污水和污泥的土地利用

(一)低速渗滤法低速渗滤法是采用喷灌或地面灌水的方式向种植了作物的土地表面施用污水。这类处理系统设计上要避免产生污水的地表径流。所施用的污水一部分渗滤到地表以下,剩余的被植物利用。到本世纪七十年代和八十年代初将低速渗滤法实地应用于林地。在正常情况下低速渗滤系统对土地的需要量为150～200英亩/百万加仑·天。为了最大限度地降低新建的低速渗滤系统的成本,有的地方用污水灌     

污水慢速渗滤土地处理系统的改进试验研究

传统的污水慢速渗滤土地处理系统以污水的深度处理和利用为主要目标，水力负荷较小。该试验对传统的土地处理系统进行改进，在土壤1 m深处设置排水系统，增大系统水力负荷。试验结果表明，在大水力负荷情况下，改进的污水慢速渗滤土地处理系统对污染物有较好地去除效果，出水水质优良。除总氮外各指标浓度均满足地面水环境Ⅲ类水域水质标准要求。     

大学园区污水生态处理技术工艺及系统设计

详述了大学园区污水生态处理技术的工艺和系统设计问题。通过浮动生物床预处理和潜流湿地或地下毛管渗滤系统的深度处理，可将校园污水转换成为再生水利用，该处理系统具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

园林地慢速渗滤系统处理农村分散式生活污水

针对农村分散式生活污水处理设施缺乏而面源污染严重的问题,该研究从土壤自净功能出发,结合传统土地慢速渗滤处理系统和澳大利亚FILTER系统技术特点,提出了园林地慢速渗滤农村生活污水处理系统,优化了污水处理工艺中的布水和排水系统,提高了系统的污水接纳与处理能力。试验结果表明该系统对TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)、COD(化学需氧量)、TOC(总有机碳)、NH4+-N(铵态氮)均有较好去除效果,平均去除率分别为80.7%、89.2%、89.5%、60.2%、85.7%,出水水质达到一级A类标准。该系统对农村生活污水处理效果良好,具有技术可行、成本有效和管理方便等特点,为中国现阶段农村生态环境建设提供参考。     

在SR系统中旱田和水田排水的COD与BOD5相关模式

本文以天津市东郊慢速渗滤污水土地处理利用系统（SR）试验基地连续三年的试验资料为基础，探讨旱田和稻田排水中COD与BOD5相关模式，以便更好地加强污水土地处理利用系统的监测与管理。     

人工土层快速渗滤法处理城市污水的模拟试验效果初探

应用土壤过滤技术,进行配比不同的人工土层快速渗滤系统,处理城市污水,结果表明:加入适量的砂粒及吸附剂可使该系统具有较高的水力负荷及对污染物的去除效应。各处理的平均渗滤速率为0.027～0.60 cm/min:对污水中 BOD_5的去除率为86.0%～96.9%:对 N,P的去除率分别为88.6%～97.1%及87.2%～92.4%:溶解氧增加10mg/L 左右;透光率由原来的69.8%提高到85.9%～96.1%:电导率由0.463mV/cm 下降到0.406～0.418mV/cm;臭味由强烈变为极弱或无。合理的干湿交替有助于维持较高的渗滤速率.     

人工快速渗滤法处理干旱区小城镇污水的试验研究

人工快速渗滤法作为一种处理效率较高、处理成本较低、运行维护技术要求低的分散式污水处理技术,比较符合小城镇污水处理需求。针对西北干旱区小城镇水环境污染日益严重,利用模拟系统研究了不同填料比和不同湿干比对人工快速渗滤系统处理小城镇污水时COD、总磷、凯氏氮和铵氮去除效果的影响。结果表明,土砂比2∶1的系统污染物去除效果优于其他填料比,对COD、总磷、凯氏氮和铵氮的去除率分别为35.05%～65.07%、53.27%～70.38%、10.42%～49.65%和11.61%～50.27%。COD、凯氏氮和铵氮的去除率在湿干比1∶1时最高,分别为27.86%～65.07%、49.65%～53.18%和50.27%～57.14%。在湿干比1∶5时,总磷的最高去除率为45.37%～69.15%。     

以色列污水灌溉土壤盐化及控制

以色列自然淡水资源极度短缺,几十年来污水农业灌溉极为普遍。但是长期的污水灌溉已经导致钠盐在土壤中的积累,进而导致土壤结构、稳定性、导水率等物理性质和肥力的下降。1993年-2011年,污水等高盐水灌溉导致以色列土壤钠吸附比从6升高到9,升高了近50%。因此本世纪初发展了污水脱盐农业利用模式,以期从根本上解决污水灌溉引发的土壤盐化问题。纳滤和反渗透技术用于污水脱盐处理,处理费用比海水淡化低,具有较好的应用前景。以色列的污水处理经历了常规二级处理、三级处理及脱盐处理发展阶段,处理后的污水经过渗滤塘渗入地下储存,渗滤过程中污水得到进一步净化,农业需水时抽取该地下水灌溉,最终实现安全可持续大规模的污水农业利用。我国可借鉴以色列的经验,在淡水资源短缺和土壤盐碱化严重的地区,开展污水和地下咸水淡化利用研究,探讨土壤盐碱化防治的途径。     

长江中游稻田种植模式对土壤有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨稻田种植模式对土壤有机碳库的影响,优化种植制度,以长江中游地区种植面积较广的紫云英-早稻-晚稻种植模式(CRR)为对照,设置油菜-早稻-晚稻(RRR)、马铃薯-早稻-晚稻(PRR)、紫云英-早稻-甘薯||晚大豆(CRI)、油菜-早稻-甘薯||晚大豆(RRI)5种种植模式,通过测定土壤有机碳、活性有机碳及其组分的含量和作物产量,分析其对土壤有机碳、活性有机碳及其组分、碳库管理指数及经济效益的影响。结果表明:晚稻收获后,与CRR处理相比, CRI、RRI、RRR处理的土壤有机碳含量提高12.06%～21.01%(P0.05), CRI、RRI、PRR处理的活性有机碳和微生物量碳含量比对照处理分别提高16.80%～20.45%和38.24%～50.00%(P0.05),各处理的可溶性有机碳含量提高3.13%～15.64%(P0.05),CRI、RRI处理能显著促进土壤总有机碳和微生物量碳含量的积累,PRR处理则有利于土壤活性有机碳含量的积累。PRR处理提高了土壤碳库活度和碳库活度指数, RRI、CRI处理提高了土壤碳库指数,且CRI、RRI、PRR处理的土壤碳库管理指数均显著高于对照17.30%～33.49%(P0.05)。与对照相比, PRR、CRI处理的经济效益分别提高12.05%和9.86%(P0.05)。作物产量与微生物量碳存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01),土壤碳库管理指数与活性有机碳相关系数最高,呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。综上所述,与对照相比,各种植模式均有利于增加作物产量并可引起土壤有机碳及其组分的变化,其中紫云英-早稻-甘薯||晚大豆和马铃薯-早稻-晚稻模式的综合效果较好,可以在长江中游地区推广应用。     

低能耗污水处理系统在新农村建设中的应用

针对浙江湖州某区生活污水的特点,分析了国内外生活污水处理的各种常规工艺,详细介绍了先进的土壤毛管渗滤处理技术,分析总结了该工艺的特点。     

污水灌溉与污水土地处理系统试验及模拟仿真研究

为解决大面积不加控制的污水灌溉和未经处理的污水自由排放造成的地表水体污染问题,提出了由作物生长季节污水灌溉、低温季节污水储水入渗和地下水管理3个子系统构成的污水灌溉与污水土地处理系统.对污水灌溉子系统污染物去除效果和污水储水入渗子系统冬季工作状况进行了试验研究,利用MODFLOW模型对地下水管理子系统运行效果进行了模拟,探讨了污水灌溉与污水土地处理系统的运行性能及其对地下水的影响.结果表明:在作物生长季节内,污水灌溉子系统可有效提高系统水力负荷、污染物去除效果良好、对地下水水质无显著影响;在无作物生长的冬季,污水储水入渗子系统可保持冰层下污水持续入渗,确保低温下污水土地处理系统的正常运行;通过采用适当的地下水管理调控措施,可避免高定额污水灌溉和储水入渗对地下水产生的潜在不利影响,达到地下水管理子系统控制范围内地下水水量平衡.     

Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Nitrogen Removal in a Non-saturated Layer of a Strengthened Constructed Rapid Infiltration System

A strengthened constructed rapid infiltration (SCRI) system is a sewage treatment system derived from a constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) system. The SCRI tank structure primarily includes saturated and non-saturated layers. The degradation of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the conversion of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) are primarily performed in a non-saturated layer. To study the COD and NH₄ ⁺-N removal process in a non-saturated layer, two organic glass columns with a radius of 2.5 cm and a height of 70 cm were loaded with layers of soil from the Shunyi district of Beijing. The primary goal of this research is to quantify the removal effect factors and the relationship of the COD and NH₄ ⁺-N in the non-saturated layer. The SCRI system functioned successfully under a wetting-drying ratio of 1:5 with hydraulic loading at 1.0 m³/ (m²·d) for over 2 months. Our results show that the removal rate of NH₄ ⁺-N is approximately 69.11%, and the removal efficiency of COD is approximately 90.46%. The removal of COD is only slightly affected by pH, while the removal of NH₄ ⁺-N is greatly influenced by pH.     

废水灌溉对芦苇地土壤水文特征的影响

为研究造纸废水灌溉对黄河三角洲内陆盐碱芦苇地土壤水文特征的影响，通过设置芦苇地不同废水灌溉次数下的随机区组试验，采用田间测量土壤入渗过程和实验室内测定水文物理参数相结合的方法，分析造纸废水灌溉前后土壤pH值、含盐率及土壤水文物理参数的变化。结果表明：1）废水灌溉后，土壤pH均值降低6.0%；废水灌溉1～2次，土壤含盐率降低11.7%，废水灌溉3～4次后，增壤含盐率增加12.6%。2）废水灌溉后土壤体积质量均值减小6.5%，总孔隙度均值增大18.1%；随着废水灌溉次数的增多，土壤体积质量和总孔隙度分别有减小和增大的趋势。3）Horton模型比较适合描述废水灌溉后芦苇群落的土壤入渗过程，废水灌溉降低了初渗率，但随着废水灌溉次数的增多，稳渗率增加明显。4）废水灌溉增强了土壤贮蓄水分的能力，废水灌溉3次吸持贮水量达到最高（90.15 mm），灌水4次滞留贮水量达到最高（4.51 mm）。与未灌溉相比，废水灌溉具有明显的压碱抑盐、改良土壤水文物理性状、提高土壤入渗和贮水能力的作用，但不同灌溉次数处理间差异性显著。该研究为黄河三角洲内陆盐碱地区芦苇群落在造纸废水灌溉下的适宜灌溉次数和灌溉水量的确定提供了科学依据，有利于造纸废水资源的合理化开发利用。     

Impact of Field Application of Treated Wastewater on Hydraulic Properties of Vertisols

Fifteen soil profiles were taken from Ar-Ramtha wastewater treatment plant, 65 km north of Amman. Twelve of them represent soil planted with barley and irrigated with wastewater for the past 2, 5, and 15 years. The remaining three profiles represented a control area that has been only rainfed. Soil samples were collected in four replicates from each depth in each soil profile. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on hydraulic properties of surface and subsurface vertisols. Soil infiltration rate (IR), hydraulic conductivity (HC), and water retention (at 33 kPa and 1.5 MPa) were measured. The application of wastewater for 2, 5, and 15 years reduced soil hydraulic conductivity, whereas the infiltration rate decreased for 2 and 5 years, compared with non-irrigated area. Sites irrigated for 15 years with treated wastewater are characterized by higher percentages of large cracks, therefore revealed the highest infiltration rate. Soil available water changed due to wastewater application in decreasing order of: control (rainfed), 15, 5, 2 years of wastewater application.     

人工土快滤滤床对耗氧有机污染物的去除机制

通过对人工土快滤系统不同组分的灭菌试验和分析滤床落干恢复过程中土壤有机质的变化 ,对城市生活污水中的耗氧有机物 (COD)进入人工土滤床后的去向进行了研究。结果表明 ,人工土滤床对污水COD的去除是生物与非生物共同作用的结果 ,生物作用机制不仅表现在布水时期的生物降解 ,更反映在滤床落干期对被截留有机物的分解作用。系统好氧与厌氧微生物的周期监测表明 ,人工土滤床对污水COD的降解作用 ,不仅有污水微生物的生物降解 ,还有土壤微生物的矿化分解作用。人工土快滤系统是以好氧生物为主导的生物过程与非生物过程的有机结合     

用溶质运移理论评价污水土地处理系统长期运行的处理效果

美国农业部自然资源保护局所推荐的田间水管理模型(DRAINMOD)在模拟分析污水土地处理系统水力负荷时，只从水力角度出发，根据土壤的入渗、蒸发和排水情况来计算污水灌溉量，对污水的处理效果未加考虑。该文利用溶质运移理论对DRAINMOD模型所模拟的水力过程进行排水出流浓度计算。以西安地区为例的模拟结果表明：随着排水间距减小，水力负荷逐渐增大，处理效果明显变差；该方法还可以用来确定污水土地处理系统达到不同水质标准所要求的污水预处理程度。     

不同早、中熟基因型棉花品种的干物质积累及养分吸收规律研究

利用Logistic方程对2个早熟棉品种(中36、中50)和2个中熟品种(中41、鲁28)的单株干物质积累、N、P2O5、K2O吸收动态进行模拟研究,结果表明,早熟品种与中熟品种吸收积累养分的高峰期均在开花至吐絮期。2个早熟棉品种单株干物质质量、N、K2O积累快速增长持续时间短于中熟品种,P2O5积累快速增长持续时间略长于中熟品种。早熟品种在吐絮至收获阶段,干物质积累及养分吸收占全生育期的比例高于中熟品种,成熟单株对P2O5、K2O的吸收比例高于中熟品种,在肥料配比上可适度加大磷钾肥比例。     

Bioresource Nutrient Recycling and Its Relationship with Biofertility Indicators of Soil Health and Nutrient Dynamics in Rice–Wheat Cropping System

A field experiment was conducted for 3 years during 2006–2009 in India to study the effects of plant nutrient recycling through crop residue management, green manuring, and fertility levels on yield attributes, crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and biofertility indicators of soil health in a rice–wheat cropping system. The study revealed that soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution were significantly greatest under crop residue incorporation (CRI) + Sesbania green manuring (SGM) treatment and were found at levels of 364 μg g^?1 soil and 1.75 μg g^?1 soil h^?1, respectively; these were increased significantly by recycling of organic residues. Activities of dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymes increased significantly after 3 years, with maximum activity under CRI + SGM treatment. The CRI with or without SGM significantly influenced the plant height, number of tillers m^?2, number of grains panicle^?1 or ear^?1, and 1000-grain weight. Mean yield data of rice and wheat revealed that CRI or crop residue burning (CRB) resulted in slightly greater yield over crop residue removal (CRR) treatment. The CRI + SGM treatment again observed significantly greatest grain yields of 7.54 and 5.84 t ha^?1 and straw yields of 8.42 and 6.36 t ha^?1 in rice and wheat, respectively, over other crop residue management treatments. Total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake in rice–wheat system was greatest with amounts of 206.7, 37.2, and 205.6 kg ha^?1, respectively, in CRI + SGM treatment. Fertility levels significantly influenced the rice and wheat yield with greatest grain yields of 6.66 and 5.68 t ha^?1 and straw yields of 7.94 and 5.89 t ha^?1 in rice and wheat, respectively, with the application of 150% of recommended NPK. Total NPK uptake in rice–wheat system also increased significantly with increase in fertility levels with greatest magnitude by supplying 150% of recommended NPK. Overall, nutrient recycling through incorporation of crop residues and Sesbania green manuring along with inorganics greatly improved the crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and biofertility indicators of soil health with substantial influence on SMBC, CO₂ evolution, and dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities. This indicates that crop residue management along with Sesbania green manuring practice could be a better option for nutrient recycling to sustain the crop productivity and soil health in intensive rice–wheat cropping system in India as well as in similar global agroecological situations, especially in China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.     

Field Study of Salt Balance of a Land Application System

Wastewater land application is a cost-effective method to treat and dispose wastewater; however, it may cause soil salinization. Salt mass balance and the potential soil salinization caused by the wastewater land application were investigated in the crop root zone in a wastewater land application system at the City of Littlefield, TX, USA from October 7, 2005 to September 28, 2007 using a lysimeter system. This study showed that, after 2 years of wastewater land application, the ranges of soil salinity were still lower than the threshold (8,500 ??S/cm) for Bermuda grass assuming a 10% yield reduction. The leached salt mass showed large spatial and temporal variation. The average values of electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract of the soil samples increased from 1,433 ??S/cm in June 2006 to 1,840 ??S/cm in June 2007. The average values of the soil sodium adsorption ratio between June 2006 and June 2007 increased from 11 to 14 resulting in a potential risk of soil dispersion and decreasing the soil infiltration rate. Although the measured leaching fractions in nearly all sampling periods, except one, were higher than the leaching requirement, salt accumulations in the root zone were still found with only two exceptions. Since the time required for reaching equilibrium between cumulative salt mass input and cumulative salt mass output varies from 1 year to a few years, or even longer, the long-term investigation is recommended for the study of salt mass balance in the root zone of this wastewater land application system.