宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征研究

为探明龟裂碱土的基本盐分状况,并建立在滴灌利用条件下基于电导率的土壤主要盐分性质的预测模型,本文在野外调查、取样和化学分析的基础上,利用经典统计分析方法,对我国宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征进行了研究.结果表明,龟裂碱土剖面内盐分含量总体呈现“表聚”现象,主要盐分离子含量随深度增加逐渐降低.Cl-和Na+是该土壤中最主要的阴阳离子,且在上层土壤中表现尤为突出,HCO3+含量在100 cm以下的土层中逐渐增加.表层土壤钠吸附比(SAR)值较大,均在15(mmol/L)0.5以上,pH值在8.5～10之间.Na+与Cl-的相关性最强,相关性系数为0.902 (P＜0.01),Na+与SO42-、HCO3-的相关性次之.土壤饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)和Cl-、Na+、可溶性总盐(TSS)含量及SAR值显著正相关(P＜0.01).土壤Cl-、Na+、TSS含量及SAR可由自变量为ECe的数学回归方程来表达,且预测精度可靠,可快速、经济地模拟和预测该地区土壤Cl-、Na+、TSS含量及SAR值,为本区域滴灌精准改良利用条件下龟裂碱土的盐渍化状况评价提供参考.     

不同种植年限覆膜滴灌盐碱地土壤盐分离子分布特征

为了研究长期覆膜滴灌对土壤化学性质的影响,该文通过时空转化的方法研究了覆膜滴灌种植春玉米1a和2a的盐碱地土壤盐分及盐分离子在0～150 cm土壤削面上的分布特征,同时以试验地附近未种植的盐碱荒地作为对照.结果表明,覆膜滴灌条件下,当滴头下方20 cm处土壤基质势为-10 kPa时,0～40 cm土层土壤盐分含量、各种盐分离子含量、土壤pH值、Cl-/SO24和钠吸附比(SAR)随滴灌种植年限增加向降低.这表明根区土壤环境随种植年限增加逐渐变好,有利于作物生长.与盐碱荒地相比,滴灌种植以后40 cm以下土层Cl-含量、Na 含量、Cl-/SO24、钠吸附比(SAR)均增加了.     

施用石膏对苏北滩涂盐渍土浸提液电导率换算关系的影响

采用土壤饱和浸提液、土水比1︰1浸提液和土水比1︰5浸提液3种方法,测定了苏北滩涂地区施用石膏改良土壤样品的电导率和p H。结果表明:未用石膏改良的土壤饱和浸提液电导率与土水比1︰1及1︰5浸提液电导率之间存在显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.988和0.979;在施用石膏情况下,土壤饱和浸提液和土水比1︰5浸提液电导率均随石膏添加有一定程度升高,且二者之间仍有良好的线性相关关系,其换算关系为:ECe=1.42+6.86×EC1︰5(r=0.980**);且施用石膏能显著改善土壤碱化程度,降低土壤p H。本实验研究条件下,建议研究区石膏施用量为3 g/kg(即0.6 kg/m2)。     

江苏典型滩涂区地下水及土壤的盐分特征研究

本文通过大量采样分析及数值拟合等方法,研究获得江苏典型滩涂分布区的地下水以及土壤的盐分含量、盐分离子组成特征及其分布规律;分别获得了地下水矿化度与地下水电导率、土壤全盐量与1:5土水比浸提液电导率之间的关系函数,应用这些关系函数将能够快速获得具有良好精度的相应要素的测定结果。本文研究成果将为江苏滩涂开发利用提供重要的理论及决策依据,并因而具有较为广泛的应用前景。     

黄河下游三角洲盐渍区表层土壤积盐影响因子及其强度分析

采用通径分析方法研究了黄河下游三角洲盐渍区表层土壤(0～10cm)积盐的影响因子及其强度的主次关系,结果表明:表土积盐过程受到盐源分布、盐分离子化学特征、土壤理化性质、地下水状况以及区域性气候条件的综合影响;旱季条件下研究区土壤盐渍化程度较高且盐分表聚性明显;土壤盐源分布对表土层积盐的影响强度最大,其次是盐分离子组成化学特征,表土层理化属性和地下水状况主要通过其它因素对表土层积盐产生间接影响;反映盐源分布的亚表土层(10～20cm)盐分和反映土壤盐分离子化学组成特征的钠吸附比SAR、氯硫比Cl-/SO42-是表土层积盐的主要控制因素。该研究结果为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地的科学管理与改良利用提供参考依据。     

再生水盐分在亚热带不同土壤中的迁移特性及其差异

为了合理评价再生水灌溉盐分对土壤环境的影响，分析盐溶液淋溶亚热带土壤流出液盐分变化规律及其对土壤化学性质的影响差异，该文采用定水头入渗法，模拟不同浓度钠盐溶液淋溶黏性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、紫色土、水稻土等5种亚热带地区土壤，并观测土壤流出液电导率（EC）和pH值的差异。试验结果表明：1）高浓度盐溶液对黏粒含量较高的红壤、紫色土、黏性潮土的穿透能力弱于黏粒含量较低的水稻土和沙性潮土。同等浓度水平处理达到相同的穿透程度，酸性土壤（红壤、紫色土、水稻土）能承受更多的低质水量。2）盐分在土壤中的迁移速度主要由土壤理化性质决定，土壤黏粒含量、交换性铝含量会显著减缓盐分在土壤中的迁移能力，而土壤粉粒含量、EC、pH值以及交换性钙、镁含量会促进盐分在土壤中的迁移。盐分更容易穿透碱性土壤（黏性潮土和沙性潮土）而流出，碱性土壤流出液相对EC最大变化速率比酸性土壤高36%。基于Boltzmann函数拟合表明，入渗水盐浓度及土壤理化性质对模型参数有显著影响（P<0.05）。3）土壤化学性质受入渗液盐分浓度的影响程度不仅与土壤本身的化学性质有关，也与土壤质地中的粉粒、黏粒含量有极显著的关系（P<0.01）。各浓度盐溶液对碱性土壤的pH值影响不明显，对酸性土壤的pH值影响较大，其流出液pH值减少1.6～2.6个单位，其中红壤的pH值变化最大，其次为紫色土。入渗液EC高于4.77 dS/m的处理对土壤流出液的稳定pH值影响增幅不明显。因此，利用低质水灌溉时要依据土壤理化性质合理限定水中盐浓度。     

风化煤改变黄河三角洲盐渍化土壤溶液组分的过程

黄河三角洲盐渍土改良具有重要的经济和社会意义。风化煤(0%、1%、3%、5%)添加到不同含盐量(1.0 mg·g-1、7.5 mg·g-1、35.3 mg·g-1)的滨海盐渍化土壤后,可降低土壤浸提液的钠吸附比(Sodium adsorption ratio,SAR)及Cl-/SO42-比,有助于减轻盐渍危害。7.5 mg·g-1含盐量土壤在5%添加下SAR由7.81降为6.61,Cl-/SO42-由10.20降为8.25。风化煤中丰富的羧基等表面官能团及Ca2+,可通过三个作用过程改变盐渍化土壤溶液的离子组成,涉及:1)风化煤固相Ca2+与溶液Na+离子的交换,从而降低土壤溶液中Na+的浓度和危害;2)溶液中Ca2+与土壤交换性Na+的置换,有助于土壤团聚体的形成和Na+的淋洗;3)溶液中的Na+与风化煤中的溶解性有机质形成络合物,使Na+的活度和植物有效性降低,间接起到减害作用。此外,钠吸附比和氯硫比可用于在实验室初步判断风化煤等物料用于盐渍土改良的潜力和效果。     

地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地不同滴灌种植年限土壤盐分分布特征

采用时空替代的研究方法,研究地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地不同滴灌种植年限(0、1、2、3年)对土壤盐分及不同盐分离子分布的影响,旨在为采用覆膜滴灌技术进行盐碱地改良提供理论依据。试验结果表明滴灌种植枸杞第1年,土壤盐分变化主要为自上而下被淋洗,种植2年和3年土壤年内盐分含量和分布变化相似,盐分主要分布在土壤表层,且在枸杞生育期结束时,剖面土壤含盐量都低于年初水平;土壤溶液电导率(EC1:5)与主要离子之间都具有极显著的相关关系,其中Cl-和Na+与EC1:5关系最为紧密;HCO3-与EC1:5负相关,相关性随着种植年限的增加而减小;Cl-、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+在盐分组成中的荷载随种植年限增加而增大;回归分析表明Cl-和EC1:5之间具有线性关系,SO42-与EC1:5之间具有对数关系,EC1:5可以通过Cl-和SO42-表达;利用咸水覆膜滴灌并没有根本改变土壤类型,但在距滴头水平距离0～30cm范围内土壤含盐量从13.1g/kg降低到4～6g/kg,由盐土脱盐演化为重度盐化土。因此,采用覆膜滴灌技术明显降低了作物根区盐分含量,改善了作物根系生长的土壤环境条件。     

钠吸附比和盐分浓度对新疆典型砂壤土物理性质的影响

新疆土壤盐碱化问题严重影响农田水盐运移和作物产量。为探究钠吸附比（Sodium Adsorption Ratio,SAR）和盐分浓度对当地典型砂壤土物理性质的影响,该研究测定了4个SAR水平（40,30,20,15,10,5 (mmol/L)1/2）和8个盐分浓度水平（200,150,100,50,20,10,5,2 mmol/L）下土壤团聚体快速湿润过程中的团聚体水稳性;并测定了4个SAR水平（40,30,20,5 (mmol/L)1/2）和3个盐分浓度水平（200,100,20 mmol/L）溶液处理后的土壤水分特征曲线（Soil Water Characteristic Curve,SWCC）,量化了土壤脱水过程中土体压缩量与溶液SAR和盐分浓度的关系。结果表明：1）土壤团聚体水稳性与SAR和盐分浓度均呈显著负相关关系,SAR高于30 (mmol/L)1/2时,土壤团聚体水稳性才会显著下降;2）SAR对新疆典型砂壤土的SWCC有影响,且这种影响与盐分浓度有关;3）盐分浓度和SAR对土壤压缩量的影响存在交互作用。研究结果可为合理选用不同盐分组成和浓度微咸水灌溉以最大程度保护农田土壤结构和土壤水环境提供理论依据。     

再生水及盐溶液入渗与蒸发对土壤水盐和碱性的影响

为研究再生水利用对土壤盐碱性影响的特殊性,采用室内大型土槽试验,对比研究了清水、再生水和钠吸附比(sodium adsorption ratio,SAR)分别为3、10和20(mmolc/L)0.5的盐溶液入渗与蒸发10次(模拟灌溉2a)期间对土壤及土壤溶液盐分迁移累积和碱性的影响。结果表明:与清水相比,再生水和SAR值为20(mmolc/L)0.5的盐溶液处理中0～40cm深度壤土含水率较高,80～120cm砂土含水率的增加产生滞后现象;再生水和盐溶液入渗与蒸发后土壤中盐分产生累积,累积量为9.54%～51.83%,而再生水处理中淋洗液带出的盐分最多,是其他处理的1.09～1.42倍。清水、再生水和盐溶液处理土壤溶液钠吸附比(SAR)<3(mmolc/L)0.5,土壤pH值<8.5,再生水和盐溶液入渗与蒸发引起土壤碱化的风险较低。再生水入渗与蒸发后土壤溶液中K+和Ca2+在土体中的迁移分布与清水和盐溶液处理不同,再生水对土壤中Cl-有较强的淋洗作用,长期再生水灌溉过程中土壤K+、Ca2+和Cl-的迁移和淋洗需要引起重视。试验结果对农业中长期安全合理利用再生水具有指导意义。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.