黄土性土壤对磷的吸附与解吸

本文报道了黄土性土壤及作为对照的中性水稻土和酸性红壤对磷的吸附与解吸特性。实测吸附曲线与简单Langmuir等温吸附方程最为吻合,全部供试样本的相关系数均达到显著水平;而与Temkin方程和Freundlich方程只是部分吻合。与酸性红壤相比,黄土性土壤是一种弱吸磷能力的土壤,评价其吸磷能力的最适参数是根据简单Langmuir方程求出的最大吸磷量(q_m),支配q_m的土壤性质主要是游离氧的铁含量,其次是粘粒和CaCO₃的含量。黄土性土壤对吸附磷的解吸能力很强,其等温解吸曲线也是可以分成三个区域,代表各种不同能级的吸附磷被解吸的过程。     

宁夏灌淤土对磷吸附的初步研究

本文报道了宁夏灌淤土12个代表性土样对磷的等温吸附与解吸特性。实测吸附曲线与Preundlich、Langmuir和Temkin三种等温吸附方程都很吻合。全部供试样品的相关系数变化在0.931-0.999之间,均达极显著水平(p<0.01)。其中Langmuir等温式与本实验资料最为吻合。供试土壤对磷的最大吸附量(X_m)变化在172-460μgP/g之间,平均为347±28μgP/g。影响其大小的因子主要是物理性粘粒和CaCO₃,含量,均达极显著正相关。灌淤土不同土层的吸磷量大小依次为:剖面24>23>21>22,而解吸磷能力大小依次为:剖面23>22>21>24。磷的解吸量与吸附量之间呈极显著正相关。根据本试验数据,土壤对磷的等温吸附曲线可以用来预测土壤需磷量。     

宁夏主要土壤的磷酸吸附特征及影响因素

本文研究了宁夏10种主要土壤对磷的等温吸附特征,结果表明,宁夏主要土壤的等温吸附曲线与Langmuir等温吸附方程吻合。最大吸附磷量(Xmax)介于99.0～666.6μg/g之间,与土壤物理性粘粒的含量呈极显著相关。根据吸附指标预测的施磷量为54-77kg/hm2,与肥效函数法确定的用量较一致。     

冻融作用对棕壤磷素吸附-解吸特性的影响

以棕壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融环境的方法,研究土壤磷素吸附-解吸行为,采用Langumuir、Freundlich和Temkin方程对吸附过程进行拟合分析,定量研究冻融作用对土壤磷素吸附机制的影响,同时建立土壤磷素解吸量与吸附量关系方程,进一步探讨冻融土壤磷吸附-解吸特性。结果表明,冻融条件下棕壤对磷的吸附规律一致,吸附量均随着平衡溶液中磷浓度增加而逐渐增大,与未冻融土壤相比,冻融后土壤磷等温吸附曲线变得平缓。冻融条件下磷等温吸附曲线用Langmuir方程拟合相关性最好。土壤磷素解吸量与相应最大吸附量符合线性相关。冻融后土壤磷固定吸附量低于未冻融土壤,即冻融过程促进土壤磷素释放,增加了土壤磷流失风险。多次冻融循环对土壤磷吸附-解吸行为影响更为强烈。     

不同质地棉田土壤对磷吸附与解吸研究

研究了不同质地棉田土壤对磷吸附与解吸的影响。结果表明:不同质地磷素等温吸附曲线与Langmuir、Temkin和Freundlich方程拟合度都达极显著水平,尤以Langmuir方程拟合度最高,相关系数均在0.94以上;磷吸持指数(PSI)、土壤最大缓冲容量(MBC)和吸附量均随粘粒含量的增加而增大,即粘土壤土砂壤土,而易解吸磷(RDP)、解吸量、解吸率和标准需磷量(SPR)呈下降趋势,即砂壤土壤土粘土。以Langmuir方程估算棉田土壤的需磷量,砂壤质棉田需磷量为12.87mgkg-1,壤质棉田需磷量为12.66mgkg-1,粘质棉田需磷量为10.00mgkg-1。     

黄淮海地区潮土对磷的吸附和解吸特性

对黄淮海地区潮土进行的磷吸附试验结果表明,土壤粘粒含量和CaCO₃含量是影响潮土吸附磷能力的主要因素;潮土对磷的吸附随质地而异,其顺序是淤土 > 二合土 > 砂土。潮土的吸附特性与Langmuir等温吸附方程式相当吻合。潮土磷的解吸量与磷的吸附量有一定的关系。一般情况下,吸附的磷越多,解吸的磷也越多,但是解吸磷占吸附磷的百分率不一定越高。磷的解吸量的相对大小也是与土壤吸磷特性密切相关的。     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷吸附-解吸的影响

采用培养试验结合Langmuir吸附等温方程进行拟合求出吸附、解吸的相关参数的方法,研究了磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷吸附和解吸特性的影响。结果表明,随土壤磷水平和磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,土壤最大吸磷量、土壤磷最大缓冲能力显著降低;土壤易解吸磷和土壤磷的解吸率显著增加。土壤易解吸磷和土壤磷的解吸率与土壤Olsen-P呈显著正相关;土壤最大吸磷量、土壤磷最大缓冲容量与土壤Olsen-P呈显著负相关。单位量磷肥所增加的土壤易解吸磷随着磷肥用量和土壤磷水平的增加而增大;土壤磷水平和磷用量是影响土壤磷最大吸磷量和土壤磷最大缓冲能力的重要因素。     

不同生物质炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸的影响

为了减少土壤磷素流失,提高磷肥利用效率,探究不同生物炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸行为的影响规律,以水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳为原材料,利用限氧升温炭化法制备生物炭,通过批量吸附实验研究了生物炭种类和生物炭添加量对棕壤磷吸附解吸的影响。结果表明：水稻秸秆生物炭在添加量为0.4%时显著提高棕壤对磷的吸附量,花生壳生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭则显著降低棕壤对磷的吸附量；等温吸附曲线表明,不同生物炭均未改变等温吸附曲线的变化趋势,均可用Langmuir方程和 Freundlich 方程进行描述(R²>0.93),其中 Langmuir 方程拟合效果更好,不同处理对磷的理论吸附量大小顺序为：水稻秸秆生物炭+棕壤>棕壤>花生壳生物炭+棕壤>玉米秸秆生物炭+棕壤；吸附动力学实验表明,不同生物炭均未改变磷吸附动力学曲线的变化趋势,在所有动力学模型中,准二级动力学模型最适合描述土壤对磷的吸附行为(R²>0.99),其次为准一级动力模型(R²>0.99)和Elovich动力学模型(R²>0.88)；三种生物炭均显著促进棕壤对磷的解吸,当生物炭添加量为≥0.2%时,水稻秸秆生物炭、玉米秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭,分别可提高棕壤对磷的解析率50%、70%和90%以上。由此可见,不同生物炭可提高棕壤对磷素的供应和利用,水稻秸秆生物炭在减少棕壤磷素流失、保护生态环境方面具有更大的应用价值。     

不同来源生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响

主要研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生壳四种来源的生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响。研究结果表明:生物炭对土壤磷吸附的影响取决于土壤溶液中磷的浓度,与对照相比,在中低磷浓度(0~90 mg L-1)时,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附影响较小,而在较高磷浓度时,小麦秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭均抑制了土壤磷的吸附,而水稻秸秆生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭均能促进土壤磷的吸附。吸附动力学试验表明,在反应开始的4小时内,土壤对磷的吸附较快,吸附量基本达到平衡吸附量的50%;到达吸附平衡时,添加生物炭能够降低土壤对磷的吸附量,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附量依次为:小麦秸秆玉米秸秆花生壳水稻秸秆。此外四种生物炭都能促进土壤中磷的解吸,其中玉米秸秆的促进效果最为显著,解吸量比对照高1.76倍。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程都能很好地拟合生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附等温线(P0.01),Freundlich拟合程度要比Langmuir方程的高。准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程都能很好地描述生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附动力学(P0.01)。     

蔬菜种植年限对土壤磷素吸附解吸特性的影响

为揭示不同种植年限土壤磷的固定和释放机制,通过土壤磷的等温吸附、解吸试验研究种植年限分别为3～5年、15～20年、25～30年的黄棕壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层磷的吸附、解吸特性。结果表明:土壤磷的等温吸附曲线、吸附量-解吸量曲线分别与Langmuir方程(R2为0.8728～0.8436)、二次函数方程拟合良好(R2为0.9545～0.9970);随蔬菜种植年限延长,表层土壤磷最大吸附量(Qm)、磷最大缓冲容量(MBC)明显降低,而土壤磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和解吸率明显提高;种植年限15～20年、25～30年土壤磷的解吸率明显高于3～5年土壤。对表征土壤磷素吸附、解吸特性的主要因子如MBC及DPS等作相关分析发现,无定形铁铝含量的变化是影响土壤磷吸附解吸特性的主要因素。     

三峡库区消落带土壤中施用磷肥对环境激素铅吸附-解吸的影响

采用室内模拟施肥、恒温振荡平衡法研究了磷肥种类、磷肥浓度、铅离子浓度、离子强度和酸度影响三峡库区消落带土壤对铅离子的吸附量和解吸量。结果表明：（1）磷肥种类与铅离子的吸附量和解吸量显著相关,施用Ca（H2PO4）2使铅离子的吸附量和解吸量相对较小;（2）土壤铅离子的吸附量和解吸量与施用磷肥浓度呈显著相关,建议选用磷酸二氢钙、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾3种磷肥,施用量在3.4066～8.5164kg P2O5·666.6m-2之间较为合适;（3）铅离子浓度极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,随着铅离子浓度的增加,吸附量和解吸量都呈逐渐增加的趋势;（4）离子强度和酸度都极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,建议选用磷酸二氢钙盐、钾盐和铵盐作为磷肥,可以减小土壤铅离子的环境风险。     

DESORPTION OF PHOSPHATE FROM GOETHITE

The reversibility of the adsorption of phosphate on goethite was measured by diluting suspensions of goethite on which phosphate was adsorbed with large volumes of phosphate-free solution at the same ionic strength. The effect on the reversibility of various adsorption and desorption conditions was studied, particularly pH, temperature, ionic strength and time of reaction. The apparent irreversibility of the adsorption reaction seems to be due to a slow adsorption reaction of part of the phosphate after a very rapid initial adsorption, with a similar behaviour when the phosphate is desorbed. When the total adsorption plus desorption time is long enough, both adsorption and desorption points tend to lie on a single curve which corresponds to the isotherm calculated according to the Stern double-layer theory.     

黄土性土壤在连续液流条件下吸附、解吸磷酸根的动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了黄土性土壤吸附,解吸磷酸根的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤对磷酸根的吸附,解吸扫速率可分为快,中,慢三种反应类型;（２）描述吸附,解吸反应的最优模型均为Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程,最差模型分别为一级反应方程及双常数方程,拟合差的模型对反应速率变化“敏感”,可用于反应类型划分和机理研究;（３）粘粒含量及代换量对吸附速率有著影响,游离铁对吸附速率,ＣａＣＯ３对较低温度下的吸附及较高温     

发育程度对海南玄武岩发育土壤吸附铬酸根和磷酸根的影响

选择海南岛北部3个不同年代喷发的玄武岩发育的土壤研究了其对铬酸根(CrO42-)和磷酸根(PO43-)的吸附特征,结果表明随着母岩年龄的增加,土壤发育程度提高,土壤游离氧化铁和表面正电荷数量增加,对2种阴离子的吸附量增加。土壤CrO42-的解吸率在19.8%~39.6%之间,表明土壤对CrO42-的吸附涉及静电吸附和专性吸附2种机制,且随着土壤发育程度增加,CrO42-静电吸附所占比例增加。土壤对PO43-的吸附以非静电吸附为主,吸附的PO43-的解吸量非常低,其解吸率不超过6%。吸附PO43-在去离子水中的解吸量高于在0.1 mol/L NaNO3和KNO3中的解析量,KNO3体系中的解吸量低于NaNO3体系中的,电解质主要通过改变胶体表面离子吸附面上的静电电位影响PO43-的解吸。     

Adsorption of Phosphate on Variable Charge Soils

The study about the adsorption of phosphate on four variable charge soils and some minerals revealed that two stage adsorption appeared in the adsorption isotherms of phosphate on 4 soils and there was a maximum adsorption on Al-oxide-typed surfaces between pH 3.5 to pH 5.5 as suspension pH changed from 2 to 9, but the adsorption amount of phosphate decreased continually as pH rose on Fe-oxide typed surfaces. The adsorption amount of phosphate and the maximum phosphate adsorption pH decreased in the order of yellow-red soil > lateritic red soil > red soil > paddy soil, which was coincided with the content order of amorphous Al oxide. The removement of organic matter and Fe oxide made the maximum phosphate adsorption pH rise from 4.0 to 5.0 and 4.5, respectively. The desorption curves with pH of four soils showed that phosphate desorbed least at pH 5. Generally the desorption was contrary to the adsorption with pH changing.     

Effects of Organic Anions on Phosphate Adsorption and Desorption from Variable—Charge Clay Minerals and Soil

Effects of citrate and tartrate on phosphate adsorption and desorption from kaolinite,goethite,amorphous Al-oxide and Ultisol were studied.P adsorption was significantly decreased as the concentration of the organic anions increased from 10^-5 to 10^-1 M.At 0.1 M and pH 7.0,tartrate decreased P adsorption by 27.6%-50.6% and citrate by 37.9-80.4%,depending on the kinds of adsorbent.Little Al and/or Fe were detected in the equilibrium solutions,even at the highest concentration of the organic anions.Effects of the organic anions on phosphate adsorption follow essentially the competitive adsorption mechanism.The selectivity coefficients for competitive adsorption can be used to compare the effectiveness of different organic anions in reducing P adsorption under given gonditions. Phosphate desorption was increased by 3 to 100 times in the presence of 0.001 M citrate or tartrate compared to that in 0.02 M KCl solution alone.However,for all the soil and clay minerals studied the amount of P desorbed by citrate or tartrate was generally lower than or close to that of isotopically exchangeable P.The effect of organic anions on phosphate desorption arises primarily from ligand exchange.     

支持电解质浓度对磷酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附和解吸的影响

研究了离子强度对2种可变电荷土壤中磷酸根吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,当pH分别大于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增加;当pH分别小于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度呈相反的变化趋势。电解质主要通过改变离子专性吸附面上的电位来影响磷酸根的吸附。Zeta电位的测定结果表明,当pH大于土壤胶体的等电点(IEP)时,吸附面上电位为负值,且随离子强度增加数值减小,对磷酸根的排斥力减小,土壤表面对磷酸根的吸附量增加;当pH小于IEP时,吸附面上的电位为正值,它随离子强度增加而减小,不利于磷酸根的吸附。解吸实验的结果表明,吸附于可变电荷土壤表面的磷酸根在去离子水中的解吸量高于0.1 mol L-1NaNO3体系中的解吸量。这同样由于电解质浓度对土壤表面吸附面上的电位的影响所致。     

THREE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTIONS BETWEEN INORGANIC PHOSHATE AND SOIL

Phosphate was added to soil, incubated at a range of periods and of temperatures, and the rate of desorption was measured at several solution: soil ratios at 25°C. One sample was incubated at a high temperature for several days and the rate of desorption was measured at 5, 15, 25 and 38 °C. A regression approach was used to describe the results which were interpreted in terms of a model in which phosphate was present (a) in solution, (b) adsorbed in equilibrium with the solution, and (c) firmly held. When neither adsorption nor desorption occurred, the phosphate concentration in solution increased with temperature. This was interpreted as an effect of temperature on the position of the equilibrium between solution phosphate and adsorbed phosphate. The direction of the effect indicates that adsorption was exothermic. When either adsorption or desorption occurred the rate increased with temperature and to a similar extent. For both reactions, the change in heat content was small. Thus, while temperature affected the rate of interchange between adsorbed and firmly-held forms it should not affect the position of the equilibrium between these forms.     

Phosphorus adsorption and desorption in undisturbed samples from subtropical soils under conventional tillage or no‐tillage

The dynamics of P in soil is greatly influenced by the adsorption of phosphate onto Fe‐oxides. Access of phosphate to the surface of these minerals depends on the degree of soil aggregation, which in turn is influenced by soil management system. The primary purpose of this work was to investigate P adsorption and desorption in undisturbed and disturbed soil samples from an Ultisol (Rhodic Paleudult) and an Oxisol (Humic Hapludox) under conventional tillage (CT) or no‐tillage (NT). Phosphorus adsorption and desorption in undisturbed soil was studied by using a continuous flux system containing a P solution for adsorption measurements or deionized water and Mehlich‐I solution for desorption measurements. The Oxisol, which had higher clay, hematite, and goethite contents than the Ultisol, exhibited the highest maximum P adsorption capacity (P_max) values in disturbed samples. Also, the disturbed Ultisol samples had lower P_max values under NT than under CT. The undisturbed soil samples exhibited no significant differences in P adsorption between soil management systems, but P desorption was more marked under NT than under CT. The samples of Oxisol under NT exhibited lower P adsorption rates and higher P desorption rates than the CT samples of the same soil. The decreased P adsorption in undisturbed samples relative to disturbed samples suggests that P adsorption is influenced by physical properties of soil.     

有机酸根与铝氧化物表面吸附磷的解吸

研究了有机酸根离子与合成铝氧化物表面吸附磷解吸的相互关系。结果表明:（1）有有机酸时比无有机酸时吸附的磷具有更高的解吸率,无草酸且加磷pH为4时,0.01molL-1KCI对磷的解吸率最低,草酸与磷共存且pH为6时磷的解吸率最高;（2）高浓度有机酸可解吸低浓度有机酸难解吸的磷,草酸难解吸的磷可为等浓度的柠檬酸极解吸;（3）不同浓度草酸和柠檬酸对铝-草酸复合物吸附磷的解吸率比对Al（OH)x的低,而对铝-柠檬酸复合物吸附磷的解吸率则比对Al（OH）x的高;（4）柠檬酸对铝-磷复合物中磷的解吸量随柠檬酸浓度升高而增大。这些结果证明,有机酸对铝氧化物吸附磷的解吸机理包括配位交换和溶解,有机酸可促进磷的解吸,提高磷的有效性。