风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦生长发育及土壤酶活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦产量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、植株干重及养分和土壤速效养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用控释肥均较不施肥（CK）和氮磷钾配施（NPK）小麦产量提高,结构改善。与NPK相比成穗数降低,千粒重和穗粒数提高;等养分量控释肥增产6.69%~16.92%。控释肥使冬小麦中后期叶片Pn、植株干重、全N和全K含量提高;等养分量控释肥较NPK处理子粒蛋白质含量提高。与NPK处理相比,控释肥处理土壤速效养分在冬小麦生长发育前期低、中后期高,同时提高了土壤酶活性,有利于小麦养分吸收与运转,使得肥料利用率提高。供试控释肥中以水玻璃控释材料包裹的控释肥（WCRF）效果最好,明显激活了土壤酶活性,使土壤养分供应充足,小麦生长发育后期叶片Pn、干重及养分含量及子粒产量最高。     

不同包膜控释肥施用对轮作作物养分利用效率的影响

为揭示不同包膜控释肥对轮作作物氮、硫养分利用效率的差异,在池栽条件下,连续2年选用控释掺混肥(SCU+PCU)、硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥(PSCU)和树脂包膜控释氮肥(PCU)在夏玉米-冬小麦体系中,研究不同包膜控释肥对轮作作物籽粒产量的差异及与氮素利用效率和硫素利用效率的关系。结果表明:施用控释掺混肥和PSCU均可明显促进作物生长,增加植株对氮和硫的吸收,使作物氮素利用效率与硫素利用效率协同提高,在保持植株一定氮素和硫素积累量的基础上,通过提高氮素和硫素的收获指数促进籽粒产量的增加,夏玉米季SCU+PCU,PSCU,处理的氮肥利用率均高于Urea处理分别为19.6%,15.65%,实现作物对氮素的高效利用。     

胶结型缓释肥在小麦上应用效果的研究

在盆栽条件下,以不施肥CK1和施用等NPK养分化肥CK2为对照,研究了胶结型缓释肥塑料-淀粉胶结肥和粘土-聚酯胶结肥对冬小麦生长发育、产量、植株内养分含量、土壤中有效养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥均能显著增加冬小麦产量,与CK2相比分别增产14.85%、27.48%;施用胶结型缓释肥能够促进小麦各生育时期叶绿素合成;与CK2相比,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥分别使小麦中后期干物重增加9.24%～45.56%和7.53%～45.64%;使植株内氮素含量分别增加4.43%～12.96%,5.70%～14.42%;与CK2相比,土壤中碱解氮和速效磷含量均表现为小麦生长前期低生长中后期高,充分体现了胶结型缓释肥的养分缓释效果。     

控释肥养分释放对坡耕地土壤磷钾损失及花生产量的影响

以沂蒙山区坡耕地花生为研究对象，探究控释肥养分释放对土壤磷钾流失特征、花生产量及磷钾利用率的影响。试验设五个处理，分别为全量和减量30%控释肥（CRF1，CRF2），全量和减量30%普通复合肥（CF1，CF2）及不施肥处理。结果表明：控释肥在田间土壤中的释放规律与花生植株磷钾吸收特征曲线相吻合，配合土壤磷钾供应量，满足了不同时期花生植株养分需求。等量施肥下，控释肥处理荚果产量较普通复合肥处理显著增加5.75-12.01%，且减量30%控释肥处理较CF1增产3.75%；控释肥处理中植株磷钾吸收量分别较普通复合肥提高11.46-11.78%和10.44-12.38%，其中CRF2磷钾表观利用率最高，分别为45.48%和51.84%。土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均随深度的增加而下降，CF1和CF2苗期时0-40 cm的表层土中有效磷含量高于控释肥处理，花针期以后趋势相反，但40 cm以下土层中各处理差异不显著；控释肥处理显著提高了花针期以后0-60 cm土层速效钾含量，各处理不同时期60-100 cm土层速效钾差异不显著。前三次产流事件中，控释肥处理显著减少了地表径流水中有效磷和速效钾含量，各处理后期径流水中水溶性磷和钾含量降低且趋于稳定，处理间差异不显著。因此，控释肥能够减少坡耕地土壤有效磷和速效钾的径流和淋溶损失，提高花生养分利用率和产量，促进生态农业的可持续发展。     

保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下土壤氮、磷、钾等养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配变化和对产量的影响。试验设深翻耕秸秆还田(MC)、秸秆还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎免耕(NC)和整秸覆盖免耕(NW) 4 种冬小麦播前土壤耕作方式。试验结果表明, 6 年的不同耕作处理对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配有显著影响。秸秆还田旋耕可显著提高土壤表层(0~5 cm)有机质、全氮以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但随土壤深度增加, 提高效果呈逐渐下降趋势; 20~30 cm 土层土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量显著低于秸秆粉碎免耕处理。两种免耕模式(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在苗期明显低于翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)模式,在返青期差异最为显著。到拔节和扬花期, 免耕(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量与翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)之间的差异逐渐减少, 并最终影响到籽粒养分的积累。     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

控释肥对土壤全氮含量及夏玉米产量品质的影响

以常规施肥法为对照,探讨了不同控释肥对土壤、夏玉米植株全氮含量和玉米产量及品质的影响.结果表明:与常规施肥技术相比,3种控释肥均能有效协调吐丝至成熟期各项指标,土壤全氮含量增幅在12.92%～83.06%;叶片和茎鞘全氮含量分别增加0.50%～10.69%和1.09%～41.92%;叶片和茎鞘生物产量分别增加5.03%～61.97%和5.64%～30.32%;归一化植被指数(NDVI)提高0.51%～5.35%,表现为控释肥的氮素释放模式与夏玉米需氮规律基本一致;玉米产量增幅在3.38%～13.36%,并能有效提高籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量.其中以硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥的调控效果最好.     

多层包膜控释掺混肥基施对大蒜产量及土壤养分的影响

为明确多层包膜控释掺混肥在农业生产中的应用效果,通过田间试验研究了其对大蒜鳞茎、蒜薹产量,不同器官养分吸收及土壤速效养分状况的影响。在总养分减量10%的条件下,多层包膜控释掺混肥处理较当地常规处理的蒜薹和鳞茎产量分别提高了32.74%和10.61%,较单层包膜控释掺混肥处理蒜薹产量提高了23.22%,同时能够提高土壤速效氮含量,收获期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量较单层包膜控释掺混肥处理分别提高23.79%和5.79%。在总养分减量30%条件下,多层包膜控释掺混肥处理大蒜鳞茎中氮含量较单层包膜控释掺混肥处理提高了6.67%,差异显著,并促进了鳞茎中磷素积累,减轻了养分胁迫状态下养分向地上部积累的效应。经济效益分析表明,在总养分减量10%条件下,施用多层包膜控释掺混肥的净收益较单层包膜控释掺混肥提高6.83%,因此,多层包膜控释掺混肥在农业生产中具有广阔的应用前景。     

秸秆还田配施缓控释肥对土壤养分和作物产量的影响

研究基于一个长期定位的裂区试验,其中两个主区为秸秆还田区和秸秆不还田区,每个主区设7个处理,分别为施用180、375和600 kg ha-1控释肥和相应的化肥以及对照,以冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,主要研究秸秆还田和控释肥对土壤养分变化以及作物产量的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆还田可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,其中有机质含量比不还田区增加了10.65%、全氮含量增加了18.68%;土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别由不还田区的9.17 mg kg~(-1),152.29 mg kg~(-1)提高到秸秆还田区的10.83 mg kg~(-1)和253.66 mg kg~(-1);施用控释肥处理的有机质含量都高于施用化肥的处理;施用控释肥对土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响不大。从2009年到2016年,秸秆还田配合施用控释肥的各处理小麦产量高于秸秆还田配施化肥的处理,也高于秸秆不还田的控释肥处理和化肥处理,增加幅度为1.61%~23.59%。秸秆还田配施控释肥的各处理较化肥处理的玉米产量高,也较秸秆不还田下控释肥处理和不还田配施化肥处理高,增加幅度为2.22%~15.06%。秸秆还田配施180 kg ha~(-1)缓控释肥的小麦和玉米多年平均产量为最高。     

不同包膜类型控释氮肥对小麦产量及土壤生化性质的影响

在小麦—玉米轮作条件下,通过6a的连续池栽定位试验,以施用普通尿素(Urea)处理为对照,研究了3种不同包膜类型控释氮肥(CRUs):树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包膜尿素(SCU)、硫加树脂包膜尿素(PSCU)及减氮30%树脂包膜尿素(PCU70%)在田间条件下的氮素释放特征以及其对轮作第12季小麦产量及其产量构成因素、土壤酶活性和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:(1)控释氮肥的田间养分释放特征满足了小麦各生育期对氮素的不同需求,与速效氮肥相比,在等量施氮条件下,3种控释氮肥均显著提高了小麦产量,PCU、SCU和PSCU处理比Urea处理分别增产了13.5%,17.1%和20.2%,但3种控释氮肥处理之间差异不显著。树脂包膜尿素在减氮30%的条件下,与常量速效氮肥相比,作物产量无显著差异;(2)控释氮肥在提高土壤酶活性方面优于普通尿素,其中SCU和PSCU在提高土壤酶活性方面的效果好于PCU;(3)控释氮肥能显著增加冬小麦中后期土壤中无机氮含量,在小麦开花期,PCU、PCU70%、SCU和PSCU处理的无机氮含量比Urea处理分别高出23.7%,17.2%,32.5%和30.1%,一次性基施满足了冬小麦各生育期尤其在生育关键期对土壤氮素的需求。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.