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1.
漫灌和喷灌条件下土壤养分运移特征的初步研究   总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10  
用非饱和土壤溶质运移的对流扩散方程及其解析解,联系大田漫灌、喷灌的入渗实际,在室内试验的基础上,研究了漫灌、喷灌入渗条件下,土壤养分运移的特征。研究结果表明,阳离子K,由于土壤颗粒的吸附作用,流动性差,入渗结束后,K浓度集中分布在土表0~20cm土层内。阴离子NO3-,流动性强,入渗方式对NO3-离子运移影响大。漫灌入渗条件下,孔隙水流速度大(是喷灌的3.5倍),NO3-运移快,机械弥散作用是喷灌的11.6倍,入渗结束后,NO3-浓度集中分布在土壤深层的作物主根区之外,不利于作物吸收利用,并容易造成地下水污染。而在喷灌入渗条件下,供水强度低,孔隙水流速度小,NO3-运移慢,弥散作用弱,入渗结束后,NO3-浓度的峰值迁移浅,NO3-浓度集中分布在土壤表层作物主根区内,有利于作物吸收利用。这正是喷灌节水、保肥的内在机理。  相似文献   

2.
[目的] 探究川中丘陵地区施用经无害化处理的生活污水后,不同类型土壤在不同深度土层中各养分指标的变化特征,为农村生活污水的无害化处理和资源化利用提供科学支撑。 [方法] 对三格化粪池处理后的农村生活污水进行资源化利用。在耕地中设置G0(37.5 L/m2),G2(75 L/m2),G0(空白)3种施用处理;在林地中设置L1(37.5 L/m2),L2(75 L/m2),L3(112.5 L/m2),L0(空白)4种施用处理。结合层次分析法(AHP)与主成分分析法(PCA)对各养分指标权重进行计算,对各处理在不同深度土层中的施用效果进行综合评分。 [结果] 在生活污水不同的资源化利用处理除L3土壤养分评价等级为“良”外,其余处理皆为“优”。各处理下,耕地中各深度土层养分评价得分排序一致表现为:G1>G0>G2;林地中0-20 cm土层表现为:L0>L2>L1>L3;20-40 cm土层表现为:L1>L0>L2>L3。耕地施用对提升土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾有明显的效果;林地少量施用对提升20-40 cm除速效钾外其余土壤养分的效果较好。 [结论] 短期来看,在农村生活污水资源化利用时,适量的施用可改善耕地土壤的养分,对于林地无需施用土壤养分就可较好保持。  相似文献   

3.
为了解九龙坡花椒种植区土壤养分状况及该区地形因子、土壤肥力因子与花椒产量的关系,为科学合理制定花椒高效施肥措施提供理论依据,本研究采用田间调查研究和室内分析的方法,研究了九龙坡花椒种植区低、中、高产区的海拔、坡度及土壤pH、有机质、大量微量元素含量和交换性能的变化特征,及其与花椒产量的关系。研究结果表明:九龙坡花椒普遍种植于200~500 m海拔范围,高产区集中在300 m左右的海拔;从低产区到高产区坡度略有增加,但未达显著水平。土壤均属酸性土,pH<6.5。土壤肥力总体属高水平范围,但各养分因子差异很大,其中土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、有效磷、有效钙、有效镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌含量丰富,分别为27.2 cmol(+)·kg-1、35.2 mg·kg-1、3 289.8 mg·kg-1、271.8 mg·kg-1、48.6 mg·kg-1、62.1 mg·kg-1、1.5 mg·kg-1、4.5 mg·kg-1;有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性酸属适中水平,分别为19.1 mg·kg-1、114.9 mg·kg-1、107.0 mg·kg-1、8.1 cmol(+)·kg-1;水溶性硼缺乏,为0.28 mg·kg-1。相关分析表明花椒产量与有效钙、CEC、pH、有效锰、水溶性硼呈显著正相关;通径分析结果表明有效钙、CEC、交换性酸、有效铜、有效铁、有效锌是影响花椒产量的主要因子,逐步回归分析构建了有效钙(X6)与花椒产量(Y)的最优回归线性方程:Y=11.693+0.003X6。综上所述,九龙坡花椒种植区土壤养分失衡较为严重,施肥应注重养分的平衡,增施有机肥,改善土壤理化性状,治理土壤酸化。  相似文献   

4.
[目的] 研究黑土区低山丘陵地形侵蚀沟土壤养分特征及其影响因素,为黑土区土地资源合理运用,土壤肥力精确化管理和退化土壤修复工作提供数据与理论支持。[方法] 以黑龙江省延寿县不同发育类型侵蚀沟表层土壤作为研究对象,对0—40 cm层侵蚀沟各部位的土壤进行取样测定,量化分析土壤养分特征。[结果] ①不同侵蚀沟道间有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量较CK差异显著(p<0.05),随侵蚀沟发育,0—40 cm层的土壤有机质含量呈递减趋势,土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量总体呈下降趋势。随着土层加深,土壤养分差异显著(p<0.05),呈下降趋势。受侵蚀—沉积影响,土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮含量在沟头段降幅明显;土壤有机质、有效磷、有效钾含量在沟尾因沉积作用下降平缓。②土壤退化指数在0—40 cm层呈A2>A1>A3,随侵蚀沟发育,土壤退化程度加重。[结论] 土壤养分与容重总体呈显著负相关,与土壤水稳性团聚体含量、黏粒含量呈显著正相关;土壤剖面与构型差异是造成土壤养分差异的根本原因,侵蚀沟发育是土壤养分变化的次要原因,土壤有机质、全氮、全钾含量也受到部位差异影响。  相似文献   

5.
缓释肥对紫色土油菜生长和养分吸收利用的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
麻井彪  高洁  张建菲 《土壤学报》2020,57(4):1040-1050
分析缓释专用配方肥与当地常用肥对油菜生物量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用及其在土壤中累积的影响,为油菜节肥高效生产提供依据。通过大田试验,以油菜品种三峡油5号为试验材料,设置6种施肥处理:以不施肥(F0)和常规施肥(Fc)为对照处理,缓释专用配方肥设置4种施肥水平(F375: 375 kg·hm-2,F525: 525 kg·hm-2,F675: 675 kg·hm-2,F825: 825 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,不同施用量的缓释专用肥料对油菜产量、单株有效角果数以F675处理最大,F825处理次之,F375处理最小,其分别较Fc 处理增产43.54%、36.82%、13.88%;施用缓释专用配方肥油菜氮养分损失率从Fc处理的78.30%降低至53.97% ~ 73.66%;磷养分损失率从Fc处理的56.65%降低至20.53% ~ 46.13%;施用缓释专用肥料油菜收获期根区土壤全氮、全磷与全钾含量从Fc处理的0.651 0 g·kg-1、0.404 4 g·kg-1与20.74 g·kg-1上升至0.661 7 ~0.691 4 g·kg-1、0.407 2~0.496 0 g·kg-1与28.96~29.50 g·kg-1。施肥大幅增加油菜生物量,缓释专用配方肥的施用不仅利于提升肥料利用率,同时使得根区土壤养分含量变化较小,结合农业可持续发展,实际生产应该施用缓释专用肥。  相似文献   

6.
对宁夏回族自治区银北地区盐碱地野外土壤表层光谱反射率和土壤全盐及盐分进行定量分析,筛选出各土壤盐分指标的敏感波段,然后采用全回归和逐步回归的方法建立各盐分的预测模型。结果表明:表层土壤高光谱反射率r,及其平滑去嗓处理后的值R,lg(R)与全盐含量呈极显著正相关关系,1/R,lg(1/R)与全盐呈极显著负相关关系,(R)'和〔lg(1/R)〕'在特定单波段处表现较佳;土壤表层光谱反射率与CO32-的相关性最强,其次是SO42-;土壤光谱反射率与Na+的相关性在各种变换方法下均较强,其次为Mg2+,与Ca2+的相关性最弱。基于R的逐步回归方程为全盐含量预测的最佳模型;基于土壤光谱反射率拟合土壤CO32-的准确度略高于对土壤HCO3-;敏感波段估测土壤SO42-含量的决定系数明显高于其他阴离子;采用〔lg(1/R)〕'逐步回归得到的方程拟合土壤Na+,K+和Mg2+含量相对于其他变换方式效果更理想。预测模型中对土壤全盐和Na+的模型精度较高,预测能力强;光谱对土壤SO42-和Mg2+的预测能力也较强;对土壤Cl-和Ca2+的预测稳定性、预测能力和精度都较差。  相似文献   

7.
控制性根系分区交替灌溉对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响   总被引:25,自引:6,他引:19  
以移栽小麦为试验材料,采用盆栽的方法研究了3种不同灌水方式:全面积均匀灌水(对照)、控制1/2区域交替灌水(CRDI)和控制固定1/2区域灌水对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响。研究结果表明:在同一灌水方式中土壤含水率下限小的冬小麦根冠比大,且根系总的干重也大;CRDI对根系生长有显著促进作用,使根均匀分布在土壤中,且根长密度较对照大;对于CRDI,当控制土壤含水率下限由65%θF变化为55%θF时,耗水量下降了35%,节水效果明显;土壤含水率较高,有利于冬小麦根系对土壤中离子态养分的吸收;土壤含水率下限相同时,3种不同的灌水方式中,土壤中H2PO-4和NH+4-N离子浓度均呈现出递减的趋势,而NO-3-N离子浓度却呈现出明显的递增趋势,在同一土壤含水率下,CRDI对养分离子的吸收优于其它两种灌水方式。  相似文献   

8.
降雨强度对黄土坡面矿质氮素流失的影响   总被引:35,自引:8,他引:27  
利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了黄土区土壤矿质氮素随地表径流迁移流失和入渗的动态变化,初步探讨了径流与土壤矿质氮素的作用深度EDI,并提出了EDI深度的确定方法。结果表明:土壤矿质氮素流失是降雨、径流与表层土壤矿质氮素作用的结果,随径流流失量显著高于随泥沙流失量,地表产流过程径流养分浓度呈现高—低—较高变化;降雨(降雨强度)和径流是土壤溶质迁移的动力,对土壤矿质氮素随径流流失和入渗有着重要影响。雨强增大,土壤矿质氮素流失量、径流作用深度(EDI)和土壤硝态氮入渗锋值深度均增加;同一坡面不同坡位土壤NO3-N与径流有效作用深度(EDI)和浓度锋值深度不同,坡中下部最深,坡顶部和坡底部较浅;土壤NO3-N和土壤NH+4-N入渗和再分布过程截然不同。  相似文献   

9.
杜龙全  刘峰  史舟  赵霞  李德成  张甘霖  董晋鹏  陈东升 《土壤》2022,54(6):1273-1282
土壤养分空间分布是土壤质量监测与可持续管理的关键信息。在大面积高寒山区,土壤调查样本较为稀疏,准确地预测土壤养分的空间变异并建立合理的管理分区,具有重要科学意义。本文基于青海省土系调查的205个土壤剖面数据,利用随机森林模型结合环境因素变量(地形、气候、植被、遥感数据), 分别建立了表层(0-20cm)土壤全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全磷(TP)与之间的定量关系,对青海省土壤养分含量的空间分布进行了预测;在此基础上,结合全国土壤养分的分级标准,利用投影寻踪法,生成了土壤养分的管理分区。留一交叉验证结果显示,全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全磷(TP)空间预测的R2分别是0.89、0.85、0.82,可解释土壤养分空间变异的80%以上,表明随机森林模型和环境因素变量结合可以在稀疏样本条件下有效地预测大面积高寒山区土壤养分空间变异。青海省土壤养分呈现东高西低的分布模式,土壤综合养分高等级 出现在南部的玉树、果洛、黄南和东部的湟水谷地地区;低等级主要分布在柴达木盆地、可可西里、海南州中南部;全省土壤综合养分分级均在中上等级以上 ,占全省面积是81%。分析发现,植被是影响青海省表层土壤养分全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)空间分布的主要环境因素,其中年降水、地表温度是影响青海省表层土壤全氮(TN)空间模式的重要因素;地表覆被、海拔和地表温度等环境因子对表层土壤全磷(TP)的空间变异占主导作用;年降水、昼夜温差是影响表层土壤全钾(TK)的空间模式的重要因素。  相似文献   

10.
聂棠棠  王娟  姚槐应  葛超荣 《土壤》2023,55(3):578-586
为比较不同方法在土壤呼吸及其13C同位素测定中的差异,我们应用几种常见的方法测定了不同有机质含量的水稻土壤在一定时间内的CO2排放量及13C-CO2丰度,以期准确评估土壤呼吸及碳排放,并为相关研究提供参考。本实验采用了气相色谱仪法(GC-TCD)、稳定同位素比值质谱仪气体进样法(Gasbench-IRMS)、甲酚红显色法(MicroResp)、碱液吸收法四种方法测定土壤呼吸速率;Gasbench-IRMS法和碱液吸收法两种方式检测土壤呼吸的13CO2含量。结果表明,(1)两种仪器法(GC、IRMS)测定土壤呼吸速率的数值结果相近(基础呼吸)或趋势一致(诱导呼吸),且重复性好(标准差分别为0.011、0.010 mg C /kg/h),准确度高;MicroResp法的测定结果与仪器测量值较为相近,但分辨率较低;碱液吸收法的测定结果较真实值偏高(当土壤有机质含量低时)或偏低(当土壤有机质含量高时)。(2)在测定CO2中的13C含量上,Gasbench-IRMS直接测定的结果误差小(δ13C值的标准偏差为0.137‰),接近实际值,可以准确地反应出土壤微生物呼吸时对底物的利用状况。综上,仪器法较化学分析法(MicroResp、碱液吸收)更能准确测定土壤呼吸及其13C同位素。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

17.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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