by a Caterpillar (CAT) pipe liner PL 87 (475 kN vehicle load) and semi‐trailer truck (8.9 kN axle load) were studied in a farm field. Soil properties (bulk density and cone penetration resistance) were measured on field zones within the right‐of‐way (ROW) classified according to construction machine trafficking and subsoil tillage (300‐mm‐depth tillage and 450‐mm‐depth tillage in two repeated passes) treatments. At 200 mm depth from the subsoiled surface, the magnitude of peak vertical soil stress from trafficking by the semi‐truck trailer and CAT pipe liner PL 87 was 133 kPa. The peak vertical soil stress at 400 mm soil depth appeared to be influenced by vehicle weight, where the Caterpillar pipe liner PL 87 created soil compaction a magnitude of 1.5 greater than from the semi‐trailer truck. Results from the soil bulk density and soil cone penetration resistance measurements also showed the ROW zones had significantly higher soil compaction than adjacent unaffected corn planted fields. Tillage to 450 mm depth alleviated the deep soil compaction better than the 300‐mm‐depth tillage as measured by soil cone penetration resistance within the ROW zones and the unaffected zone. These results could be incorporated into agricultural mitigation plans in ROW construction utilities to minimize soil and crop damage.     

Evaluation of Soil Physical Quality under Amendments and Hydrogel Applications in a Soybean–Wheat Cropping System

A field study was conducted in alluvial sandy loam soil to assess the impact of amendments and hydrogel application on soil hydrophysical properties. Soil physical environment was characterized and quantified using soil physical quality index (S). The main treatments include farmyard manure (FYM) and tank soil applied at 5 t ha^?1 and no amendment, and subtreatments included three rates of hydrogel: 5, 2.5, and 0 kg ha^?1. Hydrogel was applied at 5–7 cm deep just below the seed in rows. Results revealed that FYM along with gel application at 5 kg ha^?1 significantly increased mean weight diameter, field capacity moisture content, plant-available water content and relative field capacity, retention pores (Ret P), water-stable structural units, and structural coefficient and reduced transmission pores (TP), penetration resistance, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s). Significantly greater values of S in hydrogel-treated plots and close associations of S with other soil physical parameters were obtained.     

巴西塞拉都(Cerrado)地区氧化土土壤紧实性评估研究

The Cerrado region of Brazil, one of the fastest-growing agricultural areas in the world, is undergoing very rapid mechanization; this development is good for the country’s economy but may also snowball into substantial loss of agricultural land and other environmental degradation if the soil susceptibility and vulnerability to compaction is not well understood. In this study we explored different techniques for estimating soil intrinsic abilities to withstand applied pressure using the prevalent Oxisols of the Cerrado region under native vegetation. Undisturbed samples were collected from three sites within the region and subjected to 1) compressibility test: 2) manual penetration resistance test; 3) automated penetration resistance test; and 4) packing density analysis. The four methods produced analogous results. Our results showed the significant influence of soil structure on the inherent strength and compaction susceptibility of the soils. We also established the association of soil structure with the mineralogy of the soil. It is noteworthy that the packing density which was developed from very simple and easily obtained parameters could give a picture of the tendency of the soil to compact. Thus, this approach would be useful in developing compaction susceptibility maps for the region. It could be concluded that most of the Oxisols in the Cerrado region would support mechanized agricultural production very successfully. However, there is need for careful management of the mechanization process to avert degradation. The management techniques should include conservationist practices such as no till in order to maintain as much as possible the favorable structure and drainage of these very old soils.     

植物物质化学近似组成系统分析中半纤维、纤维素的还原糖方法改进

植物物质化学近似组成系统分析是一项复杂繁琐的测定方法(此法选自《土壤有机质研究法》)。主要是通过对枯枝落叶有机物质的化学转化、了解植物残体、绿肥等植物物质的化学组成。此组成中半纤维、纤维素是除去水分、苯醇溶性物和水溶物质的残渣、先后经盐酸,硫酸水解而转化成还原糖,再通过测定还原糖的量来换算出半纤维素、纤维素的含量。     

黄土高原表层土壤孔隙性状与穿透阻力对藓结皮发育的响应

为探明生物结皮如何改善土壤物理性质从而促进水土保持,针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上发育的藓结皮,以无结皮为对照,原状取样后分别使用高分辨率CT扫描仪和高精度土壤贯入仪测定其孔隙性状与穿透阻力,并构建结构方程模型剖析生物结皮对土壤孔隙度和穿透阻力的作用途径。结果表明:藓结皮发育改变土壤孔隙特征参数,并显著提高表层0—2 cm土壤总孔隙度(p＝0.01),在此土层内,风沙土和黄绵土上藓结皮的总孔隙度比无结皮分别增加1.62,2.12倍,且藓结皮的孔隙度随土层深度增加呈指数降低。藓结皮和无结皮的土壤面孔率在0—1 cm土层内均急剧下降,但藓结皮整体面孔率显著高于无结皮(p＜0.001)。随土层深度增加,藓结皮的土壤穿透阻力总体呈增大趋势,但在结皮层中部发生突变,越过结皮层后趋于平稳。在2种土壤上,藓结皮的面孔率与穿透阻力均呈对数负相关关系,无结皮中则分别呈线性正相关和对数负相关关系。黄土高原藓结皮通过改变孔隙度和机械组成等间接途径,极显著地提升表层土壤穿透阻力,增强土壤表面稳定性,为区域水土保持和生态恢复提供有利条件。     

冻土冲击贯入力学特性分析

利用自动式冲击贯入仪在实验室和野外对冻土进行了一系列的冲击贯入试验,进而分析了冲击贯入冻土过程机理。应用动态球腔扩张理论,建立了冲击贯入方程、冲击次数表达式和贯入阻力与贯入深度的关系。