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1.
坡地土壤侵蚀机理研究进展与现状   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
雨滴击溅、地面径流在坡地侵蚀中起着重要的作用。雨滴击溅的功能是破坏土壤结构,消除击溅后侵蚀量可降低60%以上。天然坡地水流是一种混合状态的水流,其流速与水深成正比。在薄层水流动力的作用下,侵蚀量随地表坡度增加呈幂函数增大;在击溅和水流共同作用下,侵蚀量与地表坡度呈二次抛物线型关系。细沟流的作用主要是输移从沟间地来的泥沙和被雨滴溅起的固体物。80年代以来,国内外在坡地侵蚀的物理过程模拟模型研究方面有了较快的发展。  相似文献   

2.
雨滴击溅对薄层水流水力摩阻系数的影响   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13  
采用模拟降雨的试验方法,在分析计算有无雨滴击溅作用坡面薄层水流水力摩阻系数的基础上,进一步分析了雨滴击溅作用对薄层水流水力摩阻系数的影响。结果表明,雨滴击溅作用可减少薄层水流的水力摩阻系数,从而减少水流摩擦阻力,使水流侵蚀力相对增大;有雨滴击溅作用时其水力摩阻系数平均为无雨滴击溅时的66.14%。这说明雨滴的击溅除了本身的分散和破坏土壤结构等侵蚀作用外,还可降低水流的水力摩阻系数,从而增加径流的冲  相似文献   

3.
关于对雨滴溅蚀数学模型的改进意见   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
据吴普特等的模型与资料,本文将坡面雨滴溅蚀数学模型改进为Sr=7.459(EI)0.054S0.471-150.048  相似文献   

4.
黄土坡面薄层水流侵蚀试验研究   总被引:20,自引:2,他引:18  
采取人工模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面薄层水流馆进行了系统研究,结果表明,薄水液仍属层液范畴,定义为搅动层流(agitated lamiar flow),以区别于明渠水流中的层流,其流动型态为超临界流,薄水充蚀蚀搬运方式以推移运动来完成,所产生的泥沙是接触质,雨滴击溅侵蚀是薄层水流侵蚀物质的主要来源,可占总量侵蚀量的70%以上,最高可达95%,此外雨滴击溅还可降低薄层水流的水力摩阻系数,减少水流的摩擦阻力,从而增加薄层水流的冲刷力,据实验结果,该平均值可达66.14%。  相似文献   

5.
采用人工模拟实验,对黄土雨滴击溅下坡面薄层漫流的流态、扰动能力和输沙特征进行了研究,结果显示:雨滴击溅作用下坡面薄层漫流的流态既不是层流也不是紊流,属于雨滴垂向作用下的高度混掺"扰动流";泥沙剥蚀量较无雨滴击溅薄层流剥蚀量显著增大,击溅雨滴直径越大,泥沙剥蚀量也越大,呈指数规律变化,表明雨滴击溅作用是薄层漫流泥沙剥蚀的主要动力。雨滴击溅对薄层漫流的扰动能力随着水流深度和雨滴直径比值的增大呈幂指数关系减小,当雨滴直径大于薄层漫流水深的2.5~3.0倍时,雨滴击溅对薄层漫流基本无扰动作用。基于雨滴击溅的主要影响因子,提出了缓坡坡面扰动系数预测方程,对研究薄层漫流泥沙流失预报模型具有重要意义。  相似文献   

6.
雨滴击溅对坡面径流输沙的影响   总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4  
针对雨滴击溅下坡面径流输沙研究中存在的研究方法及机理需要深入探讨的问题,通过室内人工模拟降雨与放水冲刷试验相对比的方法,研究有无雨滴击溅对坡面径流输沙的影响。研究结果表明:雨滴击溅会增强水流的紊动作用和水流流态的不稳定性,但这并不意味着雨滴击溅总是增加坡面输沙的强度;当坡度较大时(10°~12°),随雨强的增加,雨滴击溅对坡面流单宽输沙率的贡献由增强转为抑制。初步给出坡面输沙的影响因素及雨滴击溅对坡面产沙的贡献关系。上述研究对深入探讨坡面输沙机理提供了新的认识。  相似文献   

7.
地表坡度对雨滴溅蚀的影响   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:20       下载免费PDF全文
采用人工模拟降雨的试验方法,分别研究了地表坡度对向上坡,侧坡及下坡溅蚀量的影响。结果表明:向上坡、侧坡溅蚀量与地表坡度的关系大致为抛物线型,临界坡度在10°~15°与20°~25°之间,但当i=2.037mm/min时,向侧坡溅蚀量与地表坡度为幂函数关系,临界坡度消失。向下坡溅蚀量与地表坡度成线性递增关系,其递增速率随雨强的增加而增大。最后给出了雨滴溅蚀总量与EI及地表坡度S的复因子关系式。ST=5.985(EI)0.544S0.471式中:ST=——单位面积上的溅蚀总量(g);E——雨滴动能(J/m2);I——降雨强度(mm/min);S——地表坡度(°)  相似文献   

8.
黄土结皮的发育机理与侵蚀效应研究   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
了解土壤结皮的发育特征及其对侵蚀的影响作用,是认识土壤侵蚀机理、建立精准侵蚀预报模型的重要理论支持之一。本文通过模拟降雨试验,探讨有无雨滴打击作用下黄土结皮的发育过程以及前期有无结皮时结皮侵蚀效应的动态特征。结果表明:(1)随降雨的进行,黄土结皮发生层容重、抗剪强度(含水率为20%)不断增加,30min内形成厚度约3~4mm稳定结皮层;(2)消除雨滴打击后,黄土结皮发育过程同有雨滴打击时类似,但程度减弱。雨滴打击同湿润作用对黄土结皮形成的贡献作用基本相当;(3)降雨初期有、无结皮处理抗剪强度差别大,随后急剧下降并趋同,因而黄土结皮影响抗蚀性的作用微弱,累积溅蚀量的差异主要由溅蚀起始时间的变化引起;(4)黄土结皮的存在明显的减少入渗、增加径流,但结皮效应随降雨进行逐渐消失。溅蚀效应的函数表达式为C=0.6670ln(t)-3.2459,结合溅蚀量的计算式,可较为准确地预测前期无结皮时某降雨历时的累积溅蚀量。  相似文献   

9.
雨滴侵蚀特征分析   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
引起水土流失发生的侵蚀营力是多方面的,其中雨滴的侵蚀作用不可忽视.雨滴击溅可分为干土溅散、泥浆溅散、层状侵蚀三个阶段.溅蚀具有明显的分带性,坡面上部的土壤溅蚀量大于坡面下部的土壤溅蚀量,雨滴击溅中约有75%的土粒向坡下迁移.雨滴中数直径D_(50)、降雨强度、雨滴终点速度与雨滴动能成正比关系,雨滴动能是地表径流动能的256倍,EI_(30)乘积是较好的表示雨滴侵蚀力指数的方法.  相似文献   

10.
降雨侵蚀数学仿真模型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
当雨滴击溅力和地表径流冲刷力超过土壤颗粒的内聚力时,便会发生降雨侵蚀。基于这个基本观点,本文通过一种理论的方法对降雨侵蚀过程进行了描述。击溅力和冲刷力可通过雨滴和径流产生的动量通量求得。为计算土壤可蚀性,引入一个临界动量通量,它取决于前期侵蚀量。该模型与实验数据进行了校验,校验后的模型经计算机运行后,其结果与野外实测结果较为吻合。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

17.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

18.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

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