不同水分条件下表层施磷对小麦吸收下层土壤养分的影响

采用分层隔水盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤状况下,土壤表层(0-15cm)施磷对冬小麦吸收利用下层土壤(15-35cm)中氮磷钾养分影响。结果表明,土壤干旱降低了土壤磷、钾的有效性,严重抑制植株生长。不施磷肥时,小麦根系下扎量高于施磷处理,能从富含水分和养分的下层土壤吸收水分和养分,从而改善其营养状况,增加生物量。在土壤湿润的情况下,小麦对上层土壤养分的吸收量增加,同时由于扎入下层土壤中的根系量增多,因而也能利用一部分下层土壤中的氮磷钾养分。     

水分状况及硼素营养对油菜苗期根系生长及硼营养效率的影响

采用温室盆栽试验 ,研究了不同土壤水分条件下施硼对油菜苗期根系生长、硼吸收、利用及其移动性的影响。结果表明 ,随土壤含水量、施硼量的下降 ,油菜根长、根体积、根系生长速率、根 /冠比减小 ,根系及地上部干物质积累降低 ,植株地上部硼浓度及含硼量下降。而硼利用效率、硼运移指数则随土壤含水量、施硼量的下降而升高。不同油菜品种的根系形态参数 (包括根长、根体积、根干重、根冠比及根系生长速率 )、硼利用效率及运移指数存在明显差异 ,即在相同条件下 ,V1根系较发达 ,硼利用效率、运移指数均高于V4 。研究认为 ,根系发达程度、硼利用效率及硼移动性大小是不同基因型油菜耐缺硼差异的重要因素。     

水分处理对油菜叶位光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响

通过对不同水分处理下油菜不同叶位叶片光合速率（Pn)、蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）的测定表明，油菜主茎叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率随叶位的降低而降低；干旱胁迫下油菜水分利用效率显著提高，光合速率变化不明显，但上部、下部时间光合速率差异大，充分供水时叶片的蒸腾速率提高，水分利用效率则降低，从到下叶片水分利用效率、光合速率降低不剧烈，而蒸腾速率表现为上部和下部叶高，而中部叶低。据测定，干旱处理下油菜单株生物量为37.45g，充分供水时为38.76g，干旱导致油菜行政区牧师 降低；水分胁迫能提高作物水分利用效率。在充分供水条件下叶片蒸腾速率较高，这可能是气孔行为的结果。     

旱作农田不同结构垄作的生态生产效益研究

垄作是沙区旱作农田常用的集水抗旱耕作技术。通过野外试验,对油菜生长季内不同结构的垄作与平作下土壤水分和地上生物量进行了动态观测,并对油菜理论产量和实际产量进行了分析。结果表明,垄作下土壤耕作层水分含量比平作下增加了3.5%~12.2%。垄作还降低了生长季内土壤含水量的波动幅度,改变了其垂直分布,使湿润锋位于耕作层,有利于油菜对土壤水分的吸收,对缓解干旱对作物生长的胁迫有积极作用。对生长季内油菜干物质的累积速率、生长季末地上生物量、单株角果数及千粒重比较,垄作均高于平作。但结构不合理的垄作下植株密度的降低会导致油菜实际产量和理论产量低于平作。而垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/24的垄作不仅具有集水抗旱的生态效益,而且较其它结构的垄作及平作更能促进油菜生长和产量的提高,是旱作农田油菜种植较为适宜的耕作方式。     

土壤带状湿润均匀性对膜下滴灌棉花生长及水分利用效率的影响

为探明膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性在膜下滴灌技术应用中的重要性,该文设置滴头流量1.69(W169)、3.46(W346)和6.33 L/h(W633)3种土壤湿润区处理,研究不同膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性对棉花行间土壤基质势、株高、叶面积、根系生长、籽棉产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:随着土壤湿润区由窄深型(W169)向宽浅型(W633)过渡,膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性越好,行间棉花根系分布和植株生长也愈加均匀、产量及水分利用效率也越高。窄深型土壤湿润区的膜下内、边行棉花根长密度、籽棉理论总产和实际总产差值分别为386.3 m/m3、976和509.3 kg/hm2,其水分利用效率分别为7.2和14.8 kg/(mm·hm2)。宽浅型土壤湿润区的膜下内、边行棉花根长密度、籽棉理论总产和实际总产差值分别为142.01 m/m3、171和190.6 kg/hm2,其水分利用效率分别为9.2和11.0 kg/(mm·hm2)。初步证明了宽浅型土壤湿润区能在保持水分利用效率不降低的情况下,显著提高了棉花产量。表明在膜下滴灌技术设计中应关注膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性指标。该指标还是确定滴灌带间距依据。     

沙区旱垄作对油菜生长环境的影响

垄作是沙区旱作农田常用的集水防风耕作技术。本文通过野外试验观测和土壤样品分析,对不同结构的垄作与平作下油菜生长环境进行了研究。结果表明,垄作相对于平作增加了生长季内土壤耕作层水分含量,降低了其波动幅度,改变了土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布,使湿润锋位于耕作层,有利于油菜对土壤水分的吸收,对缓解干旱对作物生长的胁迫有积极作用。垄作下土壤易蚀性颗粒含量降低,地表粗糙度和垂直风速梯度增大,有效降低了土壤可蚀性和近地表风速,对防治土壤风蚀和保护作物幼苗有重要作用。不同结构的垄作比较,垄高15 cm、垄沟比1/12和垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/24的两种垄作在油菜生长季内集水效果较优,而垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/6的垄作在农田休闲期内防治风蚀效果较好。故结构合理的垄作是沙区旱作农田微观土地利用结构调整的有效措施。     

氮磷营养对小麦水分关系的影响

比较研究了氮磷营养对春小麦水分关系影响的差异。结果表明 ,土壤干旱情况下 ,氮磷营养虽然皆增强了春小麦的渗透调节能力 ,但由于氮磷营养对作物地上地下部生长的不同进促作用而对作物的水分状况产生了完全相反的影响。氮营养增强了作物对干旱的敏感性 ,使其水势和相对含水量大幅度下降 ,蒸腾失水减少 ,自由水含量增加而束缚水含量减少 ,并使膜稳定性降低 ;而磷营养则明显改善了植株的水分状况 ,增大了气孔导度 ,降低了其对干旱的敏感性 ,增加了束缚水含量 ,并使膜稳定性增强     

低丘红壤坡耕地的水分状况变化及其调控

红壤坡耕地水分状况随年降水周期、利用类型和坡位高低而变化。0~150cm土壤贮水量大致分为盈余期、消耗期和恢复期3个阶段。土壤水势变化与贮水量3阶段相对应,总体由大变小再回升,只是土壤剖面从上而下,水势值增大,变幅减小,100cm土层以下近乎常年稳定;在不同利用方式之间,土壤水势也有较大时空差异,花生地年际变化大,坡位上下差异小;板粟园恰好相反。在4个水势段出现频率中,水势高的水势段出现频率越高,顺序为饱和>湿润>亏缺>干旱;且饱和、湿润段出现频率比例总体上是板栗园>花生地,底土>心土>表土,坡下>坡上、坡中;低水势干旱段主要出现在坡上、土壤上层和伏秋干旱季节,出现频率比例依然是板粟园>花生地,尤其是中、下坡40~85cm心土层。由此,红壤坡耕地水分状况应因地制宜从工程、生物和农艺3方面予以调控。     

苗期水分胁迫对芝麻生长和生理特性的影响

为明确水分胁迫对芝麻苗期生长发育和生理特性的影响,以郑太芝1号芝麻品种为供试材料,采用盆栽方式,设置正常供水(土壤含水量80%)、重度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量40%)、轻度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量60%)、渍害胁迫(土壤含水量100%)4个水分处理梯度,研究了水分胁迫对芝麻苗期生长和生理生化特性(光合特性、CAT、Pro、SOD)的影响。结果表明,随着土壤含水量的增加,株高增长速度表现为正常供水轻度干旱胁迫渍害胁迫重度干旱胁迫,水分胁迫时间越长,差异越大。干旱胁迫(包括轻度和重度)根冠比增加,渍害胁迫根冠比下降。干旱胁迫、渍害胁迫均造成芝麻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)下降,随着水分处理时间延长,差异增大,对蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响较小。干旱胁迫促进丙二醛(MDA)积累,渍害胁迫促进脯氨酸(Pro)积累。水分胁迫导致保护酶活性下降,其中干旱胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在下降到最低值后,随水分胁迫时间的延长,与正常供水下保护酶活性差异逐渐减小;而渍害胁迫下,随着水分胁迫时间的延长,保护酶活性则呈逐渐下降的趋势。本研究结果为芝麻高产和水分高效利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

红壤上施石灰对硼的有效性及油菜生长的影响

研究了两种盆栽红壤不同石灰和硼水平下，对土壤有效硼和油菜生长的影响，并探讨了石灰对油菜钙，硼平衡和钼营养的影响。     

土壤中水分和镉供应量对油菜器官中镉分布特征的影响

为探究油菜作为镉(Cd)污染农田修复植物的可行性,本研究以德油5号为试验材料,采用全生育期土培盆栽试验,设置高、中、低3个水平的土壤水分及4个水平的土壤镉含量,研究不同土壤水分条件下油菜对镉的吸收和富集规律。结果表明,土壤水分与镉浓度对油菜的吸镉能力影响显著,且其吸收量随着土壤水分与镉浓度的增加而增大;油菜不同器官的镉含量差异较大,其地上部分吸镉量为土壤总镉含量的0.41%～1.17%,叶片镉含量为总吸收量的46.4%～72.6%;不同水分条件下,油菜器官的镉富集量差异明显,高水、中水处理下油菜各器官的镉富集表现为叶>茎>根>角果壳>籽粒,低水处理下表现为叶>根>茎>角果壳>籽粒。综上,油菜整体具有较强的吸镉能力,但镉离子不溶于菜籽油,说明油菜可吸收土壤中的镉,又不影响菜籽油食用,是修复镉污染农田土壤的理想植物。本研究为利用油菜进行重金属土壤综合治理提供了理论依据。     

诊断油菜缺硼的土壤硼素临界范围

Relationships between seed yields of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) and extractable boron concen-trations in three soil layers(A,P and W) were investigated through ten experiments on three types of soils(Alluvic Entisols,Udic Ferrisols and Sagnic Anthrosols) in northern,Western and middle Zhejing Province.Among several mathematical models used to described the relationships,the polynomial equation,y=a bx cx^2 dx^3,where y is the yield of oilseed rape seed and x the extractable boron concentration in P layer of soil,was the best one.The critical range of the concentrations corresponding to 90% of the maximum oilseed rape yield was 0.40-0.52 mg kg^-1,The extractable boron concentration of the P layers of the soils was the most stable,The critical range determined was verified through the production practices of oilseed rape in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces.     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长及养分积累的影响

[目的]冬油菜产量常受限于季节性干旱、冬季低温以及土壤肥力较低等因素。考虑到秸秆还田有培肥土壤的优势以及长江中下游地区稻草过剩的现实,通过田间试验研究稻油轮作区稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长的影响,探讨稻草整株覆盖还田对直播油菜生育期内密度、株高、根茎粗的变化特征及其对油菜产量和养分吸收量的影响。[方法]试验于2014 2015和2015 2016年在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学试验场进行,共设置4个处理,分别为:1)对照,不施肥稻草不还田(CK);2)不施肥稻草覆盖还田(S);3)单施化肥(NPK);4)稻草覆盖还田配施化肥(NPK+S)。施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)肥料用量为N 180 kg/hm^2、P2O5 60 kg/hm^2、K2O75 kg/hm^2、硼砂15 kg/hm^2。分别于油菜苗期、蕾薹期、花期、角果期和成熟期取样,测定油菜地上部生物量,氮磷钾含量和积累量,并在田间监测油菜生育期内密度、株高和根茎粗。[结果]稻草覆盖还田提高土壤最低温度0.6~1.2℃(播后95天),降低土壤最高温度0.8~1.8℃(播后184天),缩小土壤温度变幅2.3℃(播后95~184天),提高土壤平均含水量8.0%~8.9%(播后48~184天)。与稻草不覆盖相比,稻草覆盖还田减少冬油菜80%以上的出苗密度;与出苗密度相比,成熟期CK、S、NPK和NPK+S处理的密度分别降低71.3%、40.3%、69.5%和32.1%,稻草还田处理的油菜生育期内密度降低幅度小于稻草不还田处理。油菜成熟期S处理的根茎粗和株高分别比CK显著提高了22.7%和8.3%,NPK+S和NPK处理株高和根茎粗无明显差异。两年结果表明,S处理的最大生物量较CK平均增加了88.6%,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理的地上部苗期生物量降低3.7%~27.9%,角果期生物量平均增加28.1%。CK和S处理氮、磷和钾素积累量均在蕾薹期花期差异较大,成熟期S处理的氮、磷积累量分别较CK高28.6%~268.2%、93.3%~253.1%,两年增产率分别为218.8%和28.5%;施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)冬油菜氮、磷和钾积累量随生育期持续增加,均在角果期达到最大值,与NPK相比,NPK+S处理分别提高成熟期油菜氮、磷和钾积累量18.1%~19.1%、23.7%~36.9%和28.3%~56.9%,两年分别增产1811和1032 kg/hm^2,增产率分别达到25.6%和20.3%。[结论]稻草覆盖还田能缓解气温骤变对土壤温度的影响,保持土壤含水量,缓解土壤干旱。稻草覆盖还田前期抑制直播冬油菜的出苗密度,后期可维持冬油菜密度的稳定,同时对冬油菜的生长、生物量、产量和养分吸收量有促进作用。     

Impact of fresh root material and mature crop residues of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on microbial communities associated with subsequent oilseed rape

Glasshouse bioassays were conducted to assess the impact of different inputs of oilseed rape plant material on soil and rhizosphere microbial diversity associated with subsequently grown oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants. The first bioassay focussed on the effect of oilseed rape rhizodeposits and fresh detached root material on microbial communities, in a rapid-cycling experiment in which oilseed rape plants were grown successively in pots of field soil for 4 weeks at a time, with six cycles of repeated vegetative planting in the same pot. Molecular analyses of the microbial communities after each cycle showed that the obligate parasite Olpidium brassicae infected the roots of oilseed rape within 4 weeks after the first planting (irrespective of the influence of rhizodeposits alone or in the presence of fresh detached root material), and consistently dominated the rhizosphere fungal community, ranging in relative abundance from 43 to 88 % when oilseed rape was grown more than once in the same soil. Fresh detached root material also led to a reduction in diversity within the soil fungal community, due to the increased relative abundance of O. brassicae. In addition, rhizosphere bacterial communities were found to have a reduced diversity over time when fresh root material was retained in the soil. In the second glasshouse experiment, the effect of incorporating mature, field-derived oilseed rape crop residues (shoots and root material) on microbial communities associated with subsequently grown oilseed rape was investigated. As before, molecular analyses revealed that O. brassicae dominated the rhizosphere fungal community, despite not being prevalent in either the residue material or soil fungal communities.     

黑曲霉对潮褐土镉、锌污染的原位固定修复潜力研究

采用温室盆栽试验,研究了在黑曲霉(30582)作用下油菜对潮褐土Cd、Zn复合污染胁迫的耐性及富集特征。结果表明:接入黑曲霉菌液对油菜地上部干重总体上无明显影响,且降低了油菜对土壤Cd、Zn的吸收量。加入黑曲霉菌液后,油菜地上部和地下部Cd含量较对照最高分别降低了31.60%,37.82%;地上部和地下部Zn含量较对照处理最高分别降低了35.12%,35.74%;土壤有效态Cd、Zn含量显著减少,较对照最高分别降低了30.51%,39.64%。综上,黑曲霉有效地降低了污染土壤中Cd、Zn的生物有效性,对土壤中低浓度重金属污染的原位固定表现出较佳的效果,具备应用于修复Cd、Zn污染土壤的潜力。     

油菜连作及施用堆肥对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室土培盆栽试验,研究了重金属镉污染土壤上连作油菜及施用堆肥对土壤中镉赋存形态及生物有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）在油菜连作体系下,施用堆肥显著降低油菜地上部镉含量。施用堆肥改变了土壤镉赋存形态,显著降低土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量而增加土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量,从而降低土壤镉的生物有效性。（2）在相同堆肥处理下,种植两茬油菜后的土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量与不种植油菜的处理相比显著降低;而土壤硫化物及有机结合态镉含量较对照有所上升,种植油菜对土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉和残渣态含量影响不显著,但是不同积累镉能力油菜朱苍花籽和川油Ⅱ-93之间对土壤镉形态的影响差异不显著。     

Effect of Root Zone Temperature on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Response to Boron

Abstract

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is sensitive to low boron (B) supply, and its growth response to B may be influenced by soil temperature. To test the relationship between B and temperature, oilseed rape (cv. Hyola 42) seedlings were grown at 10°C (low) root zone temperature (RZT) with B supply from deficient to adequate B levels until growth of low B plants just began to slow down. Half of the pots were then transferred to 20°C (warm) RZT for 11 days before they were moved back to 10°C RZT for the final 4 days. Both plant dry mass and B uptake increased after plants were exposed to warm RZT. However, plant B deficiency was exacerbated by warm RZT in low B plants because of increased relative growth rate and shoot–root ratio without a commensurate increase in B uptake rate. It is concluded that RZT above the critical threshold for chilling injury in oilseed rape can nevertheless affect the incidence of B deficiency by altering shoot–root ratio and hence the balance between shoot B demand and B uptake.     

Potassium‐fertilizer management in winter oilseed‐rape production in China

Optimal potassium (K) fertilization is beneficial for oilseed‐rape (Brassica napus L.) yield and quality. However, the discrepancy between the high K demand of winter oilseed rape and low soil fertility and insufficient potassium input has limited the sustainable development of oilseed‐rape production. A series of on‐farm experiments in the key winter oilseed‐rape domains of China was conducted from 2004 to 2010 to evaluate K‐fertilizer management for winter oilseed rape. Currently, the average NH₄OAc‐extractable K content in the 0–20 cm soil layer is 89.1 mg kg^–1 indicative of “slight deficiency”. In addition, farmers in China usually fail to use sufficient K fertilizer in oilseed‐rape production, the average mineral‐potassium‐fertilizer input in 2010 being only 35 kg K ha^–1, far lower than the recommended rate of potassium for winter oilseed rape. Adequate potassium fertilization significantly raises seed yield. The average yield‐increase rate for the major production regions due to K‐fertilizer application was 18.5%, and the average K fertilizer–use efficiency 36.1%. Based on the negative correlation between yield response to potassium fertilization and available soil K content, a soil‐K‐test index was established for winter oilseed rape with a threshold value for NH₄OAc‐extractable soil K of 135 mg kg^–1. When available soil K‐content is below this threshold value, more K fertilizer should be applied to achieve high seed yield and to increase soil fertility. The major challenge for K‐fertilizer management in winter oilseed‐rape production in China will be to guide farmers in the different regions in making reasonable use of K fertilizer through soil K‐testing technology in order to maintain both seed yield and soil fertility.