锌铬复合污染对水稻不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合污染对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,锌铬复合污染对水稻生长有抑制作用,随土壤中锌铬浓度的增加,不同生育期水稻生物量均呈下降的趋势,而根冠比呈一定的升高趋势,差异极显著(P<0.01)。在锌铬污染下,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随土壤中锌铬浓度增大而降低。与对照相比,在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及灌浆结实期土壤过氧化氢酶活性的最小值分别降低了34.17%、23.02%和4.89%;除在灌浆结实期锌与铬浓度互作间的差异不显著外,其他生育期的锌浓度间、铬浓度间及锌与铬浓度互作间的差异均极显著(P<0.01)。在水稻分蘖期,土壤脲酶活性、转化酶活性随土壤锌铬浓度的增加而降低,但在孕穗期及灌浆结实期则升高,其差异均极显著(P<0.01)。线性回归及偏相关分析表明,在水稻不同生育期,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与土壤中锌、铬浓度均有极显著的线性回归关系,并呈显著或极显著负相关关系,这说明锌铬复合污染对土壤过氧化氢酶活性可能产生协同或加和的抑制效应。土壤脲酶活性在水稻灌浆结实期与土壤中锌浓度有极显著的线性回归关系,偏相关系数为0.7253**;土壤转化酶活性在水稻分蘖期、灌浆结实期与土壤中铬浓度均有极显著的线性回归关系,偏相关系数分别为-0.7426**、0.8056**,这说明锌铬复合污染对土壤脲酶活性及转化酶活性未产生复合效应。     

锌铬复合污染对水稻根系氮代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合污染对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)根系氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在锌铬复合污染下,随着重金属浓度的增加,水稻在不同生育期的生物量均降低,根冠比均有增加的趋势。在水稻不同生育期,水稻根系全氮含量及可溶性蛋白含量随铬浓度的变化规律不明显,而随锌浓度的变化规律较为明显,即随锌浓度的增加呈增大的趋势。偏相关分析表明,在水稻不同生育期,土壤中锌浓度、铬浓度与水稻根系全氮未产生复合效应,与可溶性蛋白含量在水稻分蘖期产生了Zn-Cr协同效应。这可能与在水稻不同生育期,其根系对重金属胁迫的适应程度不同有关。     

砷污染土壤对不同品种水稻生长的影响

重金属如何影响水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的生长及产量一直是粮食生产中的研究重点。利用盆栽实验,首次比较了砷（As）对三个品系（杂交稻、常规稻和糯稻）共20个品种水稻生长的影响,以期选定适合在As污染区种植的水稻品种。结果显示,不同品系水稻在As污染土壤中的生长显著不同,杂交稻的生长优于糯稻和常规稻,但糯稻和常规稻差异不显著,表明杂交稻更适宜在砷污染土壤种植。同一品系内不同品种水稻的生长也有较大差异,杂交稻II优804的干物质积累量最高,每株达到0.055g。     

锌铬复合胁迫对大豆根际土壤酶活性的影响

为研究不同Zn、Cr复合胁迫对大豆根际土壤酶活性的影响,在盆栽条件下,采用添加外源Zn、Cr的方法,测定了大豆根际和非根际土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明,不同Zn、Cr处理对大豆根际土壤脲酶活性有显著抑制效果,在Zn、Cr浓度分别为500、400 mg/kg时,大豆根际土壤脲酶活性为最低。随Zn、Cr浓度的增加,大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在Zn、Cr浓度分别为0、300 mg/kg时,达最大值,比对照提高14.80%;在Zn、Cr浓度分别为500、400 mg/kg时,仅为2.38 ml/(g·h),是最小值,比对照降低44.38%。随Zn、Cr浓度增加,大豆根际土壤蔗糖酶活性也呈现类似趋势,在Zn、Cr浓度分别为0、90 mg/kg时,达最大值3.65(mg/g·d),比对照提高9.87%;在Zn、Cr浓度分别为500、400 mg/kg时,达到最小值1.80(mg/g·d),比对照降低45.8%。同时结合偏相关分析结果发现,Zn、Cr对3种土壤酶活性均产生了协同抑制效应,且Zn的抑制作用大于Cr。     

锌铬复合胁迫对水稻植株碳氮代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合胁迫对水稻植株碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在锌铬复合胁迫下,随着土壤中锌、铬浓度的增加,水稻干物质积累量降低,根冠比及根系可溶性糖含量呈增加的趋势,而茎鞘及叶中可溶性糖含量呈降低的趋势;根系、茎鞘及叶中可溶性蛋白含量和全氮含量则呈高低起伏的变化。偏相关分析表明,土壤中锌、铬浓度与水稻根系、茎鞘及叶中可溶性糖含量,水稻根系可溶性蛋白含量均产生了Zn-Cr协同效应,而与全氮含量未产生复合效应。这说明在重金属胁迫下,水稻通过协调自身源流库的关系,提高其对逆境的生态适应能力。     

高氯酸盐与铬复合污染对水稻幼苗生长的影响

通过营养液沙培盆栽试验,研究了水稻幼苗的根长、株高和鲜重对高氯酸盐（ClO4^-）、六价铬（Cr^6＋）及其复合污染（ClO4^-＋Cr^6＋）胁迫的响应。结果表明,随着污染物处理浓度的提高,ClO4^-、Cr^6＋和ClO4^-＋Cr^6＋对水稻幼苗主要生长指标根长、株高和鲜重的抑制作用越明显,呈现出明显的浓度-效应关系;在同一浓度下,ClO4^-、Cr^6＋和ClO4^-＋Cr^6＋对水稻幼苗根长、株高和鲜重的抑制率呈明显的时间-效应关系,处理时间越长,抑制率越高;复合污染对水稻生长的抑制效应大于其中任一污染物在同浓度条件下的单一污染的影响,且随着浓度和时间的增加,抑制作用也越明显;复合污染对水稻幼苗生长的交互作用类型因处理时间和浓度组合的不同而更趋复杂。     

Cd,Pb复合污染对印度芥菜抗氧化酶活性的影响

运用二因素(Cd、Pb)五水平回归正交设计,采用盆栽试验法,对比研究了Cd、Pb复合污染胁迫对印度芥菜和油菜MDA含量,以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的影响。结果表明:在Cd、Pb复合污染胁迫下,印度芥菜和油菜MDA含量显著上升,升幅分别为13.89%～118.47%,24.22%～231.22%。油菜MDA含量上升幅度显著高于同处理印度芥菜,重金属毒害症状明显。Cd、Pb复合污染对印度芥菜和油菜体内3种抗氧化酶活性的影响效应明显不同。随着Cd、Pb复合浓度的增加,Cd、Pb协同使印度芥菜SOD活性总体上呈显著上升趋势,SOD活性最大值与对照相比上升了20.12%,而POD和CAT活性则呈先显著上升后下降的变化趋势,但POD和CAT活性最小值与对照差异不显著,且Cd、Pb之间未产生复合效应;对于油菜来说,随着Cd、Pb复合浓度的增加,SOD和POD活性总体呈显著下降趋势,最小值与对照相比分别降低了21.58%,19.06%。Cd、Pb对SOD和POD活性产生了复合效应,但主要表现为Cd的极显著抑制作用。CAT活性则呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,CAT活性最大值与对照相比上升了26.24%,最小值与对照相比降低了10.96%。因此,综合分析可知,与普通植物相比,印度芥菜能够通过调节体内的抗氧化酶活性,主要是SOD活性来提高对镉铅复合污染的生态适应性,因而表现出较高的耐受性。     

铜与草甘膦单一污染和复合污染对水稻土酶活性的影响

通过实验室培养试验,研究了铜与草甘膦单一污染和复合污染对水稻土中淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜与草甘膦单一和复合污染对土壤中4种酶活性的影响效果明显不同。当铜单一污染时,抑制淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的活性,对过氧化氢酶活性的影响是低浓度激活高浓度抑制;而草甘膦单一污染时,对4种酶活性的影响是：激活淀粉酶和脲酶,抑制过氧化氢酶,对磷酸酶活性的影响则是低浓度激活高浓度抑制。铜和草甘膦复合污染,显著改变了铜或草甘磷单一污染对土壤酶的毒性效应。即复合污染对过氧化氢酶的毒性大于单一污染;对淀粉酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的毒性,小于铜单一污染,但大于草甘磷。方差分析结果表明,不同铜浓度间和不同草甘膦浓度间4种酶活性差异均达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）;铜和草甘膦互作浓度间,淀粉酶和脲酶活性差异分别达到了显著水平和极显著水平,其他2种酶活性差异不显著。     

Cadmium concentrations in the phloem sap of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) treated with a nutrient solution containing cadmium

To obtain direct evidence for the translocation of cadmium (Cd) via the phloem, we measured the Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of 5-week-old rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kantou) treated with a nutrient solution containing Cd. The phloem sap was collected from the leaf sheaths through the cut ends of stylets of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.). Cd concentrations in the phloem sap from the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 4.6 ± 3.4 and 17.7 ± 9.8 µM, respectively. Detection of Cd in the phloem sap indicated that Cd was translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants. Cd concentrations in the xylem exudate collected from the cut basis of the leaf sheaths of the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 18.9 ± 6.4 and 64.2 ± 14.6 µM, respectively. Cd concentrations in the phloem sap were significantly lower than those in the xylem exudate, indicating that Cd is not concentrated during the transfer from xylem to phloem. To our knowledge, this is the first determination of Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of plants, and the first direct proof that Cd is translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants.     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

Cytosolic glutamine synthetase is present in the phloem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the rice sieve tube was examined. Proteins in the rice phloem sap from leaf sheaths were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidine difluoride membranes and immunoblotted with anti-GS1 antibody. A cross-reacting band, thought to be GS1, was detected in the phloem sap. Moreover, the phloem sap contained a significant amount of GS transferase activity. Previous studies have shown that the concentrations of substrates and cofactors in the rice phloem sap are sufficient for cytosolic GS reaction. These data suggest that physiologically active GS1 is present in rice phloem sap, which might convert glutamate to glutamine in vivo .     

Water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under intermittent ponding and different intensity of puddling

Abstract

To increase the water use efficiency (WUE) of rice, two sets of experiments were carried out from 1997 – 1999. Experiment one: Irrigation period of rice was divided into three stages: early (S₁, 10 – 35 days after transplanting, [DAT]); middle (S₂, 36 – 60 DAT) and late (S₃, 61 – 85 DAT). Intermittent ponding (IP) was imposed at single, two stages or the entire growing period. Continuous ponding (CP) in all three stages was taken as control. Though the highest grain yield (6.71 mg ha^?1) was obtained under control, this regime was responsible for the lowest WUE. In contrast, IP in all stages was responsible for maximum WUE with minimum yield level. Imposition of IP in S₁ resulted in higher (0.529 kg m^?3) WUE along with insignificant reduction in yield over control. Experiment two: Three puddling practices were: (i) High intensity puddling (HIP); (ii) Moderate intensity puddling (MIP); and (iii) Low intensity puddling (LIP). On average, HIP resulted in the lowest value (6.5 mm d^?1) of percolation rate. Both grain yield (6.93 mg ha^?1) and WUE (0.597 kg m^?3) attained highest value under HIP. A decrease in puddling intensity under MIP and LIP lowered the yield by 2.97 and 17.75% respectively. In the case of WUE, the reduction was 16.27 and 54.66%.     

Positional difference in potassium concentration as diagnostic index relating to plant K status and yield level in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plant tissue testing is used as a guide for rice (Oryza sativa L.) fertilization and has been extensively used in the diagnosis of potassium (K) deficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the variation in the diagnostic index of K status in different parts of the rice plant. Here, we assessed the feasibility by testing K concentrations of whole plants, leaf blades and leaf sheaths to develop a suitable diagnostic index of plant K status and yield level in rice under different K application rates. The results showed that this research could satisfy the requirements of K status diagnosis, based on the quadratic-plus-plateau relationship between K application rates and grain yield. The K concentrations of the leaf blades and leaf sheaths on the main stem showed differences based on position. Leaf blade K concentrations significantly decreased from the top of the plant to the bottom in the effective tillering and jointing stages. Conversely, K concentrations in the lower leaf blades exceeded those in the upper leaf blades in the booting and full heading stages. K concentrations in the leaf sheath were significantly reduced with declining leaf position except during the jointing stage under high K treatments. Leaf sheath/leaf blade K concentration ratios increased significantly more in lower tissues than in upper plant tissues. Correlation analysis showed that the K concentrations of all sampled plant tissues were positively correlated to plant K uptake and grain yield. However, K concentrations of the whole plant were more useful as a diagnostic index at the effective tillering stage than at other growth stages. Leaf sheaths in lower positions were preferable to upper leaf sheaths and all leaf blades for evaluating plant K status, although their K concentrations were greatly influenced by plant growth stage. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the ratio between the K concentrations of the first and fourth leaf blades (LBKR_1/4) was grouped into significantly exponential curves (P < 0.01) to describe the relationship between plant K uptake and relative grain yield. Thus, LBKR_1/4 could be an ideal indicator of rice plant K status and yield level, as it eliminated the effects of plant growth stage.     

水稻雄蕊导管发育研究

本文以水稻粤泰保持系为材料，采用ATPase定位方法研究了单核至三核花粉期雄蕊导管的发育。单核边位花粉期，分化的导管胞质变浓厚、细胞核染色质浓缩、核转变为新月形并出现凋亡小体；此外，导管内物质也可以大分子形式直接撤离。单核边位晚期，雄蕊导管发育成熟。在二核和三核花粉期，导管内重新出现具有ATPase活性的物质，同样的现象也存在于农垦58s可育花药成熟导管中。以上结果暗示水稻雄蕊导管分化存在程序性死亡及非程序性死亡多种途径，水稻成熟导管内具有ATPase活性物质可能是一种普遍现象。     

Quantification of zinc transport via the phloem to the grain in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) at early grain-filling by a combination of mathematical modeling and 65Zn tracing

Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for human beings, and most Zn intake occurs through vegetables or cereals such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains. Recently, we detected Zn as well as cadmium, which may be partitioned to rice grains, in the phloem saps from the uppermost internodes of rice and in the xylem saps from the cut stems at early grain-filling. To quantify Zn transport to the grains via the phloem and xylem, a mathematical model previously developed for cadmium transport to rice grains was applied. We examined the translocation of zinc into the grains of rice plants at early grain-filling by feeding zinc-65 (⁶⁵Zn) via a root-bathing medium, through culm cuts above and below the flag-leaf nodes, and through the flag leaves. The estimate made using the mathematical model and experimental data for three types of ⁶⁵Zn transport suggests that the grain Zn may be accumulated predominantly via the phloem through two means of transport, phloem transport of stored Zn from the leaves and, more importantly, xylem-to-phloem transfer at the nodes from Zn as it is being absorbed. The Zn transport via the phloem to the grains is more selective than that of cadmium, a non-nutrient element, as also evidenced by the greater transport of cadmium to the glumes via the xylem.