基于主成分分析及水质标识指数法的黄河托克托段水质评价

[目的]分析黄河托克托河段水污染特征,合理选择水质评价指标,从而实现对黄河托克托段水质评价。[方法]以黄河托克托段干流2017年4—8月9个水质采样断面逐月连续水质监测数据为基础,利用多元统计法对水质样本进行主成分因子分析,构建水质评价指标体系,应用综合水质指数法对该河段水质进行评价。[结果](1)黄河托克托段水质状况整体为Ⅳ类水,该河段段主要污染因子为TN,TP,COD,属于有机型及富营养化污染;(2)时空分布上从上游到下游水质逐渐变好,支流汇入口大黑河断面由于受汛期大黑河超标污染物排入水质变差,采样期间8月水质状况最差,其次是4月,5—7月水质相对较好。[结论]基于主成分因子分析和综合水质标识指数法的水质评价方法不仅可以准确客观地反映水质特征,同时可对不同断面水质进行比较。黄河托克托段水质状况较差(整体Ⅳ类),属于有机型及富营养化污染。     

北江干流及主要支流水质及其时空变化特征

[目的]分析2020年北江干流及主要支流监测断面的水质情况,为北江水环境监控及保护提供参考依据。[方法]采用单因子评价法和主成分分析法,研究北江水质时空变化趋势及驱动因素。[结果] 2020年北江监测断面整体水质良好,仅水车头、漫水河河口、黄浪水桥、龙归断面水质为Ⅲ—Ⅳ类,其他断面均为Ⅱ类。北江水温和溶解氧受季节影响较大,水体全年基本保持弱碱性,下游营养盐和有机物污染程度高于上、中游。[结论]由空间分析结果可知,下游水质劣于上、中游,其主要的影响因素是营养盐和溶解氧,pH值单独作用不会对水质产生明显影响。季节污染程度排序为：夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,其中全河段的水质主导因素为溶解氧,而下游河段的主导因素为营养盐和有机物。     

广州市牛栏河近自然状况研究

[目的]揭示牛栏河的生态现状,为今后生态治理和修复工程提供依据。[方法]通过对研究河段的水质状况、河岸带状况和污染来源等进行实地调查,并采用综合评价方法对调查数据进行评价。[结果]牛栏河整体近自然状况较好,研究河段8—10号河段均处于自然状态,3,5—7号河段均处于近自然状态,1,2,3号河段均处于退化自然状态;牛栏河总体水质较差,继续进行河流的生态修复与治理,有由下游到上游逐渐变好的趋势。[结论]研究河段的主要污染源为养殖粪便污染、生活垃圾污染以及生活污水污染,在今后牛栏河的治理中应着重考虑这些问题。     

辽河流域水环境质量评价

在水环境质量评价中引入能够综合考虑不确定性因子的模糊集和贝叶斯理论,构建客观、真实反映河流水质状况的综合评价模型,进而构建水环境质量贝叶斯-三角模糊数评价模型。选取总磷、氨氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量等辽河干流段5个断面的水质评价因子,综合评价辽河干流段水环境质量状况。研究表明:辽河干流福德店、法库、新民、盘锦、六间房断面的水质区间分别为[3.316,3.365]、[3.122,3.180]、[3.277,3.195]、[3.430,3.426]、[3.405,3.471],均为[3,4]区间的Ⅲ类水质;断面水质优劣排序为法库<新民<福德店<盘锦<六间房;基于综合污染指数法和贝叶斯-三角模糊数模型的断面水质优劣排序情况基本保持一致,除法库河段外,其它断面水质评价结果保持一致;综合考虑先验信息的评价模型,能够更加系统、客观的表征水质状况。     

2016—2021年黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征及其成因

[目的] 分析黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征,揭示水质污染状况及成因,为该流域内生态文明建设和水环境治理提供科学依据。[方法] 基于黄土高原马莲河干流2016—2021年甘肃省庆阳市境内5个断面水质逐月监测数据,结合单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法对水质进行评价,利用线性趋势法对水质演变趋势进行分析。[结果] ①2016—2021年庆阳市境内马莲河水质整体较差,属于Ⅴ类水范畴,综合污染指数较高,主要污染因子为高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷、氟化物及六价铬,下游水质优于上游。②庆阳市境内马莲河干流水质季节变化特征显著,综合表现为夏、秋季优于春、冬季。具体表现为秋季最优,冬季最差。[结论] 2016年以来,庆阳市境内马莲河水质趋势稳定向好,尤其是2017年以后,向好趋势表现明显;受入境水质及流域地质条件影响,马莲河水污染治理任务依然任重而道远。     

曹娥江干流水质有机污染时空变异分析和可生化性研究

根据2003-2005年曹娥江干流的水质监测资料，对水体中有机物污染进行综合评价，并进行时空变异分析，在此监测阶段，有机物的污染趋于缓解，但仍然属于中度污染。对各断面进行有机物污染综合评价指数的相关性分析和可生化度评价，表明上游水质改善将对下游水质的提高有直接影响；上游2#点有机物污染最为严重；整个干流在1月份有机物污染强度最大，有机物的排放量和流域的水文气象条件是其时空变化的主要因素；下游6#点受工业废水影响较大，水体的生物降解能力相对较低。     

涡河干流水污染时空分布特征与水质动态评价

涡河是淮河流域严重污染的支流之一.对涡河干流主要污染参数NH₃-N、BOD₅、COD_Cr、TP、砷、氟化物的监测分析,表明涡河干流水污染具有显著的时空变化特征,污染参数表现为春季最高,秋季最低,由春季向秋季逐渐降低,然后又逐渐升高的“Ⅴ”字型变化规律,且在各采样断面各种污染参数季节变化特征具有较好的一致性.空间分布上表现为上游高、下游低,呈上游向下游逐渐降低的分布态势.模糊综合评价结果表明,涡河干流水污染严重,绝大多数河段全年为V类水质,已失去或大部分失去生活饮水和生产性用水的价值.涡河流域水资源严重污染及其时空分布特征,是流域自然过程与人为活动强干扰耦合作用的结果.     

喀斯特地区平水期水质污染综合分析——以贵州省白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地为例

[目的]对贵州省施秉县的白云岩喀斯特遗产地的河流水质污染状况进行分析,以期掌握遗产地水质污染原因,更好地保护白云岩喀斯特遗产地的河流与环境。[方法]于2017年10月和2018年4月对遗产地境内黄洲河流域的8个代表性样点进行采样,对TP,TN,NH_3-N,COD_(Mn),DO,Chl-a等指标进行测定与分析,并运用单因素评价法、均值型指数综合评价法以及多元统计分析法分析评价。[结果]①遗产地缓冲区水质总体符合国家地表水Ⅲ类水标准,核心区水质部分不满足国家Ⅰ类水标准,主要污染物为总氮。②黄洲河流域春、秋季平水期水质状况相差不大,总体秋季较好,水体有较强的自净能力。③主要污染源为生活污水、固体垃圾以及农业面源污染。[结论]对施秉白云岩喀斯特遗产地进行环境保护和流域水质综合管理时应注意减少氮、磷肥料的长期大量使用,防止生活污水、生活垃圾的随意排放与丢弃。     

上海农田土壤重金属含量的空间分析

土壤环境中的污染物积累及其在食物链中的迁移转化是影响食品安全的重大科学问题。重金属污染因滞留持久、高富集等特性,易于通过食物链进入农产品中,影响农产品质量安全,危害人类健康[1,2]。因此,针对农田土壤中的重金属累积状况进行调查和评价,已是国内外广泛关注的问题。近年来,前人分别从不同的角度对土壤重金属空间分布特征进行了研究。从研究区上看,城乡结合部是土壤重金属污染研究的热点区域[3,4],如Zhao等[3]研究了无锡城市边缘区土壤重金属累积与空间分布特征。从研究尺度上看,Facchinelli等[5]从宏观尺度上研究了意大利Piemonte地区农田重金属污染的空间分异特征;刘付程等[6]从县域     

2014-2017年赣江上游稀土矿区典型流域水质污染变化及成因

[目的] 分析赣江上游稀土矿区典型流域水质的时空分布特征,揭示水质污染状况和成因,为该流域的水环境治理提供理论依据和数据支撑。[方法] 采用2014-2017年赣江上游桃江流域10个监测断面的6项水质指标,运用描述性统计分析、水污染指数法、相关性分析等方法分析该流域水质污染现状及其成因。[结果] ①桃江流域各监测断面不同水文时期的污染状况均存在差异,以氨氮含量的时空差异最为明显。②水污染指数评价结果表明水质类别为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类所占比例分别为55%和29%,龙头滩断面的水质状况最差,以劣Ⅴ类为主。[结论] 水质污染成因解析揭示出氨氮为桃江流域最主要的污染物,降雨对流域内水环境的影响较大,农业活动和以稀土采选为主的工业活动是造成水环境污染的重要人为活动。     

Soil and plant analysis as diagnostic and management tools for industry

Abstract

The soil and plant analyses performed by the commercial laboratory while similar in many respects to the research or extension programs, vary from them in one or more of the following ways:(l) Results must be made available quickly to the grower. (2) Analyses have to be much more complete. (3) Many analyses of both soil and plant have to be made during the growing season. The frequency of sampling depends upon the plant, soil and climate, and (4) The commercial laboratory must show a profit to stay in business. It is often hampered in doing so by unfair competition of governmental agencies that provide such services free of charge or permit their employees to act as private consultants while holding a government job.     

The determination of cadmium in soils,plants and fertilizers by dithizone extraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract

Methods are proposed for the determination of cadmium in soils, plants and fertilizers.

Soil is first dissolved by treatment with hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids and plant material is digested with nitric‐perchloric‐sulphuric acids. The cadmium is then extracted from the resulting solutions as the dithizone complex. After destruction of the dithizone the cadmium is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium in phosphatic fertilizers is determined directly by atomic absorption measurement on hydrochloric acid digests of the fertilizer.

The proposed methods have precision adequate for the study of cadmium in soil‐plant systems, the limits of detection being: plant material, 0.004 ppm Cd; soils, 0.02 ppm; and phosphatic fertilizers, 1 ppm.     

纳米传感器在食品和水质安全监测方面的应用及展望

近年来，食品和水质安全已成为社会经济生活中最重要的安全问题，同时也是最脆弱的体系。本论文综述了近年来纳米传感器科学在食品和水质安全检测方面的应用情况，分析其在应用中面临的挑战和问题，并对其应用前景作出展望。     

A digital computer program for particle size analysis and textural classification of soils

Abstract

A digital computer program was written for the determination of particle size distribution and textural classification of soil samples. The textural classification is based on the South African texture‐triangle.     

《水土保持学报》2011-2022年载文及影响分析

为更好地认识和了解《水土保持学报》,基于中国知网全文数据库及查阅期刊文献数据，利用文献计量法研究分析《水土保持学报》2011—2022年的载文情况，了解其载文特点、发展态势和办刊质量，为《水土保持学报》的建设和发展提供参考。结果表明：2011—2022年《水土保持学报》共发表论文3 948篇，年载文量总体呈上升趋势；学科主要为农业基础科学和农艺学；论文基金比呈阶梯状增加趋势，且基金项目发文主要为国家自然科学基金资助，平均占比达73.26%;论文作者地区分布广泛，主要来自全国31个省(直辖市、自治区),且多为农林类高等院校和科研院所；期刊总被引频次逐年增长，影响因子和篇均被引频次也均呈逐年增长趋势，处于农业基础科学学科Q1区。《水土保持学报》影响力总体呈逐年上升趋势；稿件来源除本校作者外，还应积极吸引校外作者投稿。研究结果一定程度上揭示了水土保持行业研究热点和发展趋势，亦可为读者和相关研究提供科学参考。     

Automated instrumental analysis of carbon and nitrogen in plant and soil samples

Abstract

An automated CHN Analyzer was compared with the Walkley‐Black and Kjeldahl methods for organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Four organic compounds, twenty nine plant materials and five soils were tested. The CHN Analyzer gave C and N values that were not significantly different (P<0.05) to the theoretical weight percents of the organic compounds. The Walkley Black method gave soil C values significantly lower (P<0.05) than those obtained with the CHN Analyzer. The Kjeldahl method gave soil N values significantly lower (P<0.05) than the CHN Analyzer on three of five soils tested. The discrepancies observed between methods appear to be due to different oxidation efficiencies. CHN Analyzer and Kjeldahl N analyses were not significantly different (P<0.05) for the plant materials except where samples contained greater than 0.7% NO3‐N. Potassium nitrate was also added as a spike to a tall fescue sample. Based on recovery of the spiked NO3‐N, the Kjeldahl method was a poor measure of total N for plant materials containing greater than 0.7% NO₃‐N. The findings suggest the CHN Analyzer can be used for the rapid, accurate and simultaneous determination of C and N in plant and soil samples.     

土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究

通过长期定位试验地中土壤养分和酶活性的测定结果,将其进行了相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析。结果表明,土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标,且酶活性大小受到土壤化学性质和其它酶活性影响。土壤主成分分析能较为客观地评价土壤肥力水平。     

Integrated effects of cattle manure-derived biochar and soil moisture conditions on soil chemical characteristics and soybean yield

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ton ha^?1 of cattle manure-derived biochar (BC) and soil moisture conditions (SMC) of 100%, 70% and 55% of water-holding capacity (WHC) on soybean production. Most of the macro and micronutrient, soil chemical characteristics and yield production of soybean were significantly affected by BC. Under drought, BC was more effective than that of the non-stressed conditions. Interaction effect of SMC and BC on soil iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations was also significant indicating that different levels of water supply might show different impact under different levels of BC. Under drought, the higher BC applied, the higher grain yield obtained. Application of 0 to 75 ton BC ha^?1 under WHC caused a high grain yield but 100 ton BC ha^?1 significantly decreased it as compared with the other levels of BC. Positive impacts of BC may be more pronounced under drought. High level of BC in non-stressed conditions may reduce grain yield as occurred in this study. The statistical techniques indicated that higher content of macro and micronutrients negatively associated with yield production of soybean.     

Rapid and simple leaf tissue test for nitrate

Abstract

A simple and rapid procedure for the determination of nitrate in fresh leaf tissue, suitable for use by relatively untrained operators is presented. The method requires only 4 reagents and can be carried out in less than 20 min from start to finish. A 400 mg sample of fresh leaf tissue is macerated briefly with 5 drops of 10 N sulphuric acid, diluted with 10.0 ml of water and filtered. Nitrate‐N is estimated on an aliquot of the filtered extract by reducing the nitrate to nitrite by shaking with powdered zinc in ammonium hydroxide solution for 3 min. The reduced mixture is allowed to settle (5 min) and an aliquot is withdrawn through a cotton‐wool plug thus removing any particles of the zinc. The filtered aliquot is then reacted with a single colour reagent to yield a pink azo‐dye, the intensity of which is directly proportional to the amount of nitrate.

The method was found to have a coefficient of variation of about 4%. When compared with the phenoldisulphonic acid method for nitrate, on aliquots of the some plant extract, it yielded values which were on average 94.6% of those obtained with the former method. The coefficient of variation between the methods was 7%.     

Molecular diversity of bacterial chitinases in arable soils and the effects of environmental factors on the chitinolytic bacterial community

The molecular diversity of bacterial chitinases in the bulk soils of arable land was investigated using culture-independent methods. The results demonstrate that bacterial chitinases in arable soils are highly diverse and comprise unique groups when their sequences were compared to those in public databases. The diversity of bacterial chitinases in arable soil was further evaluated using conventional phylogenetic analysis, the UniFrac analysis of the phylogenetic data, and the multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of T-RFLP profiles to elucidate the relationship between the diversity of bacterial chitinases and soil characteristics. These analyses indicate that environmental factors such as soil type and pH are responsible for shaping the composition of bacterial chitinases.