掺混型缓/控释肥对杂交晚稻产量的影响

采用田间小区试验,以不施肥(CK1)和施用等量NPK化肥(CK2)为对照,研究掺混型缓/控释肥对水稻产量的影响.结果表明,各缓释肥处理的产量均高于等量NPK处理.其中,在长沙点中肥力水稻土上,35%聚乙烯醇混聚物(CF2)胶结复混肥+65%废弃泡沫塑料(PS)混聚物包膜复混肥(简称CF2+PS)效果最好,比等量NPK处理增产27.68%,其次是35%高岭土-聚酯胶结肥+65%PS包膜肥,比等量NPK处理增产24.70%;在宁乡点低肥力水稻土上,35%高岭土-聚酯胶结肥+65%PS包膜肥处理效果最好,比等量NPK处理增产37.25%;宁乡试验点各施肥处理的增产效果均高于长沙点,说明土壤肥力越低,肥料的增产率越高;减少20%掺混型缓释复混肥施用量(处理9),仍然比等量NPK处理增产,说明根据作物各生育期对养分的需求比例,将不同时间段释放养分的缓释肥料按比例掺混,效果较佳,节肥、增产是可行的.     

Iron fertilizers applied to calcareous soil on the growth of peanut in a pot experiment

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., Fabceae) to evaluate iron compound fertilizers for improving within-plant iron content and correcting chlorosis caused by iron deficiency. Peanuts were planted in containers with calcareous soil fertilized with three different granular iron nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers (ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄)–NPK, Fe–ethylendiamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) (EDDHA)–NPK and Fe–citrate–NPK). Iron nutrition, plant biomass, seed yield and quality of peanuts were significantly affected by the application of Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to the soil. Iron concentrations in tissues were significantly greater for plants grown with Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK. The active iron concentration in the youngest leaves of peanuts was linearly related to the leaf chlorophyll (via soil and plant analyzer development measurements) recorded 50 and 80 days after planting. However, no significant differences between Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK were observed. Despite the large amount of total iron bound and dry matter, FeSO₄–NPK was less effective than Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to improve iron uptake. The results showed that application of Fe–citrate–NPK was as effective as application of Fe–EDDHA–NPK in remediating leaf iron chlorosis in peanut pot-grown in calcareous soil. The study suggested that Fe–citrate–NPK should be considered as a potential tool for correcting peanut iron deficiency in calcareous soil.     

Effects of exogenous SA supplied with different approaches on growth,chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes of peanut growing on calcareous soil

To assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) supplied with 5 approaches in alleviating chlorosis induced by iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut plants growing on calcareous soil, SA was supplied as soil incorporation, making slow-release particles, seed soaking, irrigation and foliar application. SA application, particularly, SA supplied by slow release particles, dramatically increased growth parameters, yield and quality of peanut, and increased Fe concentration in peanut grain. Meanwhile, SA application increased the H⁺-ATPase activity, reduced pH of soil, increased Fe³⁺-Chelate Reductase (FCR) activity in roots, and increased Fe concentration in roots. Furthermore, SA increased active Fe content and increased chlorophyll content. In addition, SA improved enzymes activities containing superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress. Therefore, SA has a good effect on alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency on calcareous soil. However, in the 5 SA supplied approaches, foliar application and making slow release particles were more effective.     

缓/控释肥对杂交水稻根系形态、生理特性和产量的影响

以杂交中稻F优498为试验材料,采用两因素裂区试验研究4 种氮肥种类（尿素一道清、尿素常规运筹、硫包膜缓释肥、树脂包膜控释肥）在不同移栽秧龄施肥对水稻不同生育期根系形态及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在秧苗3叶1心、 5叶1心移栽时水稻在结实期的总根长、根系体积和根系伤流强度比7 叶1 心移栽时高。与施用尿素相比,施用缓/ 控释肥显著增加了根干重、总根长、根系体积和根系伤流强度。在不同移栽秧龄下,施用缓/控释肥均能促进水稻根系生长并向土壤深层分布,保持根系活力。相关分析表明, 水稻籽粒产量与抽穗后的根干重、总根长、根系表面积、伤流强度和10 cm以下的根系分布比例呈显著或极显著正相关。综合根系形态生理与产量表现,5 叶1心移栽、施用树脂包膜控释肥,为本试验的最佳处理。     

风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦生长发育及土壤酶活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦产量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、植株干重及养分和土壤速效养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用控释肥均较不施肥（CK）和氮磷钾配施（NPK）小麦产量提高,结构改善。与NPK相比成穗数降低,千粒重和穗粒数提高;等养分量控释肥增产6.69%~16.92%。控释肥使冬小麦中后期叶片Pn、植株干重、全N和全K含量提高;等养分量控释肥较NPK处理子粒蛋白质含量提高。与NPK处理相比,控释肥处理土壤速效养分在冬小麦生长发育前期低、中后期高,同时提高了土壤酶活性,有利于小麦养分吸收与运转,使得肥料利用率提高。供试控释肥中以水玻璃控释材料包裹的控释肥（WCRF）效果最好,明显激活了土壤酶活性,使土壤养分供应充足,小麦生长发育后期叶片Pn、干重及养分含量及子粒产量最高。     

脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥提高番茄产量及NPK养分吸收

为提高番茄肥料的利用效率,该文采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了自制番茄专用缓释肥（special slow-realease fertilizer for tomato,TSRF1和TSRF2）在酸、中、碱性土中的氮素释放特性以及对番茄产量、NPK养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥（ordinary compound fertilizer,OCF）>商品缓释肥（commercial slow-release fertilizer,MSRF）>自制专用肥（special compound fertilizer for tomato,TCF）>自制专用缓释肥1（TSRF1）>自制专用缓释肥2（TSRF2）,且各施肥处理在3种不同土壤类型上的氮素累积释放量大小表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。在整个培养期,各施肥处理在3种不同土壤中氮素相对累积释放率大小总体表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土,且土壤中不同形态氮素累积量均是铵态氮大于硝态氮。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小也表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态释放以一级动力学方程拟合最好（r=0.963～0.998）。采用一级动力学方程,不同形态氮素的最大释放量表现为总N>NH4+-N>NO3--N,这与土壤中各形态氮素养分的累积释放特性变化规律表现一致。在土培试验中,两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）显著提高了番茄果实干物质量,较TCF、MSRF和OCF处理分别增加了18.18%、7.24%、31.40%和13.45%、2.96%、26.15%,且番茄产量在各处理之间的差异达到显著水平。各处理对氮素的积累量大小顺序为TSRF2>TSRF1>MSRF>TCF>OCF,对磷的吸收上表现为TSRF1>TSRF2>MSRF>TCF> OCF,钾素吸收积累量的趋势与氮素基本相同。与普通复合肥相比,两种专用缓释肥处理的N、P、K利用率分别增加了10.66%、20.53%和18.62%（TSRF1）,14.94%、18.48%和21.95%（TSRF2）。两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）在抑制剂的作用下,能够延缓肥料中N素养分的释放,增加番茄植株对氮磷钾养分的吸收,从而提高了NPK养分利用率和番茄产量。     

Response of wheat seedlings to Mn‐lignosulfonate adhered to granular NPK

Manganese (Mn) deficiency is a widespread crop micronutrient disorder. The aim of this work was to evaluate two NPK fertilizers coated with Mn that eliminate the specific labor cost for applying Mn and that allow the correction of Mn deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two Mn sources [MnSO₄ and Mn‐lignosulfonate (MnLS)] were compared as NPK coatings at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0% (w/w) in hydroponic, perlite, and soil pot cultures under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions with wheat to evaluate the effects on dry matter production and Mn concentrations. For the NPK+MnLS product, 52–63% of the total Mn remained in solution at calcareous conditions. However, the NPK+MnSO₄ product was able to maintain only 14–25% of the total Mn added in solution. As expected, the MnLS product resulted in higher Mn concentrations in shoots than the MnSO₄ product due to the Mn complexation by lignosulfonate which preserved Mn from precipitation and maintained it available for plants. In the experiment with perlite as growth substrate, at low Mn dose (0.1% Mn) a similar Mn concentration in wheat shoots was found (57 mg kg^?1 DW for the MnSO₄ coating versus 72 mg kg^?1 DW for MnLS coating), but at the highest dose (1.0% Mn) the NPK+MnLS showed a significant increase in shoot Mn concentration (167 versus 132 mg kg^?1 DW). Soil application of coated NPK products showed similar Mn concentrations in shoots with both Mn sources (29–37 mg kg^?1 DW), except for the NPK+MnSO₄ (0.1%) treatment (only 18 mg kg^?1 DW). Based on the recommended Fe/Mn values (Fe : Mn ratio = 1.5–2.5) given in the literature for plants with a correct nutrition, only the NPK+MnLS (0.3%) fulfilled this ratio (Fe : Mn = 2.5).     

纳米材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料对作物产量和品质的影响

为了对纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料的缓/控释性能进行准确的评价,以3年6季作物定位施肥试验为基础,对冬小麦和夏玉米的产量及部分品质进行了监测。结果表明,与等量氮磷钾化肥配施相比,4种纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料不同程度地提高了小麦和玉米子粒产量和蛋白质产量,但蛋白质含量增加不显著,可溶性总糖含量反而降低。纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料对提高冬小麦的产量和品质有一定的促进作用,但不同肥料促进作用大小不同。     

Effect of Pyrite Application on Wheat-Maize Growth and Nutrient Uptake Under Diverse Soil Conditions

Zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) deficiency is a common nutritional problem for the production of many crops in semi-arid Mediterranean region of Turkey. This problem results in the application of increasing amounts of fertilizers. Minerals (such as pyrite) including iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) can decrease soil pH may be a critical factor in crop production under low supply of Zn and P in calcareous and clay soils. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of pyrite application on wheat-maize-wheat growth, P and Zn concentration with three successive pot experiments. Bread (Seri-82) (Triticum durum L.) durum (Kunduru) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) RX 788 hybrid was grown in Zn and P-deficient calcareous soils from Central Anatolian Sultanönü and Çukurova Karaburun. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions at five rates of pyrite (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g pyrite kg^?1 soil) in three consecutive experiments. Pyrite application increased shoot dry matter production of wheat and maize. With time effect of pyrite on plant growth and nutrient uptake was more. In accordance with growth data, pyrite application enhanced P and Zn concentration of plants, especially under Zn deficient Sultanönü soil then Karaburun soil. Plants grown in Karaburun soil had more P and Zn concentration than grown in Sultanönü soil. The results obtained indicate that pyrite can be used as a zinc fertilizer sources for gramine plants such as wheat and maize.     

长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤性水稻土非交换性钾释放动力学的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年(1981-2007)施用化肥和稻草对红壤性水稻土非交换性钾释放特征及其动力学的影响.本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮、磷肥)、NPK(施氮、磷、钾肥)、NP+RS(施氮、磷肥和稻草)和NPK+RS(施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草).结果表明,长期施用钾肥和稻草的条件下,各处理土壤中非交换性钾的释放均存在2个不同的阶段:即第一阶段(1～14 h)表现为直线上升阶段,第二阶段(14～796 h)为缓慢增长阶段.5个处理中,长期不施钾处理(CK和NP)的土壤非交换性钾累积释放量较低,分别为62.22和56.12 mg/kg,长期施钾处理(NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS)的土壤非交换性钾累积释放量较高,分别为67.52、64.41和75.33 mg/kg.施稻草处理(NPK+RS和NP+RS)的土壤非交换性钾释放量明显高于相应不施稻草处理(NPK和NP)的土壤,这可能与长期施用稻草促使土壤矿物钾中的一部分向非交换性钾转化有关.用抛物线扩散、零级反应、一级反应和Elovich方程模拟土壤非交换性钾的释放动力学结果表明,Elovich方程能比较好地模拟5个处理土壤非交换性钾的释放动力学.分段直线方程能更好地描述土壤非交换性钾释放的机制.     

山西褐土长期施钾和秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和钾素平衡的影响

在山西石灰性褐土一年一作条件下,通过16年的田间定位试验,研究了长期施钾和秸秆还田对小麦产量和土壤钾素平衡的影响。结果表明,只施用氮、磷肥,冬小麦年平均产量5.5 t/hm2,土壤钾素养分严重亏缺,年平均亏缺104.3 kg/hm2,与试验前的初始值比较,土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量分别下降23.6%和14.3%。在施用氮、磷肥的基础上每年施用钾肥(K2O 150 kg/hm2),平均增产10.2%以上;小麦秸秆还田平均增产6.6%以上,二者配合平均增产17.6%,年平均吸钾量提高32.0 kg/hm2。与试验初始值比较,土壤速效钾、缓效钾分别提高38.6%和11.0%。在施用氮、磷肥的基础上,长期施用钾肥和秸秆还田在显著增加冬小麦的经济产量、生物产量和吸钾量的同时,也减少年度间因气候因素等影响引起的产量变异,提高年度间产量和植物吸钾量的稳定性。     

Aging effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on phosphorus fractionation in a calcareous sandy loam soil

In most arid and semiarid soils, naturally occurring phosphorus(P) is a major yield-limiting plant nutrient. In this study, to investigate the effects of organic(OP) and inorganic P(IP) sources on P fractionation, a calcareous sandy loam alkaline soil was fertilized with OP and IP fertilizers at low(80 mg P kg~(-1) soil) and high(160 mg P kg~(-1) soil) application rates. Three combinations of OP and IP(i.e., 75% OP + 25% IP, 50% OP + 50% IP, and 25% OP + 75% IP) were applied at low and high application rates,respectively, followed by soil aging for 21 d. Soil samples were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7, and 21 d and subjected to sequential extraction to analyze soluble and exchangeable, Fe-and Al-bound, Ca-bound, and residual P fractions. The soluble and exchangeable P fraction significantly increased up to 24.3%, whereas the Ca-bound fraction decreased up to 40.7% in the soils receiving 75% OP + 25% IP and 50% OP + 50% IP, respectively, compared with the control(receiving no P fertilizer). However, the transformation of P fractions was influenced by aging time. Addition of P sources caused instant changes in different P fractions, which then tended to decline with aging time. Change in soil p H was the limiting factor in controlling P availability. At high application rate, the OP source significantly increased soil P availability compared with the IP source with soil aging. Depending on P fractionation, a proper combination of OP and IP fertilizers, as long-term slow and instant P-releasing sources for plant uptake, respectively, may be a sustainable strategy to meet crop P requirements in the arid and semiarid soils.     

长期施肥下石灰性潮土有机碳变化的DNDC模型预测

为探讨长期不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳的变化规律及DNDC模型的应用,利用封丘石灰性潮土不同施肥措施下的长期定位试验数据,选取CK、NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM4个处理,分析了15年来作物产量及土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化特征,并用DNDC模型预测了试验地近100年(2000~2099)的SOC变化趋势。结果表明,各施肥处理的多年产量平均值和对照处理差异显著;施用化肥(NPK和1/2NPK+1/2OM)处理和有机肥(OM)处理间也有显著差异;产量最高为NPK处理,达10811 kg/ha,CK处理最低,但1/2NPK+1/2OM处理产量与NPK处理无显著性差异。15年来土壤耕层(0—20cm)有机碳平均值,以OM处理最高,达到7.90 g/kg,显著高于1/2NPK+1/2OM、NPK处理;而CK处理仅为4.15 g/kg。从15年来有机碳的变化看出,CK处理略有下降,NPK处理较为平稳,而1/2NPK+1/2OM和OM处理呈现不断上升趋势,OM处理上升幅度较1/2NPK+1/2OM处理大。对试验地SOC变化趋势长期(100a)的模拟结果显示,与初始土壤SOC含量相比,100a后不施肥处理(CK)土壤有机碳含量下降了52%,化肥(NPK)处理土壤SOC含量较为稳定,而1/2NPK+1/2OM处理和OM处理土壤有机碳增加明显,大约25a后基本上稳定,100a后分别较2000年增加了24%和25%。从实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟分析可以看出,有机肥和化肥配施能获得较高作物产量,并能有效地增加土壤SOC含量,从而提高土壤的可持续利用能力。     

控释尿素不同施用条件下冬小麦产量和氮素利用效应

采用田间试验方法研究了控释尿素不同施用条件对冬小麦产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理,即CK(空白处理,不施氮肥)、100%PU10/0(普通尿素全量基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、100%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 192 kg·hm-2)、100%CRU(全量树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%CRU(80%树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)和40%CRU+40%PU(40%树脂包膜控释尿素+40%的普通尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,无论是产量效应还是氮素利用效应,树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)处理总体优于普通尿素(PU)处理,尤其树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素配施(40%CRU+40%PU)效果最佳,以7 709 kg·hm-2的产量、36.44%的氮肥吸收利用率、15 946元·hm-2的相对净收入达到处理间最高水平。该处理在减少氮素投入量的情况下,不仅促进了冬小麦增产,而且显著提高了肥料的利用率,拥有较高的产投比。因此,树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的配施处理(40%CRU+40%PU)是本试验条件下最优的氮肥处理。     

冬种绿肥和稻草全量还田对单季稻田土壤理化性质的影响

采用田间定位试验,研究了冬闲期种植绿肥和稻草全量还田对江汉平原单季稻田土壤理化性质和水稻产量的影响。试验设置稻草不还田水稻不施肥(CK)、稻草不还田单施化肥(NPK)、稻草原位焚烧还田+化肥(RSB+NPK)、稻草全量还田+化肥(RSM+NPK)、稻草不还田单独种植绿肥+化肥(GM+NPK)以及稻草全量还田+种植绿肥+化肥(RSM+GM+NPK),共6个处理。结果表明,与不还田的CK及NPK处理相比,RSM+NPK、GM+NPK和RSM+GM+NPK处理模式均有利于改善土壤物理性状和提高耕层土壤养分及有机质含量,其中多以RSM+GM+NPK处理增幅最大。RSB+NPK处理较CK处理显著提高土壤pH值、土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,但对土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量影响不大。GM+NPK处理与RSM+GM+NPK处理稻谷产量近似,分别较NPK处理显著增加6.9%~11.7%和6.0%~13.4%,3年平均增加9.1%和8.7%,而RSM+NPK和RSB+NPK处理的稻谷产量3年里与NPK处理无显著差异。综合考虑,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,以冬闲期稻草条带覆盖还田与种植绿肥配合还田为宜,可以改善土壤理化性质,显著提高水稻产量。     

不同缓控释氮肥对连作春玉米产量及氮肥去向的影响

在山西省连作春玉米区连续4年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、一次性基施尿素(CU1)、追施尿素(CU2)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、多酶金缓释尿素(MEU)6个施肥处理,研究施用缓控释氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥去向及氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。结果表明:(1)缓控释氮肥处理能够明显提高春玉米产量,促进氮素吸收。与CU1处理相比,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2处理可分别提高春玉米产量17.51%,9.88%,9.62%,9.48%,同时氮肥农学利用效率分别提高7.5,4.2,4.1,4.1 kg/kg。(2)不同缓控释氮肥处理的作物吸收肥料氮以及肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量之间存在显著差异。SCU、MEU、PCU、CU2和CU1的氮肥表观利用率分别为36.1%,32.5%,26.5%,26.7%,19.5%,肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量分别占施氮量的28.5%,31.6%,35.7%,35.5%,39.1%。此外,与一次性基施尿素相比,缓控释氮肥能够显著降低肥料氮的损失,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2分别降低了22.65%,18.81%,8.99%,8.47%。(3)综合分析不同氮肥处理的农田氮素平衡,SCU处理的春玉米吸氮量最高,为261.5 kg/hm^2,其次是MEU,为253.5 kg/hm^2。SCU的0-100 cm土层残留量在缓控释氮肥中最低,为124.1 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为131.04,140.09 kg/hm^2。SCU处理的氮表观损失量最低,为106.3 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为111.6,125.1 kg/hm^2。在山西省春玉米主产区土壤上,缓控释氮肥能够显著促进春玉米对氮素的吸收,减少氮素损失。硫包衣尿素和多酶金缓释尿素的效果相对较好。     

施钾和秸秆还田对春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡的影响

【目的】明确秸秆还田与施钾肥对玉米产量、养分吸收与利用以及土壤钾素平衡状况的影响,为东北地区玉米秸秆和钾肥资源合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2010~2012年在玉米主产区吉林省公主岭市朝阳坡镇大房身村开展,试验设氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷肥+秸秆还田（NP+St）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPK+St）4个处理, 于每年玉米成熟期每处理小区取有代表性的玉米5株,分为秸秆和子粒两部分,测定地上部干物重,并测定其氮、 磷、 钾含量,收获时取中间四垄玉米按14%水分计产。试验前和小区玉米收获后采集020 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤速效钾含量,计算钾素利用等相关参数,分析不同处理的春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡状况。【结果】施钾肥和秸秆还田能提高玉米产量,与NP处理相比,NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理玉米产量分别增加13.8%、 9.6%和3.8%。施钾肥和秸秆还田可提高玉米秸秆和子粒氮、磷、钾的吸收总量。与NP相比,NPK、NP+St 和 NPK+St处理氮的吸收总量提高9.4%~24.7%,磷提高12.2%~26.0%,钾提高6.9%~26.4%,其中NPK+St处理的养分吸收总量最高。秸秆还田结合施钾肥（NPK+St）有利于提高钾收获指数、化肥钾和秸秆钾的利用率,其钾收获指数,化肥钾农学效率、回收率、秸秆钾回收率均高于单施化学钾（NPK）和秸秆还田处理（NP+St）。其中钾收获指数分别提高5.5%和18.8%,化肥钾农学效率和回收率分别提高8.3%和1.1%,秸秆钾农学效率和回收率分别提高4.0%和0.7%。秸秆还田结合施用钾肥（NPK+St）土壤速效钾含量比NPK和NP+St提高1.9%~4.0%,其表现为NPK+StNP+StNPKNP。NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理钾素实际盈亏率分别为15.0%、-51.1%和 -18.1%。【结论】秸秆还田结合施用钾肥不仅可以提高玉米产量、增加养分吸收总量,还有利于土壤钾素的收支平衡,提高土壤速效钾含量,对维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定具有重要的作用,可在当地农业生产中推广应用。     

Fractions of Iron in Soil under a Long-Term Experiment and Their Contribution to Iron Availability and Uptake by Maize–Wheat Cropping Sequence

Soil and plant samples were collected from an ongoing long-term experiment (LTE) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute farm, New Delhi, to study the distribution of various fractions of iron (Fe) and their contribution to availability and plant uptake in a maize–wheat sequence. The optimum dose-based treatments adopted for the study were nitrogen (N), nitrogen–phosphorus (NP), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK), NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), NPK+ zinc (Zn), and control (no fertilizer or manure). Different fractions of Fe in the soil were sequentially extracted using different extractants. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Fe did not differ significantly among the treatments as a result of continuous cropping for more than three decades. The overall mean total iron (Fe) content varied from 2.36 to 2.61% under different treatments. Residual Fe constitutes a major portion of total Fe in all four layers of soil. The Fe associated with easily reducible Mn and organic matter contributed directly to DTPA-extractable Fe both in pre-maize and post-wheat soil. Residual Fe contributed directly to uptake Fe by maize and wheat crops.     

胶结型缓释肥在小麦上应用效果的研究

在盆栽条件下,以不施肥CK1和施用等NPK养分化肥CK2为对照,研究了胶结型缓释肥塑料-淀粉胶结肥和粘土-聚酯胶结肥对冬小麦生长发育、产量、植株内养分含量、土壤中有效养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥均能显著增加冬小麦产量,与CK2相比分别增产14.85%、27.48%;施用胶结型缓释肥能够促进小麦各生育时期叶绿素合成;与CK2相比,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥分别使小麦中后期干物重增加9.24%～45.56%和7.53%～45.64%;使植株内氮素含量分别增加4.43%～12.96%,5.70%～14.42%;与CK2相比,土壤中碱解氮和速效磷含量均表现为小麦生长前期低生长中后期高,充分体现了胶结型缓释肥的养分缓释效果。     

Effects of leguminous plant residues and NPK fertilizer application on the performance of yam (Dioscorea rotundata ‘c.v.’ ewuru) in south-western Nigeria

The effects of cultivating and incorporating residues of previous tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) and soybean (Glycine max) with application of NPK fertilizer on yam performance were evaluated at the teaching and research farm, LAUTECH, Nigeria. There were nine treatments: incorporation of legume residues (5 t DM ha^?1), application of recommended fertilizer rate for yam (90–50–75 kg NPK ha^?1) in the zone or 50% of recommended rate (45–25–37.5 kg NPK ha^?1), alone and in combination with residues and a control without residues or fertilizer in a randomized complete block design. Cultivation of previous legumes reduced soil nematode population (>200%) compared with no legumes. For both years, application of Pueraria residues improved tuber yield by an average of 15.8% compared with control. Fertilizer application enhanced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of yam roots but AM colonization was lower (～50%) in plots where Pueraria residues were incorporated compared with other plots. Combined application of plant residues with fertilizer improved soil organic carbon, total N, exchangeable Ca and Mg compared with application of NPK fertilizer. From these results, it is concluded that half of the recommended NPK rate may be adequate and incorporation of residues with reduced NPK fertilizer application may be a sustainable soil fertility management option for continuous yam production.