Manganese Deficiency in Canola Induced by Liming to Ameliorate Soil Acidity

Applying lime to ameliorate soil acidity has been observed to induce manganese (Mn) deficiency in canola (Brassica napus L.) crops grown on acid sandy soils near Albany and gravelly acid sands of the Great Southern Districts of southwestern Australia. These soils were often Mn-deficient in patches for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production when they were newly cleared for agriculture requiring application of Mn fertilizer to ensure grain yields were not reduced by the deficiency. Since then, these soils have acidified and in the 1990s, canola started to be grown on these soils in rotation with wheat and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.). These limed soils may now have become marginal to deficient in Mn for canola production. The effect of liming may change the effectiveness of fertilizer Mn. In addition, the effect of liming on the residual value of Mn fertilizer applied to these soils for canola production is unknown. Therefore, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using Mn deficient sand. Three levels of finely-powdered calcium carbonate were added and incubated in moist soil for 42 days at 22±2°C to produce 3 soils with different pH values [1:5 soil:0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂)]: 4.9 (original soil), 6.3, and 7.5. Five Mn levels, as solutions of Mn sulfate, were then added and incubated in moist soil for 0, 50, and 100 days before sowing canola. To estimate the residual value (RV) of incubated Mn for canola production, the effectiveness of the incubated Mn was calculated relative to the effectiveness of Mn applied just before sowing canola (freshly-applied Mn). The RV of the incubated Mn was determined using yield of dried canola shoots, the Mn application level required to produce 90% of the maximum shoot yield, and Mn content in dried shoots (Mn concentration in shoots multiplied by yield of dried shoots). As measured using both yield of dried shoots and Mn content of dried shoots, the residual value of Mn decreased with increasing soil pH and with increasing period of incubation of Mn with moist soil. The critical Mn concentration, for 90% of the total yield of dried canola shoots, was (mg Mn kg^?1) ～17 in youngest mature growth (apex and youngest emerged leaf, YMG), and ～22 for the rest of dried shoots. These values were similar to current critical values for un-limed soils suggesting critical Mn concentrations remain the same for limed soils. Plant testing of canola is recommended if soils are to be limed to ameliorate soil acidity. When plant tests indicate a high likelihood of Mn deficiency, foliar Mn sprays need to be applied to that crop to ensure Mn deficiency does not reduce grain production that year, and fertilizer Mn needs to be re-applied to the soil when sowing the next crop to reduce the likelihood of Mn deficiency for subsequent crops.     

Micronutrient cation survey of lowland rice in sierra leone

Abstract

Lowland rice plants were sampled at two growth stages and analyzed for Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. Most of the sites were deficient in Cu and one‐third of the sites were rated deficient in Zn. All sites were in the adequate range with respect to Mn. Many Fe values were in the excess to toxic range. Average content of micronutrient cations in rice plants was uniformly greater 30 days after the rice was transplanted than 60 days after transplanting.

Correlations between extractable Mn in lowland soils and Mn in associated rice plants were highly significant with the DTPA extractant and significant with the HCl method, both 30 and 60 days after the rice was transplanted. With HCl, extractable Fe in lowland soils was highly correlated with Fe in associated rice plants, but this relationship was not as close with the DTPA extractant.

In lowland soils, extractable Zn increased significantly and consistently with increases in Cu and Mn extracted with DTPA and HCl. Extractable Zn also increased significantly with increases in Fe when the HCl extractant was used, but not with DTPA.     

太行山中段典型低山丘陵区土壤营养元素丰缺评价

对河北省元氏县前仙乡微地域环境内不同地貌土壤中的营养元素进行了分析评价,查明有效态N含量低、P含量较低，6种微量营养元素亦严重缺乏。其中有90%以上的土壤缺Zn、Mn，80%以上的土壤缺Mo、B，60%以上的土壤缺Cu、Fe。相关统计分析表明，土壤有效态元素含量低与有机质含量低呈显著相关，不同地形影响的土壤类型差异亦是造成土壤肥力不同的重要因素。     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with an Mn hyperaccumulator—Phytolacca americana,in Mn mining area

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting metal-hyperaccumulating plants in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the symbiosis and community composition of AMF associated with manganese (Mn) hyperaccumulator, such as Phytolacca americana, growing on Mn-contaminated soils under natural conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze AMF diversity and community composition in P. americana roots growing at an Mn mining site. Molecular techniques were used to analyze AMF community composition and phylogenetic relationship in P. americana roots sampled from three Mn mine spoils and one adjacent reference areas. Results obtained showed that mycorrhizal symbionts successfully established even in the most heavily Mn-polluted sites. Root colonization and AMF diversity were significantly negatively correlated with total and extractable Mn concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Mn contamination impacted AMF diversity, and shaped AMF community structure. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant genus in this AMF community. Some unique sequences that occurred exclusively in heavily polluted sites associated with P. americana may belong to symbiotic fungi with great potential for improving the phytoremediation efficiency of Mn-contaminated soils.     

Manganese relationships in spring wheat and spring barley production in Northern Idaho

Abstract

Manganese is often limiting in cereal crop production in the Kootenai River Valley of Northern Idaho; however, attempts to relate DTPA‐extractable Mn in soils to crop yield response have not been successful. Consequently, Mn plant tissue diagnosis may be an alternate diagnostic tool. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the critical nutrient concentration (CNC) of Mn in spring wheat and spring barley tissue in the Kootenai River Valley of northern Idaho, (2) examine yield response of spring wheat and spring barley to Mn fertilization, and (3) assess relative efficiencies of foliar and surface broadcast Mn applications to these crops. Paired plots with four replications consisting of a foliar Mn application rate of 1.5 kg ha^‐1 and a control were located at four sites in 1988 and at ten sites in 1989. Soil, plant tissue samples and grain yield data were evaluated by linear plateau regression to determine CNCs of Mn for spring wheat and spring barley tissue. In addition, five randomized complete block experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate Mn fertilizer rates and sources (foliar vs. surface applied) on spring wheat and spring barley production. Tissue Mn was highly correlated by linear plateau regression to both spring wheat (r² = 0.74**) and spring barley (r² = 0.70**) grain yield. The Mn CNC was established at 11.0 mg Mn kg‐¹ plant tissue for spring wheat and 10.1 mg Mn kg^‐1 plant tissue for spring barley. The Mn CNCs were established at 92.4 and 93.0% of maximum yield for spring wheat and spring barley, respectively. DTPA‐extractable Mn was not significantly correlated to grain yield for either crop (r² = 0.02, NS). Based on study results, Mn analysis of spring wheat and spring barley plant tissue was diagnostic of eventual grain yield. When tissue diagnosis showed plants to be deficient in Mn, the deficiency was corrected by applying Mn fertilizer as a surface broadcast or a foliar spray. However, foliar application of Mn was more efficient than broadcast application.     

山东省主要土类高产农田的微量元素及其与理化指标的相关性研究

研究了山东省3大土类2个产量水平土壤表层的5种主要微量元素(Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、B)含量及其与土壤主要理化指标的相关性.结果表明:不同土类的微量元素含量有明显差异,其特征是棕壤严重缺B,富含Fe和Mn.高产农田的有效Fe含量为13.10mg/kg,显著高于中低产田:有效Mn、有效Zn、有效Cu和有效B的含量分别为16.5、1.63、1.40、0.92mg/kg,也高于中低产田,但差异不显著.高产农田缺Mn、轻缺Zn比例分别为9%和33%,略大于中低产田,而缺B比例为28%,则略低于中低产田,其他微量元素不缺.     

土壤养分状况系统研究法及其应用初报

本文介绍了一个土壤养分状况系统研究方法，该方法包括土壤样品１１种元素的速效含量测定、土壤对７种营养元素的吸附试验、盆栽试验和田间试验。应用该方法研究了１０４个土壤养分状况，盆栽试验发现１００个土壤缺氮，１０１个缺磷，６０个缺钾，３８个缺锌，２３个缺硫，２２个缺硼，分别有１９、１８、１４、１３、１１和３个土壤缺钼、钙、镁、铜、锰和铁。盆栽试验得到的结果在部分土壤的田间试验中得到了验证。     

玉米-红薯-小麦轮作中的高产施肥——用系统研究法确定重庆土壤的养分限制因子

A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yewwlow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing,China,to study balanced fertilixation for corn,sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N,P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu,Mn S and Zn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca,Mg,Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn,sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%,28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers‘ practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.     

土壤养分状况系统研究法在土壤肥力研究及测土施肥中的应用

土壤养分状况系统研究法应用美国国际农化中心的ASI联合浸提液(0.25mol/L NaHCO3-0.01mol/L EDTA-0.01mol/L NH4F)测定土壤中11种大、中、微量元素含量,结合土壤对营养元素的吸附研究和盆栽试验,判断土壤中存在的和潜在的养分限制因子,用以指导田间试验和施肥推荐。在全围17个省(市、自治区)范围内选取了140个土壤样品,应用该方法对土壤养分状况进行了研究。盆栽试验结果表明,土壤中氮、磷、钾、锌、硫、铜、硼、锰、钼、镁、钙和铁成为限制因子的土壤分别为137、126、84、68、45、37、36、34、28、25、20和17个。应用Cate和Nelson的方法估计出11种元素(钼除外)测定值在盆栽条件下的临界值。 应用在原取土地块安排的田间试验的资料估计出大田条件下应用ASI联合浸提液测定的土壤磷、钾含量的临界值分别为15mg/L和90mg/L。应用河北省玉田县试验和示范资料建立的计算机测土施肥模型综合考虑了土壤中各种营养元素的综合平衡和土壤对磷、钾的吸附固定能力。     

太原市污灌区土壤有效态铜锌和锰含量评价

为了研究太原市污水灌溉对土壤有效态元素铜、锌和锰含量的影响,对太原市污水灌溉区（小店区、尖草坪区、晋源区和清徐县）150个土壤样品有效态微量元素铜、锌和锰的含量和分布进行了测定和分析。结果表明,长期污水灌溉导致该区土壤铜、锌和锰的含量均高于文献测定值。有效铜含量晋源区〉小店区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,分级评价结果均以中等级含量为主;有效锌含量小店区〉晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,除小店区以低、中级含量为主外,其他3个污灌区均以低等级含量为主;有效锰含量晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区〉小店区,其分级分布情况变异最大,除小店区以低等级含量为主外,其他研究区域有效态锰均以高等级和极高等级含量为主。整体来看,研究区整体缺锌,有效铜含量适中,有效锰含量较高。     

Manganese retention by selected calcareous soils as related to soil properties

Abstract

Calcareous soils often need supplemental manganese (Mn) to support optimum plant growth, but some reports show that the apparent recovery of applied Mn is very low in such soils, i.e., nearly all of the applied Mn is retained in the soil. This experiment was conducted to find the relationship between the retained Mn and selected properties of calcareous soils. Eleven surface (0–20 cm) soil samples with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.1 and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) ranging from 20 to 50% were used in the Mn adsorption study. Two‐gram subsamples of each soil were equilibrated with 20 mL of 0.01M CaCl₂ solutions initially containing 10 to 200 mg Mn L^‐1. The Mn that disappeared from solution (after 6 h shaking at 25°C) was considered as adsorbed (retained) Mn. The adsorption data showed a highly significant fit to Freundlich and also to the two‐surface Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The coefficients of both isotherms showed significant positive correlations with cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and CCE of the soils indicating that OM and calcium carbonate are the sites of Mn retention in calcareous soils. Comparison of the adsorption data of this experiment with those of plant Mn uptake of the same soils (published earlier) shows that as the Langmuir second surface adsorption maxima (maximum retention capacity) of the soils increase the plant Mn concentration and uptake decrease.     

Neubauer seedling technique to determine availability of nutrient elements for wheat from selected South African soils

Abstract

The quantity of plant nutrient elements removed from soil by wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings were compared with the results of soil tests. Four soils were selected to represent the major parent material and climatic factors responsible for the formation of important agricultural soils in the central eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Acid‐washed sand was used as control. Seedlings were grown for 21 days and nutrient element content in both plant material and soil were determined. Soils derived from dolerite rocks had significantly (P<0.05) higher calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P) than those derived from sedimentary rocks. However, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were higher in soils derived from sedimentary rocks compared to those from dolerite rocks. The differences are attributed to elemental composition of minerals in the two parent rock materials. Within each rock group, soils derived from sites with higher temperature and low rainfall (semi‐arid climate) had significantly (p<0.05) higher nutrient element content than those from sites with lower temperatures and higher rainfall (humid climate). As far as plant growth is concerned, all the soils were well supplied with Ca, Mg, K, Na, and zinc (Zn), but were deficient in P, Fe, and Mn. The trend in uptake of soil nutrient elements by wheat seedlings mirrored their concentration in the soils. Estimates of plant‐available nutrient elements as determined by soil tests and their uptake as determined by tissue concentration were highly correlated for some nutrient elements (r²=0.83, 0.79, 0.94, 0.54, 0.69, and 0.61 for Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, and Zn, respectively) and weak for others (r²=0.47, 0.35, and 0.37 for Fe, Mn, and Cu, respectively). Notwithstanding the shortcomings of extrapolating pot derived results to field conditions, it is concluded that the Neubauer technique may offer a rapid and relatively inexpensive way of relating extractable nutrient elements with plant uptake and growth. Further in country correlation studies are, however, recommended.     

Nutrient status of the lowbush blueberry,Lac‐Saint‐Jean area,Québec,Canada

Abstract

The lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) is an important commercial crop of the Lac‐Saint‐Jean area (Quebec, Canada). The major blueberry fields are located on sandy soils relatively poor in available mineral nutrients. The nutrients originate from a thin organic layer found on the top of these sandy soils. The leaf mineral contents (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B) were measured in five blueberry fields during 1984 and 1985. Soil pH and soil available P, K, and Mg were also assessed. The results show that the leaf mineral contents are generally adequate. However, K and Zn might be occasionally deficient when compared to the actual established standards. The available Mg in soil was significantly correlated with the leaf Mg concentration. The data also suggest that the increase of the pH following the burn pruning seems to influence the nutrition of this species.     

Growth and manganese uptake by soybean in highly calcareous soils as affected by native and applied manganese and predicted by nine different extractants

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) becomes a limiting factor of plant growth under some soil conditions. High pH and abundance of free calcium carbonate in calcareous soils are conducive to Mn‐deficient plants. The Mn status of highly calcareous soils in Iran has not been studied in detail. This experiment was conducted to obtain such information. Twenty‐three surface (0–20 cm) soil samples with pHs from 7.7 to 8.2 and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) from 19 to 46% were used in a 7‐week greenhouse study with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The experiment was a 23 × 3 factorial with three replicates, i.e., 23 soils and 3 Mn levels (0, 15, and 30 mg/kg soil as manganese sulfate). Extractable Mn of the untreated soils were determined before planting by nine different procedures. Dry matter yield, Mn concentration of soybean tops, and Mn uptake were used as the measure of plant response. Multiple regression equations showed that the most influencial soil properties in extractability of Mn in highly calcareous soils are cation exchange capacity (CEC) and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE). Application of Mn increased dry matter, Mn concentration and Mn uptake of soybean plants in most soils. The Mn concentration of plants on some of the soils, however, decreased following the application of Mn. This was attributed to dilution effect caused by enhanced growth. The recovery of applied Mn in all soils was low, persumably due to conversion of the applied Mn to unavailable forms. Regression equations were developed to predict dry matter, Mn concentration, and Mn uptake by plants from soil Mn extracted by water, hydrochloric acid, disodium‐EDTA, and EDTA‐ammonium acetate.     

FOLIAR SPRAY EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFY NO BORON DEFICIENCY BUT MOLYBDENUM AND MANGANESE DEFICIENCY FOR CANOLA GRAIN PRODUCTION ON ACIDIFIED SANDY GRAVEL SOILS IN SOUTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA

Since the early 1990s canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) has become a major crop species grown on the predominantly sandy soils of southwestern Australia. Numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the fertilizer requirements of the crop in the region. This paper reports results of a field experiment conducted at three sites on typical acidified (pH [Ca] ～4.6) sandy gravel soils to identify if molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn) or boron (B) were deficient for canola grain production. Different levels of each element, separately or as mixtures, were applied as foliar sprays at mid-flowering. Maximum grain yield responses of ～11–20% to applied Mo, as sodium molybdate (39% Mo), were obtained when 40 g Mo/ha was applied. Maximum grain yield responses of ～13–28% to applied Mn were achieved by applying 1000 g ha^?1 Mn, as manganese sulfate (24% Mn). A mixture of 40 g Mo ha^?1 and 1000 g Mn ha^?1 increased grain yields by ～15–38%. Boron, applied as borax (11% B), sprayed individually or in combination with Mo or/and Mn, had no effect on grain yields. None of the foliar spray treatments had any effect on oil concentration in canola grain. The sprays did not cause any visible damage to foliage. Soil acidification has been shown to induce Mo deficiency for cereal crops in the region and both soil acidification and induced Mo deficiency are alleviated by applying sufficient lime to raise pH of top 10 cm soil to 5.5 or greater, and this strategy should also apply to canola. Further research is required to determine the fertilizer Mn requirements for canola grain production in the region.     

Interaction of silicon,iron, and manganese in rice (oryza sativa L.) rhizosphere at low ph in relation to rice growth

Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) nutrition is influenced by the interactions of (Iron) Fe, (Manganese) Mn, and (Silicon) Si in the rhizosphere. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with rice grown in four low‐pH soils (a granitic lateritic red earth, a paddy soil from the red earth, a basaltic latosol, and a paddy soil from the latosol). Rice was grown in pots with the roots confined in rhizobags and the rhizosphere soil and nonrhizosphere soil were analyzed separately for active Si, Fe, and Mn by Tamm's solution. Silicon and Mn concentrations were lower in the rhizosphere soil indicating a depletion which was higher for the basaltic soils and for the paddy soils. Iron concentrations were higher in the rhizosphere soil indicating an accumulation that was higher for granitic soils and for the upland soils. Plant growth response was due mostly to Mn with the basaltic soils supplying toxic amounts and the granitic soils being deficient. Iron accumulation in the rhizosphere caused lower plant uptake of Si, phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) and higher Fe and aluminum (Al) absorption leading to the conclusion that Fe deposition on plant roots and in rhizosphere may block the uptake of other nutrients.     

土壤速效养分的吸附特征与生物有效性

应用化学分析、吸附反应和生物诊断方法,系统研究了六个土壤中养分的丰缺状况,确定了供试土壤存在的养分限制因子及其严重程度。结果表明,供试土壤普遍缺氮,部分土壤中磷、钾、硫、铁和铜供应不足,个别土壤中锌和硼含量偏低。在低锰浓度的吸附液中.土壤对锰的吸附强烈;铜、锌和硼吸附率不受相应吸附液浓度的制约;在高磷、硫浓度的吸附液中,各土壤对磷、硫的吸附率差距增大。三大土类的基础生产力不同,植株干重在2.73～5.55克/盆范围内变化,补充营养元素后,生产力显著提高,土类间差距缩小。 运用系统研究法得出的这些结论,针对性强,但个别环节尚需继续改进。     

Manganese deficiency in wheat genotypes: Physiological responses and manganese deficiency tolerance index

Manganese (Mn) deficiency limits wheat productivity on sandy loam, calcareous and alkaline soils cropped with rice. Variation of wheat genotypes to sustain production and Mn use from Mn deficient condition was investigated to screen efficient genotypes. Forty-seven diverse wheat genotypes were evaluated on Mn sufficient (0.195 µM) and Mn deficient (0 µM) nutrient solution to elucidate physiological basis of Mn deficiency tolerance and to develop manganese deficiency tolerance index (MDTI). Shoot dry weight and mean Mn accumulation was 136.7% and 76.5% enhanced when Mn nutrition was improved, respectively. Efficient genotypes under limited Mn had lower root length/shoot weight ratio but higher relative shoot growth rate with higher shoot demand on root which reflected higher Mn influx. Genotypes were classified as tolerant (>0.66), semi-tolerant (0.33–0.66) and sensitive (<0.33) on the basis of MDTI (0–1 scale). Manganese efficient genotypes are most desirable for sustainable production of wheat under low Mn.     

Alfalfa responses to foliar and soil applications of manganese

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) deficiency often occurs in crops grown on well‐limed sandy soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the United States. This study was conducted to compare the responses of established alfalfa (Medicago sativa S.) to various application methods of manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) fertilizer. Experiments conducted in farmers’ fields at three New Jersey locations determined the effects of applied Mn on forage yield, tissue Mn concentration, and leaf chlorophyll meter readings. An untreated control was compared to the following treatments: foliar Mn applied once before each harvest, foliar Mn applied twice before each harvest, and a one‐time broadcast Mn application in April Or May at 22.4 kg Mn/ha to the soil surface. The rate of foliar Mn used in 1990 was 1.12 kg Mn/ha and in 1991 was 0.56 kg Mn/ha at each treatment time. Forage yield increases were greater with foliar than soil‐applied Mn but there were no differences between foliar‐applied Mn treatments. Total seasonal forage yields were increased (P<0.05) at all three locations with foliar‐applied Mn but at only one location with soil‐applied Mn. When averaged across all locations, forage yields were 6.4% higher than the control for the foliar‐applied Mn treatments compared to 2.9% higher for the soil‐applied Mn treatment. A Mn concentration of 21 mg/kg was determined as the critical level in the upper 15 cm of alfalfa tissue at the early bloom growth stage. Foliar Mn applied twice between harvests most effectively increased tissue Mn concentrations. Soil‐applied Mn initially increased tissue Mn concentration, but there was little long‐term benefit from this treatment. Applied Mn was observed to improve leaf color and chlorophyll meter readings of Mn‐deficient alfalfa. Results indicate that foliar Mn applied before each harvest was a more effective treatment for correction of Mn deficiency of alfalfa than a one‐time soil application of Mn.