长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤的特性及系统分类研究

以长白山、龙岗、宽甸火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象,对供试土壤形态特征进行描述,并对其pH、有机碳、磷酸盐吸持量、铁铝氧化物、火山玻璃等性质进行测定,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》的原则和方法并结合美国《土壤系统分类检索》第11版,讨论了土壤的诊断层、诊断特性,并进行了分类检索。结果表明：火山喷出物发育的土壤未必就是火山灰土。长白山天池火山锥顶部的土壤发育程度极弱,属于新成土;天池火山锥底部的土壤已经形成土壤结构体,且具有火山灰特性,属于火山灰土;宽甸青椅山顶部土壤以及龙岗金龙顶子底部土壤均具有火山灰特性,检索为火山灰土;宽甸大川头底部土壤0.02 ~ 2 mm粒级含量未达到火山灰特性的要求,但具有雏形层,检索为雏形土。     

火山喷出物发育土壤的比重及颗粒组成测定

利用比重瓶法对火山喷出物发育土壤的比重进行测定,结果表明:玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重大于粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重;基于粒径小于1 mm土粒测定的比重,玄武岩质火山喷出物和粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重均小于一般土壤的平均比重2.65 g cm~(-3);基于粒径小于0.1 mm土粒测定的比重,除个别玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤外也小于2.65 g cm~(-3)。分别取比重值为2.65 g cm~(-3)、粒径小于1 mm土粒的实测比重和粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的实测比重,计算不同粒级土粒的沉降时间,并进行颗粒组成的实验研究表明:取不同比重值测定的土壤颗粒组成含量相差较大而且影响土壤质地定名。由于成土母质的矿物组成决定土壤的比重,且土壤颗粒组成的静水沉降实验是在粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的悬液中进行的,所以,准确测定土壤颗粒组成含量,需要区分成土母质的矿物组成,并测定其小于0.1 mm粒径的土粒比重,重新计算沉降时间。     

超声波技术在火山碎屑物发育土壤粒度分析中的应用

利用40kHz超声波清洗机,设计不同的超声功率和超声时间,对火山碎屑物发育土壤进行分散处理;再用湿筛-吸管法测定土壤颗粒含量,对测定结果进行分析。研究表明:增大超声功率能促进土壤颗粒的分散,但80w和140w超声功率引起的土壤各粒级含量变化不大,均小于3.00%;延长超声时间对火山碎屑物土壤分散效果影响显著,对于粗颗粒为主的样品各粒级含量变化均很小,对于细颗粒为主的火山碎屑物土壤样品,以粉粒和黏粒含量变化更大;建议火山碎屑物发育土壤的颗粒分散采用(NaPO_3)_6-超声波联合分散法,超声条件设定为:频率40kHz,功率140w,震荡时间25min。     

长白山脉火山碎屑物发育土壤特性研究

以吉林省长白山天池火山锥和辽宁省宽甸县黄椅山火山锥上火山碎屑物发育的土壤为研究对象,按照中国科学院南京土壤研究所主编的《土壤调查实验室分析方法》,探索火山碎屑物发育土壤的形态学、化学和矿物学特性。研究结果表明,供试土壤pH(H2O)值介于5.32~6.47,pH(KCl)值介于4.15~5.73,pH(NaF)值介于8.40~10.55;表层有机碳含量介于31.51~59.48g/kg之间;磷酸盐吸持量介于7.08%~75.89%之间;阳离子交换量(CEC7)介于2.35~39.90cmol(+)/kg;交换性盐基以Ca2+、Mg2+为主;盐基饱和度为15.33%~55.68%;连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)、酸性草酸铵和焦磷酸钠浸提的铝、铁值分别表现为AlpAldAlo,FepFeoFed;水铝英石含量介于0.73%~9.05%,水铁矿含量介于0.46%~4.86%。4个土壤剖面相比较,天池火山锥土壤的发育程度低于宽甸火山锥的土壤;同一火山锥,锥上部土壤的发育程度弱于锥下部的土壤。研究表明:火山碎屑物发育的土壤不同于其他一般母质发育的土壤,水铝英石等无定形矿物的存在导致土壤的Alo值大于Ald值;土壤的pH(NaF)和磷酸盐吸持量与土壤中水铝英石含量呈极显著的正相关,所以,可以通过测定土壤中的pH(NaF)、磷酸盐吸持量预测供试样品的水铝英石含量。     

不同水热条件下玄武质火山碴发育土壤的形态学和矿物学特征比较

自半干旱地区和湿润地区选取发育于玄武质火山碴、且成土时间和地形等条件相近的土壤剖面,通过比较其形态学、矿物学特征,探讨不同水热条件对该类土壤发生发育的影响。结果表明:(1)发育于半干旱地区的土壤土体内石砾碴块含量大于湿润地区,其粒径2 mm的细土部分质地多为砂质壤土和砂土,而发育于湿润地区的质地多为壤土。(2)发育于半干旱地区的土壤粒径2～0.5 mm和0.5～0.25 mm的砂粒风化程度较低,呈棱角状,其上气孔肉眼清晰可见;而湿润地区该粒级砂粒呈次棱角或次圆状,其上气孔肉眼模糊难辨。(3)发育于玄武质火山玻璃的土壤均有脱玻化过程发生,石英含量自表层向下层逐渐减少;但分布于半干旱地区的仅0.5～0.25 mm和0.25～0.1 mm粒级砂粒中有石英出现,而湿润地区土壤2～0.5 mm、0.5～0.25mm、0.25～0.1 mm三个粒级砂粒中均有石英矿物存在;有石英出现的相同粒级比较,分布于湿润地区土壤砂粒中石英含量高于半干旱地区土壤。(4)湿润地区土壤中含有较多的伊利石、高岭石、蛭石、羟基铝蛭石和埃洛石等结晶质黏土矿物,而分布于干旱地区的土壤中则不含或含少量结晶质黏土矿物。     

激光粒度仪法与湿筛-沉降法测定火山碎屑物发育土壤颗粒组成的比较

为了比较湿筛-沉降法和激光粒度仪法测定玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的颗粒组成的结果,对供试土壤进行了比重值测定,并采用实测比重值和常用比重值(2.65)分别进行了湿筛-沉降法的土壤颗粒组成测定,同时又对样品进行了激光粒度仪法测定。结果表明:玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的比重值较土壤的常用比重值有一定的差异,进而导致了两种比重值条件下湿筛-沉降法测定的土壤颗粒组成的差异,但相差不大。激光粒度仪法测定的土壤颗粒组成与湿筛-沉降法比较,黏粒含量偏低,粉粒含量偏高,绝大多数砂粒含量偏高。导致这种差异的原因之一是两种方法的测定原理不同,分别测定的是同一颗粒的不同特征;其次是测定的粒径范围不同,湿筛-沉降法测定<2 mm的全部土粒,但激光粒度仪法对小于某粒径(MS3000激光粒度仪的测量范围是0.01～3500μm)的土粒不做测量;此外,还受黏土矿物的层状构造及土壤分散方法的影响。由于不同生产厂家、不同型号的激光粒度仪,其测量范围不同,对土壤颗粒组成的测定结果会产生一定的影响。所以,建议在应用激光粒度仪测定土壤颗粒组成时,标示仪器的生产厂家和型号。     

不同水分含量对潮土和火山灰土硝化动态的影响

在试验室条件下研究了不同水分含量对取自中国的潮土和日本的火山灰土硝化动态的影响。潮土在土壤硝化过程中的土壤水分含量以田间持水量的60％～90％较为适宜，低于田间持水量的60％引起土壤硝化力降低。火山灰土在土壤硝化中的土壤水分含量以田间持水量的75％～90％较为适宜，低于田间持水量的75％引起土壤硝化力降低。潮土在硝化培养中有亚硝酸盐出现，火山灰土没有亚硝酸盐被检出。土壤亚硝酸盐含量在低水分含量下峰值低，持续时间较长，在高水分含量下峰值高，持续时间较短。     

不同水分含量对潮土和火山灰土硝化动态的影响

在试验室条件下研究了不同水分含量对取自中国的潮土和日本的火山灰土硝化动态的影响。潮土在土壤硝化过程中的土壤水分含量以田间持水量的60%～90%较为适宜,低于田间持水量的60%引起土壤硝化力降低。火山灰土在土壤硝化中的土壤水分含量以田间持水量的75%～90%较为适宜,低于田间持水量的75%引起土壤硝化力降低。潮土在硝化培养中有亚硝酸盐出现,火山灰土没有亚硝酸盐被检出。土壤亚硝酸盐含量在低水分含量下峰值低,持续时间较长,在高水分含量下峰值高,持续时间较短。     

中国的火山灰土

中国火山灰土的分布面积甚小,大致可分为蒙古高原、西藏高原及太平洋三个区,本文对中国海南岛的雷虎、云南的腾冲、黑龙江的德都及辽宁的长白山四地区火山灰土的发生特性及分类问题进行初步讨论。1.火山灰母质大多为火山灰,地形为台地、土层浅薄,色呈棕黑,土体含玻璃碎屑,粉砂中含有斜长石、辉石等可风化矿物。土壤容重小,孔隙度与持水能力高,毛管持水量接近饱和水含量。土壤呈微酸至中性,代换性Ca⁺⁺及全磷、全钾含量甚高。2.火山灰土土体全量组成中CaO、MgO、Na₂O、TiO₂含量甚高,CaO含量几乎与母质含量相当。土壤微量元素以Ni、V与Zn为主,并随母质到土层有所增加。粘土矿物为硅酸盐非晶物质,以水铝英石为主。3.由于受不同的自然条件与发育年龄影响,火山灰土除具有上述共同特性外,它们之间,在有机质含量及酸度,铁与铝的富集度及土壤淋溶强度等方面均有所差别,这些差别正是火山灰土不同发育程度的反映。4.按研究结果,初步提出将中国火山灰土列入初育土土纲,并按其发育程度分为粗骨性火山灰土(D-117,T-8),轻度发育火山灰土(C-10,T-3)及中度发育火山灰土(R-4)。     

粗面岩质火山碎屑物发育土壤有机质含量的高光谱特征与建模

利用ASD Field Spec 4便携式快速扫描分光辐射光谱仪,对采自吉林省长白山地区粗面岩质火山碎屑物发育的土壤进行光谱反射率测定,分析其光谱特征;对土壤原始光谱反射率进行一阶微分、二阶微分、倒数的微分、倒数的对数的一阶微分和倒数的对数的二阶微分等五种数学处理,并应用多元逐步回归分析建立土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测模型。研究表明:土壤有机质含量与原始光谱反射率在565~675 nm波段内呈显著负相关;一阶微分光谱在415 nm、445~605 nm波段内与土壤有机质含量呈极显著负相关,在705~985 nm、1015~1265 nm波段内呈极显著正相关,在865 nm波段处相关系数达到极大值0.87;建立的土壤有机质多元逐步线性回归预测模型中,以一阶微分模型为最优,R2为0.954,可用于粗面岩质火山碎屑物发育土壤有机质含量的快速测定。     

Volcanic soils of France

In France, andic soils mainly occur in the Massif Central (andic and other volcanic soils >5000 km²), and on the Vosges and the Morvan Hercynian massifs. In the Massif Central, Silandosols on recent pyroclastics are distinguished from Aluandosols on older Mio-Pliocene lavas. After a brief introduction to the parent materials, soil characterisation, survey, genesis, properties and land use are reviewed in two periods: from 1960 to 1979, and from 1980 to 2000. Soil distribution is related schematically to topo-climatic sequences, comparing recent pyroclastics to older volcanic lavas. An udic or perudic soil moisture regime is the primary factor in Andosol genesis in France. Silandosols occur only on recent pyroclastics and Aluandosols on old lavas after reworking by glacial erosion from a mantle of loose and pre-weathered materials. The anthropic impacts include accelerated erosion and changes in carbon content.     

Modeling of Salt Sorption in Volcanic Ash Soil

Groundwater pollution by nitrate from agricultural fields is a worldwide problem. To improve the understanding of nitrate transport processes through volcanic ash soils overlying groundwater aquifers, salt sorption experiments were performed. Salt sorption is the process that involves the simultaneous use of cation and anion adsorption mechanisms without changing the pH. Prepared six different concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) solutions were mixed with soil samples. Anion and cation contents of the liquid and solid phases were determined. Experiments were performed in triplicate of six kinds of KCl solutions for three types of soils. Thus, total 54 of samples were analyzed. Relationships between ionic strength and sorption capacity increments of cations and anions were determined. The results show that if ionic strength of the infiltrating solution to the volcanic ash soil is known, the ECEC (effective cation exchange capacity) and EAEC (effective anion exchange capacity) can be reliably estimated. The resulting prediction equations can be included to improve reactive transport simulation models. Consequently, it will be possible to better understand solute transport with changing sorption capacity for the solid soil phase.     

Diagnostics of Volcanic Soils: A Review of Classification Schemes

Eurasian Soil Science - In this paper, we analyze diagnostics of volcanic ash soils in soil classification systems applied in the United States, Russia, New Zealand, and in the international WRB...     

Volcanic ash additions control soil carbon accumulation in brown forest soils in Japan

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to clarify the influence of volcanic ash addition on soil carbon stocks and the carbon accumulation process in brown forest soils (BFS) in Japan. The degree of volcanic ash addition to the soil was estimated according to the acid ammonium oxalate extractable aluminum (Al_ox) and lithic fragment contents, and their vertical distribution patterns. The BFS was classified in order of increasing volcanic ash influence on the soil into the following types: high Al_ox content with no gravel (H-Al_ox-NGv), high Al_ox with a high gravel content (H-Al_ox-Gv), moderate Al_ox (M-Al_ox), and low Al_ox (L-Al_ox), and then analyzed for carbon content, carbon amount, carbon stock, Al_ox amount and pyrophosphate extractable aluminum (Al_py) amount. The correlation between the carbon and Al_py amounts and the relationship between the Al_py and Al_ox amounts in the BFS samples indicated that the amount of carbon is determined by Al—humus complex formation, which is defined by the active Al generated from additional volcanic ash in BFS soil samples of BFS. Therefore, soils with thicker horizons and greater amounts of Al_ox had higher carbon levels in deeper horizons. For this reason, soil carbon stocks at depths of 0–30 cm and 0–100 cm, and in the effective soil depth of BFS, were larger and followed the order H-Al_ox-NGv = H-Al_ox-Gv > M-Al_ox > L-Al_ox. Furthermore, successive accumulations of volcanic ash on the soil surface promoted soil carbon accumulation as a result of the development of the surface horizon in H-Al_ox-NGv BFS. Our results suggest that volcanic ash additions control the soil carbon accumulation of forest soil in Japan.     

盱眙火山岩丘陵区不同林地土壤抗蚀性评价

以盱眙火山岩丘陵区5种不同的人工林（杨树林、杨梅林、朴树林、墨西哥柏林、桃树林）为研究对象,通过对土壤水稳性团聚体特征、有机质含量等指标的测定与分析,研究了人工林对土壤可蚀性的影响。对林地土壤的抗蚀性指标进行主成分分析和相关性分析将10个抗蚀指标降到了4个:> 0.5 mm水稳性团聚体含量、 > 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性指数、有机质含量。并运用回归分析建立了不同林分下土壤抗蚀性综合评价模型Y=0.073X₄+1.066X₅+9.261X₉+0.554X₁₀-64.939。结果表明杨树林地土壤的抗蚀性在5种林分中是最好的。     

Laboratory Dissolution Studies of Rocks from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (English Lake District)

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the rates ofrelease of Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca and Fe from 10 samples of metamorphosed igneous rock of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG), consisting mainly of plagioclase feldspars, chlorite andquartz, with minor amounts of hornblende, epidote and carbonates.Experiments were performed using freshly-prepared rock pieces (ca. 12 mm cubes), in batch mode, but with frequent changes of the solution phase so that accumulation of dissolved solutes wasminimised. The initial element release rates were relatively high, but declined with time to reach approximate (pseudo-) steady state conditions. Element release rates declined withpH in the pH range 2–7, the dependence upon pH decreasing in the order Al ～ Fe > Si > Mg ～ Ca > K ～ Na. Thepseudo-steady state rates for Si were comparable to steady state values for single minerals. Calcium showed the greatestsample-to-sample variation (more than 100-fold). Rock dissolutionwas far from stoichiometric, with Ca and Mg being present in thesolution phase in proportions greater than in the rock, and Al and Si in lower proportions. In some samples the release rates ofMg and Ca were equal, while in others the Ca rate was up to 100times that of Mg. The rate of release of Ca is correlated with the carbonate content of the rocks. The results indicate that the main source of Ca in the faster-dissolving samples is calcite, while the highest release rates of Mg are consistent with dissolution of dolomite. Aluminium, Si and Fe are probablyreleased predominantly from chlorite. The results are discussed in terms of the supply of base cations to stream waters drainingcatchments underlain by rocks of the BVG.