落羽杉属树木基因组总DNA的提取及SRAP反应体系的优化

本文针对落羽杉属植物组织中多糖、多酚等次生物质含量高的特点,对其基因组DNA提取方法进行研究,比较了SDS法、CTAB法提取落羽杉属植物基因组DNA的效果,结果表明：CTAB法提取效果较佳。在此基础上,利用正交设计法,对SRAP反应体系中的各个主要影响因子Mg^2＋．dNTP、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶进行了优化筛选,确立了适合落羽杉属植物SRAP-PCR反应的最佳体系,即10μL体系中含有1μL 10×PCR bufier,Mg^2＋2．0mmol／L,dNTP100μmol／L,引物0-3μmol／L,彻DNA聚合酶0．5U和50ng模板DNA。利用该优化体系,通过48对SRAP引物组合对2个落羽杉属植物（落羽杉和墨杉）及4个杂交后代进行SRAP扩增,结果发现,SRAP引物及优化后的反应体系能够有效地用于落羽杉属植物种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析等研究。     

亮菌多糖的分离纯化及体内抗肿瘤活性研究

本文建立高效的亮菌多糖分离纯化工艺,并研究其体内抗肿瘤活性。以市售亮菌粗粉为原料,采用水提醇沉、Sevag法脱蛋白、DEAE纤维素离子交换层析、SephadexG-100凝胶过滤层析等方法得到亮菌多糖ATPSⅡ和ATPSⅡ-2;建立小鼠S180实体瘤模型,以生理盐水和环磷酰胺为阴性和阳性对照,观察ATPSⅡ和ATPSⅡ-2在不同剂量（10mg／kg40mg／kg80mg／kg）给药10d后,对小鼠肿瘤抑制的作用。结果表明：亮菌粗粉中多糖含量为22．7g／100g;紫外光谱分析显示纯化得到的ATPSⅡ纯度接近100％;ATPSⅡ和ATPSⅡ-2对肿瘤的抑瘤率随着多糖浓度的增大而增大,其高剂量组对S180的抑瘤率分别为46．7％和51．7％,与阳性对照组相比,亮菌精制多糖ATPSⅡ和ATPSⅡ-2高剂量组抗s180效果接近于临床化疗药环磷酰胺,具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。     

氢化物发生——原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化，建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽（As0-100μg／L；Hg0-10μg／L），检出限低（As0．05μg／L和Hg0.07μg／L）。无机肥料中As回收率为98．8％-100．4％，Hg回收率为98．9％-102．2％；有机肥料中As回收率为94．4％-105．6％，Hg回收率为97．6％-103．8％。     

韭菜中45种农药的多残留UPLC—MS／MS分析方法

本文建立了超高效液相色谱一串联质谱（UPLC—MS／MS）同时检测韭菜中45种农药的多残留分析方法。样品以乙腈为提取溶剂．采用超声波法提取,PestiCarb／NH：柱净化,乙腈／甲苯（3／1）淋洗,最后用UPLC—MS／MS进行多反应监测分析。结果表明,该方法在0．01～2．0ng范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0．99。平均加标回收率在64．7％～114．4％．相对标准偏差为1．1％～18．1％。方法检出限为0．1～4．7μg／kg,方法定量限为1～10μg／kg。该方法简便、快速、灵敏．适合于韭菜中45种农药的同时测定。     

甘油水溶液提取米糠多酚绿色工艺优化及多酚种类鉴定

为探究甘油作为绿色溶剂提取米糠多酚的可行性,该文选取提取温度、甘油体积分数、液料比和提取时间4个因素,采用单因素结合响应面试验进行米糠多酚提取工艺优化。同时,分析了甘油提取液的黏度特性,并利用超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS)方法进行多酚鉴定。结果表明,甘油提取米糠多酚最优条件为提取温度67℃,甘油体积分数19%,液料比33 mL/g,提取时间固定为80 min,获得的最大多酚得率为700.35 mg/(100 g)。甘油对米糠多酚的提取效率和甘油的黏度有显著的负相关性。此外,UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS分析表明,最优条件下甘油提取得到13种米糠多酚,其中酚酸质量分数如下:对羟基苯甲酸48.53μg/g,香草酸69.64μg/g,丁香酸33.63μg/g,4-香豆酸361.18μg/g,阿魏酸392.17μg/g,水杨酸34.67μg/g。研究结果表明,甘油可以作为从米糠中提取多酚的绿色溶剂。     

短序十大功劳基因组总DNA提取方法研究

以短序大功劳嫩叶为材料,采用CTAB法、CTAB改良法1、CTAB改良法2、SDS法和试剂盒法五种方法提取短序十大功劳基因组总DNA,用分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法检测所得总DNA的纯度和得率,用ISSR-PCR扩增的方法检测所得总DNA的质量。结果表明,五种方法均能从短序大功劳叶片中提取到基因组DNA,但不同方法提取得的基因组DNA的纯度、浓度和得率存在明显的差异。CTAB改良法2和试剂盒法提取的DNA纯度高,可直接用于下游分子生物学实验,CTAB法、CTAB改良法1和SDS法提取的总DNA质量较差,不利于下游的分子生物学实验;五种方法提取的总DNA的得率在10．836-451．709μg/g之间,呈CTAB法〉SDS法〉CTAB改良法1〉CTAB改良法2〉试剂盒法的现象。此实验获得的结果可以为短序十大功劳分子生物学研究提供基础。     

黄瓜白粉菌基因组DNA 提取方法比较

以黄瓜白粉病菌为试验材料,比较分析了改良CTAB法、SDS法和真菌试剂盒法对黄瓜白粉病菌基因组DNA提取的效果。结果表明,CTAB法提取的黄瓜白粉菌基因组DNA在纯度(R=A260 nm /A 280 nm)和产量上均优于SDS法和真菌试剂盒法,且杂质少。CTAB法提取的黄瓜白粉菌基因组DNA产率为204.3 μg/g,而SDS法和真菌试剂盒法分别为147.7、117.7 μg/g,且方法产率之间差异极显著。采用CTAB法提取的DNA纯度较高,为1.969 6;SDS法和真菌试剂盒法提取的DND纯度较低,分别为1.832 2和1.507 9。     

响应面法优化茉莉花茶茶多糖提取工艺

本实验以茉莉花茶为供试材料,优化茶多糖的提取工艺,旨在提高茶多糖的提取率,为茶叶深加工提供理论依据。在单因素实验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken的中心组合设计,选定温度、水料比和沉淀茶多糖时所用的乙醇浓度3个因素分别选3水平进行中心组合实验,通过响应面分析实验,拟合出数学模型：Y=6.55＋1.30A＋0.83B＋1.10C-0.092AB＋0.11AC＋0.34BC-1.56A2-0.64B2-1.48C2。利用该函数关系来优化茶多糖提取条件,最终确定茶多糖的最佳浸提条件为：浸提温度100℃;水料比为26.8;乙醇浓度为90%。在该条件下茶多糖得量有所提高,且验证值为7.8610mg/g,比单因素最高提取率高25.6%,表明响应面法可有效用于茶多糖提取方法的优化。     

从烟草上分离的中国番茄曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

本研究从具有典型曲叶病症状的广西靖西烟草病植株上分离到病毒分离物JX-2,全基因组序列测定结果表明,JX-2DNA．A全长2738个核苷酸,共编码6个开放阅读框架（openreadingframes,ORFs）,其中病毒链编码AV1（CP）和AV2两个ORFs,互补链编码AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4共4个ORFs。BLAST结果表明,JX-2DNA—A与中国番茄曲叶病毒（Tomato leaf curl Chinavirus,ToLCCNV）各分离物的相似性在93．0％-99．7％之间,其中与ToLCCNV广西番茄分离物ToLCCNV．G32的相似性最高,达99．7％,而与其它双生病毒的同源性均在88．0％以下,表明Jx-2是ToLCCNV的一个分离物。基于Jx-2和已报道的双生病毒属代表种DNA-A全基因组核苷酸序列构建的系统进化树显示,JX-2与ToLCCNV-G32分离物的亲缘关系最近,并与ToLCCNV其它分离物形成一个分支,而与其它10种双生病毒的亲缘关系均相对较远。利用双生病毒卫星DNAβ的特异性引物β01／β02在Jx-2样品中扩增到DNAβ分子（JX-2β）,全长为1341个核苷酸,其互补链编码1个ORF（即βC1）,并包含一个富含A序列和一个卫星病毒保守序列。序列分析表明,JX-2β与ToLCCNV伴随的DNAβ的相似性在91．0％～96．1％之间,其中与ToLCCNV-G61DNAβ和ToLCCNV—G18DNAβ的相似性最高（96．1％）,与其它卫星DNAβ的相似性均低于61．8％。基于JX-2β全基因组核苷酸序列构建的系统进化关系树显示,JX-29与ToLCCNVG61分离物伴随的DNAβ亲缘关系最近,并形成一个独立的分支,再与ToLCCNV其余两个分离物伴随的DNAβ形成一个较大的分支。这是首次报道从烟草中分离到的中国番茄曲叶病毒及其伴随卫星DNA分子的全基因组结构特征。     

茶园土壤微生物总DNA不同提取方法的比较

传统的微生物分离培养方法,在反映茶园土壤微生物基因信息上有很大的局限性,因此,目前逐步被分子生态学的方法替代,而获得高质量、大片段、无偏好的土壤微生物总DNA则是茶园土壤微生物分子生态学研究的基础。本文采用SDS高盐法、变性剂加SDS高盐法、脱腐SDS高盐法、CTAB法和Krsek改进法5种土壤微生物DNA提取方法分别从茶园土壤微生物中提取总DNA,并对5种方法提取的DNA的片段大小、质量和产量进行了综合评价。结果表明,Krsek改进法提取到的DNA片段最大（〉23kb）、纯度最高（OD2UOD280〉1．70;OD2UOD230〉1．35）、产量较高（〉34．50μg／gdrysoil）且不需纯化就可以用于PCR扩增和RFLP分析。因此,Krsek改进法是一种高效、可靠且适合于茶园土壤微生物分子生态学研究的DNA提取方法。     

枯草杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

以能水解魔芋葡甘聚糖的野生筛选菌种枯草杆菌A33为材料，通过PCR技术从A33基因组中扩增出β-甘露聚糖酶基因编码序列。经过克隆、测序及BLAST比对分析，证实该基因编码β-甘露聚糖酶，属于β-甘露聚糖酶家族中的一员。该基因已注册GenBank（GenBank注册号：DQ269473）。将该基因构建到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-32a并转入大肠杆菌表达系统BL21（DE3），经过诱导获得了此酶的高效表达.     

贵州山地气候条件对魔芋生长的影响及种植区划

根据魔芋生长发育特性及其对气象条件的要求，结合贵州的气候资料，综合分析和评价贵州魔芋栽培的有利气候资源和不利气候因素，用模糊数学的理论和方法进行气候适宜性分区，提出开发利用魔芋气候资源的建议和获取高产、优质、高效的适用技术。     

一种可用于PCR扩增的直接提取土壤细菌DNA的方法

本文以澳大利亚桉树林和松树林的土壤为例 ,采用Napp提取液和SDS直接溶解土壤细菌 ,并配合温浴 -玻璃珠震荡、苯酚 -氯仿萃取和异丙醇提取以及纯化DNA等步骤 ,直接从土壤样品中提取了土壤细菌DNA。所得DNA完全适用于酶解和PCR扩增的要求。该方法高效简单 ,费用低 ,在土壤微生物研究中具有重要的应用价值     

An improved method for purifying genomic DNA from forest leaf litters and soil suitable for PCR

Background, aim and scope  An improving knowledge of bacterial community within natural environments including forest soils and leaf litters requires extraction of nucleic acids directly from environmental samples since molecular approaches provide less biased access to a larger portion of uncultivable microorganisms. However, when DNA was extracted successfully from these samples, it might still have been difficult to apply it as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications due to the effect of PCR inhibitors. Various compounds from plant tissues including polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and especially humic acids can inhibit PCR amplification. Some of these inhibitors could inhibit PCR amplification by chelating the Mg²⁺ (cofactor for Taq polymerase), or by binding to target DNA, and PCR amplification would consequently be interfered with. Therefore, eliminating the effects of these PCR inhibitors is one of the most important steps for PCR-based molecular techniques. Four different methods were assessed in this study to purify the genomic DNA extracted from F, L layer leaf litters and forest soil in an exotic pine plantation of southeast Queensland, Australia. Materials and methods  Three samples including two leaf litters and one forest soil were collected with a core (25 × 40 cm) from a 22-year-old slash pine plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia. The DNA fragments were extracted directly using the Ultra Clean™ Mega Prep Soil DNA kit (Mo Bio Labs, Solana Beach, CA). Then, four different purification methods were applied and compared to purify the DNA for PCR amplification, which include PVPP, Sephadex ^TM spin column, low-melting agarose gel and a new modified gel purification method. The purified DNA from these four purification methods was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the purity and usefulness of DNA samples were ultimately determined by successful PCR amplifications. Results and discussion  The DNA was extracted from each sample using the Ultra Clean™ Mega Prep Soil DNA kit, and the DNA eluents were dark in colour and sometimes formed compact aggregates. Subsequently, PCR amplification from such samples failed, although a series of dilutions had been made from neat to 1:10³. The DNA purification step could not, therefore, be avoided. It was observed that both the colour of eluent and the DNA concentration decreased gradually after elution. Considering the difficulties of removing PCR inhibitors and the possibility of high DNA losses, 50–200 μl of sample DNA was used for purification. Four DNA purification methods (the PVPP spin column, Sephadex™ spin column, low-melting agarose gel and the modified gel purification method) were applied and compared on leaf litter and soil samples. The DNA purified by the modified gel purification method provided the best PCR products for 16S rRNA gene amplification, but the other methods, PVPP, Sephadex™ spin column and low-melting agarose gel, produced very weak or no products. Thus, in this study, DNA fragments which were purified by the modified gel purification method were amplified efficiently. This may be attributed to running the low-melting agrose gel for a longer time, which could remove substantial humic substances and also some other compounds from the samples and, thus, prevent them from being involved in PCR amplification. Conclusions  A new modified gel purification method which can improve DNA purification and PCR amplification of environmental DNA is first introduced in this study. Comparing PVPP, Sephadex ™ spin column, low-melting agarose gel and modified gel purification method for the effect of DNA purification, the modified gel purification method is more successful in removing the PCR amplification inhibitors and obtaining the highly purified PCR amplifiable high-molecular-weight DNA. The method described here is cheap, fast and easy to operate. It suggests in this study that the method containing less and easier following steps should be widely used to relieve the heavy working load of molecular-biological researchers. Recommendations and perspectives  This study introduces a new modified DNA purification method, and it is found that this modified gel purification method is effective in removing the PCR inhibitors and obtains highly purified DNA from leaf litters for PCR amplification. The modified gel purification method may have wider applications, although it was only assessed on leaf litter and soil samples. The effect of the modified gel purification method on the DNA purification would need to be further investigated on a variety of samples which suffered from PCR inhibitors, such as clinical samples, plant tissues and environmental samples.     

Evaluation of extraction methodologies for corn kernel (Zea mays) DNA for detection of trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA

Sensitive and accurate testing for trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA from plant material requires pure, high-quality genomic DNA as template for subsequent amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six methodologies were evaluated for extracting DNA from ground corn kernels spiked with 0.1% (m/m) CBH351 (StarLink) corn. DNA preparations were evaluated for purity and fragment size. Extraction efficiency was determined. The alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adh1) and the CBH351 (cry9C, 35S promoter) genes in the genomic DNA were detected using PCR. DNA isolated by two of the methods proved unsuitable for performing PCR amplification. All other methods produced some DNA preparations that gave false negative PCR results. We observed that cornstarch, a primary component of corn kernels, was not an inhibitor of PCR, while acidic polysaccharides were. Our data suggest that amplification of an endogenous positive control gene, as an indicator for the absence of PCR inhibitors, is not always valid. This study points out aspects of DNA isolation that need to be considered when choosing a method for a particular plant/tissue type.     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of the transgenes for roundup ready corn and roundup ready soybean in soil samples

A method for quantification of recombinant DNA for Roundup Ready (RR) corn and RR soybean in soil samples is described. Soil DNA from experimental field samples was extracted using a soil DNA extraction kit with a modified protocol. For the detection and quantification of recombinant DNA of RR corn and RR soybean, a molecular beacon and two pairs of specific primers were designed to differentially target recombinant DNA in these two genetically modified crops. Soil DNA extracts were spiked with RR corn or RR soybean DNA, and recombinant DNA was quantified using real-time PCR with a molecular beacon. As few as one copy of RR corn genome or one copy of RR soybean genome was detected in the soil DNA extract.     

Application of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for comparison of direct and indirect extraction methods of soil DNA used for microbial community fingerprinting

 We used polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to compare bacterial community patterns obtained with target DNA extracted from a soil by direct and indirect methods. For this purpose, two direct extraction methods, i.e. cell lysis by bead beating and cell disruption by grinding in liquid N, and two indirect methods, i.e. cell extraction followed by DNA extraction, and combined RNA/DNA extraction from the bacterial cell fraction, were performed. Crude extracts were purified and amplified using universal bacterial primers. PCR products were then analysed by DGGE, and similarity between the profiles obtained was determined by unweighted pair group with mathematical averages clustering. The results showed clear profiles that presumably represented the dominant bacterial fractions in the samples. The profiles generated by all four methods were similar, indicating that the methods were of approximately equal efficiency in the extraction of target DNA representative of the soil bacterial community. However, the patterns of clustering also indicated that different populations of bacteria could be detected in the same soil using different soil DNA extraction methods. The application of two dilution levels of DNA in PCR-DGGE showed that the most stable profile of the soil bacterial community could be generated by the direct methods. The indirect methods gave clustered profiles at both dilution levels. It is likely that these methods extracted DNA from a major, easily desorbed, bacterial fraction, consisting of low-density populations. PCR-DGGE was found to be a suitable technique with which to assess differences in methods for DNA extraction from soil, which can be further used for the determination of microbial community diversity at the molecular level. Received: 22 June 1999     

猪粪和土壤样品中微生物DNA提取方法的比较

猪粪施于土壤可能会对土壤微生物多样性造成影响,为选用同一种DNA提取方法用于土壤和猪粪微生物DNA的提取,该文采用了化学裂解法和试剂盒法同时从土壤和猪粪样品中提取微生物DNA,并对这两种方法的提取DNA的效果进行了比较。结果表明,试剂盒法不能用于提取土壤中的微生物DNA;可以从猪粪中提取到DNA,PCR扩增能得到目的产物,但重复性不高。化学裂解法提取的土壤微生物DNA浓度高但纯度低,纯化后纯度增加,但DNA有所损失,用于PCR扩增时结果不理想;处理猪粪样品,提取的DNA浓度较低但纯度较高,PCR扩增结果比较理想。由此可见,化学裂解法用来提取猪粪样品中的微生物DNA是可行的,但需寻求更好的土壤样品微生物DNA的提取方法。     

土壤可培养真菌RAPD扩增条件的优化

以改进的CTAB-溶菌酶-蛋白酶K裂解法抽提土壤可培养真菌总DNA,直接进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析。分别测试了镁离子浓度,4×dNTP浓度,模板DNA量,引物用量,Taq酶用量和牛血清白蛋白浓度对反应结果的影响,通过各因子的组合研究,确定了土壤可培养真菌遗传多样性分析的稳定的RAPD反应体系:15μlPCR反应体积,1×Taq酶配套缓冲液(10mmolL-1Tris·HClpH9.0,50mmolL-1KCl,0.1%TritonX-100),1.5mmolL-1MgCl2,2UTaq酶(上海华美公司),20ng模板DNA,15pmol引物(上海Sangon公司);dATP、dCTP、dGTP、dTTP各0.2mmolL-1;1mgmL-1牛血清白蛋白。     

Simple method of genomic DNA extraction from Rhizobia in dried nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris for strain differentiation by PCR-based DNA fingerprinting

Repetitive DNA peR fingerprinting of bacterial genomic DNA is a useful tool for typing and differentiation of rhizobial strains. The method was reported to be suitable for strain differentiation of Rhizobia present in individual root nodules of some leguminous plants without the need for isolation and cultivation of the strains, in which rhizobial genomic DNA was extracted directly from each fresh or frozen nodule. We developed a new protocol of rhizobial genomic DNA extraction/purification from dried nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris for generating repetitive DNA peR fingerprints of Rhizobia present in the nodules. The simplified protocol consists of only three major steps, heat extraction of genomic DNA from rhizobial cells prepared from dried nodules, ethanol precipitation of the DNA and Sephadex G-50 column purification of the DNA, and generated fingerprints with good quality for differentiation of Rhizobia strains. The protocol will be useful to examine the nodule occupancy of inoculated rhizobial strains in field experiments.