保水剂和微生物菌肥配施对旱作土壤理化性质和燕麦产量的影响

为探讨保水剂和微生物菌肥配施后旱作燕麦土壤理化性质和产量的影响,在内蒙古黄土高原旱作农田设置不施用保水剂和微生物菌肥(CK)、保水剂和微生物菌肥配施(A)、单施微生物菌肥(B)和单施保水剂(C)4个处理,分析土壤贮水量、容重、团聚体以及有机质和养分含量变化,为该区域旱作农业生产提供一种有效的培肥改土措施。结果表明,保水剂、微生物菌肥单施和其配施均能不同程度改善土壤理化性质,提高燕麦产量,其中配施与CK和两个单施处理相比,土壤贮水量提高2.0%～22.1%;土壤容重降低幅度2.2%～5.5%;土壤孔隙度提高幅度3.2%～9.0%;0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量提高5.9%～17.7%;土壤有机质提高3.1%～13.2%;土壤碱解氮提高3.2%～4.2%、土壤有效磷提高7.9%～19.6%、土壤速效钾提高5.4%～13.6%;籽粒产量提高8.4%～20.1%,生物产量提高11.7%～25.1%。综上所述,保水剂和微生物菌肥配施能够有效改善黄土高原旱作区土壤理化性质,提高燕麦产量,较两者单施具有明显优势。     

不同抗旱措施配施菌肥对河西绿洲土壤改良和制种玉米产量的影响

为探讨地膜覆盖和施用保水剂配施菌肥后河西绿洲土壤微生物数量、酶活性变化及制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,在河西走廊绿洲灌区设置单地膜覆盖(AF)、单施保水剂(AW)、单施菌肥(AB)、保水剂配施菌肥(WB)、地膜覆盖配施菌肥(FB)、露地不施保水剂和菌肥(CK)6个处理,分析制种玉米播种前和收获后0—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物数量及酶活性动态变化和产量变化。结果表明:(1)菌肥单施或配施均可提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性和增加真菌、细菌、放线菌数量及土壤微生物碳氮含量,改善土壤微生物环境,其中保水剂配施菌肥处理改善效果最佳,其次为地膜配施菌肥处理。(2)菌肥单施对制种玉米生长影响较小,但地膜配施菌肥可显著提高制种玉米叶面积指数和干物质积累量,并能调节产量构成因子。(3)不同抗旱措施及其配施菌肥能够不同程度促进制种玉米籽粒产量形成,其中地膜配施菌肥制种玉米籽粒产量最高(10 105.64 kg/hm~2),其次为单地膜覆盖(8 967.24 kg/hm~2)和保水剂配施菌肥(8 323.93 kg/hm~2),分别较CK显著增产61.99%,43.74%,33.43%。(4)地膜配施菌肥制种玉米水分利用效率最高(2.40 kg/m~3),其次为单地膜覆盖(2.15 kg/m~3)和保水剂配施菌肥(1.89 kg/m~3),分别较CK显著提高80.10%,61.84%,41.80%。因此,综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及土壤微环境等指标,抗旱措施配施菌肥最佳组合方式为地膜配施菌肥,既能促进制种玉米的生长发育,又能提高灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,在增产的同时,还能改善耕作层土壤微环境,对河西灌区制种玉米可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

秸秆配施微生物菌肥对盐碱地土壤理化 性质及作物产量和品质的影响

在内蒙古达拉特旗盐碱地分别设置秸秆配施微生物菌肥(GF)、微生物菌肥单施(F)、秸秆单施(G)、不施秸秆不施微生物菌肥(CK)4 个处理,同时种植燕麦、高丹草、黍子、油葵4 种作物,明确其对盐碱地土壤理化性质和作物产量、品质的影响。结果表明,秸秆配施微生物菌肥种植油葵的土壤容重、pH、电导率降低效果显著,分别较CK 降低24.14%、4.94%、32.40%;土壤孔隙度显著提高20.26%;有机质、速效钾含量在GF处理下种植油葵的土壤中最高,分别较CK 增加27.84%、8.33%;碱解氮在配施处理下种植高丹草的土壤中最高,较CK 显著提高12.53%,有效磷在微生物菌肥单施处理下种植油葵的土壤中最高,较CK 提高了37%。与CK 相比,GF 处理下燕麦、高丹草饲草产量分别显著增加88.55%、60.00%,黍子、油葵籽粒产量分别显著提高62.84%、53.75%;与CK 相比,GF 处理显著提高了燕麦、高丹草饲草和黍子的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量,并降低了中性、酸性洗涤纤维含量。GF 处理下油葵籽粒中粗脂肪、油酸、亚油酸含量显著提高,棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量显著降低。综上所述,秸秆配施微生物菌肥有助于改善盐碱地土壤理化性状,增加土壤养分含量并提高作物的产量和品质。     

保水剂施用量对杨树苗土壤物理性状与微生物活性的影响

[目的]探讨保水剂不同施用量对杨树土壤物理性状与微生物活性的作用效果,为中国杨树人工林节水高产实践模式提供理论依据与技术参考。[方法]研究CK(常规灌量)、CL(60%常规灌量配施10g保水剂)、CM(60%常规灌量配施30g保水剂)和CH(60%常规灌量配施50g保水剂)4个处理对杨树苗土壤物理性状、水稳性团粒结构、微生物数量、微生物呼吸和代谢熵的影响。[结果]同CK相比,CM处理显著降低了土壤容重,并明显提高了非毛管孔隙度,其中土壤容重分别较CK,CL和CH处理显著下降13.71%,5.31%和7.76%;还明显促进了土壤大团聚体(0.25mm团粒)的形成。同时,CM处理明显增加了土壤微生物总量和微生物量碳、氮含量,并显著增强了土壤微生物呼吸作用,其微生物呼吸速率分别比CK,CL和CH处理提高30.77%,11.84%和7.59%。此外,CM处理还降低了代谢熵,分别较CK,CL和CH处理下降4.81%,8.29%和9.74%。[结论]适宜的节水灌溉措施(60%常规灌量与30g保水剂组合)有助于改善杨树苗土壤的物理环境,并增强微生物活性。     

保水剂和微生物菌肥配施对旱作燕麦土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性的影响

为探讨保水剂和微生物菌肥配施后旱作燕麦土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性的影响,在内蒙古黄土高原旱作农田设置不施用保水剂和微生物菌肥(CK)、保水剂和微生物菌肥配施(A)、单施微生物菌肥(B)和单施保水剂(C)4个处理,分析燕麦全生育期内0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性时空动态变化和产量变化。结果表明:(1)全生育期,土壤微生物量碳含量呈"双峰"曲线变化,峰值均出现在孕穗期和灌浆期;氮含量呈先降低后升高再降低趋势,苗期含量最高;过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均呈"单峰"曲线变化,过氧化氢酶、土壤蔗糖酶峰值在孕穗期,土壤脲酶则在抽穗期。(2)除CK外,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性表现为0—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm,其中配施(A)对0—10,10—20 cm影响均显著(p0.05),单施(B、C)仅对10—20 cm土层影响显著(p0.05)。(3)10—20 cm土层,配施(A)与其他3个处理间差异均显著(p0.05),提高微生物量碳含量4.82%～40.28%、微生物生物量氮含量8.44%～68.66%、过氧化氢酶活性13.32%～60.16%、蔗糖酶活性10.45%～39.14%、脲酶活性12.40%～55.62%。(4)配施(A)能同时显著(p0.05)提高燕麦籽粒产量和生物产量,提高幅度分别为8.40%～20.12%和10.80%～25.09%。因此,保水剂和微生物菌肥配施在黄土高原旱作区具有较好改善土壤微生物活性效果,提高旱作燕麦产量。     

2种保水剂对旱作土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响比较

为促进宁夏干旱半干旱区马铃薯支柱产业的发展,解决马铃薯生产,特别是苗期干旱缺水等问题,以2种土壤保水剂(沃特保水剂和微生物保水剂)为对象,研究了不同保水剂施用量对旱作土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明,相对于不施保水剂处理(对照),2种保水剂均可有效降低土壤容重,改善土壤孔隙结构,穴施沃特保水剂90 kg·hm-2的0~30 cm土层土壤容重显著降低9.0%,穴施微生物保水剂90 kg·hm-2的30~60 cm土层土壤孔隙度显著增加8.9%。施用微生物保水剂各处理使0~30 cm土层0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量均较对照显著提高,施沃特保水剂各处理使30~60cm土层0.25 mm团聚体数量较对照显著提高。在马铃薯关键生育期,施用微生物保水剂可改善马铃薯生育前期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量,而施用沃特保水剂可提高马铃薯生育中后期土壤水分状况。2种保水剂处理下,马铃薯产量均显著高于对照,其中穴施沃特保水剂60~90 kg·hm-2的增产效果最佳(41.4%),商品薯率最高(21.1%)。该研究可为宁夏旱作区马铃薯合理施用保水剂提供参考。     

鸡西矿区采石废弃地植被恢复技术

以鸡西矿区采石废弃地为研究区,采取客土、保水剂、营养袋等栽培方式进行造林,选择樟子松、兴凯赤松、中国沙棘、紫穗槐和小叶锦鸡儿等树种进行植被恢复。结果表明：1）客土栽培方式下,中国沙棘成活率最高,达95.2%,平均高度（179.1 cm）、冠幅（130.6 cm）和盖度（65.3%）均为最高,林下土壤全N、水解N含量最高,分别为1.97 g/kg和294.01 mg/kg,有机质含量为0.91%;樟子松成活率为67.3%,平均高度为70.5 cm,但土壤全N、水解N和有机质含量均为最低,分别为0.45 g/kg、52.36 mg/kg和0.46%;兴凯赤松和紫穗槐成活率分别为64.1%和50.1%,小叶锦鸡儿成活率仅有9.4%。2）在不同栽培方式中,保水剂栽培方式对兴凯赤松影响最大,成活率达85.3%,比对照提高103%,林下土壤N、P、K和有机质含量都有很大程度的提高,有机质和水解N含量分别是对照的2.6和3.1倍;营养袋栽培方式对樟子松影响最大,成活率达88.3%,成活率和高生长分别比对照提高116%和23%,土壤有机质、全N和水解N含量分别是对照的1.8、1.8和1.4倍。3）保水剂和营养袋栽培方式可有效增加林下草本植物数量和盖度。     

保水剂对4种木本植物生长及根系形态的影响

为了研究干旱区造林植被生长所需的最适保水剂施用量,选取北方干旱区常用的4种水土保持树种(丁香、红瑞木、油松和白蜡)为研究对象,通过盆栽对照实验,研究在5个保水剂用量下,4种植物的株高、地径、生物量和根系形态的变化。结果表明:施用保水剂的试验组,其土壤含水量均比对照组高,且土壤含水量随着保水剂浓度的升高而提高。对丁香和红瑞木2种灌木而言,株高、地径及根系各指标随着保水剂的增加,呈现先增大后减小趋势,其生物量增长幅度分别为20.73%~64.40%和24.92%~98.21%;乔木树种油松和白蜡株的高、地径及根系各指标,其随着保水剂浓度的增大而减小,生物量增长幅度分别为10.1%~56.58%和7.04%~35.61%,较高浓度保水剂对其生长出现抑制作用。保水剂对2种灌木生长的促进作用2种乔木,且灌木的保水剂可受用范围更为广泛。在北方干旱区植被造林中,丁香和红瑞木的最适保水剂用量均为20 g/株,油松为5 g/株,白蜡为10 g/株。该研究为中国北方干旱区植被造林,提供科学依据和参考。     

不同保水剂对土壤团聚体组成及微生物量碳、氮的影响

以济麦22为材料,研究保水剂种类对土壤团聚体组成及土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响,科学评价保水剂对土壤的改良作用及其环境效应具有重要意义。试验设置4种不同类型保水剂及2个施用水平,共9个处理,分析土壤团聚体分布、水稳性大团聚体(R0.25)、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、土壤不稳定团粒指数(ELT)、分形维数(D)、土壤微生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)、土壤微生物量碳氮比和微生物熵的变化。结果表明,各处理在拔节期和收获期土壤R0.25值均高于对照,增幅分别在46.97%～124.89%和9.35%～75.20%。不同类型保水剂及施用量处理之间存在显著差异,其中复合类型腐殖酸保水剂(FSC)和聚丙烯酰胺型保水剂(AS)处理的R0.25值随用量的增加显著增大,而有机-无机复合类型保水剂(WT2)对土壤团聚体影响较小,且用量加倍抑制了小麦的生长。在土壤性质相对稳定的收获期,AS、复合类型有机肥保水剂(OSC)和FSC处理的MWD、GMD值显著升高,而ELT、D值显著减小,表明上述3种保水剂均可增强土壤团聚体的稳定性,有利于改善土壤结构,其中T8(NPK+10 g/kg FSC)效果最为显著。与对照相比,AS、OSC和FSC保水剂处理MBC显著提高了34.38%～189.27%,MBN显著提高了48.84%～334.89%,其中FSC保水剂对MBC和MBN值的提高效果最为明显。各处理微生物熵介于0.53%～1.64%,土壤微生物量碳氮比在1.50～4.66之间,处理间差异显著。综上所述,FSC的施用更有利于提高土壤水稳性大团聚体含量及稳定性,且对土壤微生物量碳、氮的促进作用更为显著,是改善土壤团粒结构,提高土壤质量的有效措施。     

保水剂与微生物菌肥配施对黄土高原旱作燕麦生长及水分利用的影响

[目的]分析保水剂与微生物菌肥配施后旱作燕麦生长及水分利用情况,为黄土高原旱作区农田生产提供一种有效的保水培肥措施,指导该区域旱作农业生产。[方法]通过在黄土高原旱作区设不施保水剂和微生物菌肥(CK)、单施保水剂(A)、单施微生物菌肥(M)、保水剂和生物菌肥配施(AM)4个处理,分析燕麦全生育时期土壤水分变化、关键生育时期生长发育变化、全生育时期耗水量特征、产量构成及水分利用情况。[结果]①AM处理可促进燕麦生长发育。以灌浆期为例,AM处理可提高株高3.27%～25.96%,单株叶面积7.94%～23.06%,地上部干物质积累量11.48%～21.88%。②AM处理可提高0—20 cm土层土壤含水量(5.89%～11.50%),显著降低燕麦土壤贮水消耗(7.70%～18.76%),使总耗水量降低0.46%～1.26%。③AM处理可促进燕麦籽粒和生物产量形成,进而促进水分利用,使籽粒产量提高8.40%～20.12%,生物产量提高10.80%～25.09%,水分利用效率提高12.19%～26.80%。[结论]保水剂和微生物菌肥配施能够显著促进旱作燕麦生长,改善农田土壤水分状况,具有蓄水保墒作用,实现燕麦产量增加,提高水分利用效率。     

有机无机改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响

[目的]为解决滨海地区土壤盐分高和生态环境恶劣的问题,研究发酵园林废弃物与膨润土不同比例配合施用对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。[方法]通过滨海地区田间试验,采用单独施用68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物(T_1)、单独施用15 kg/m~3膨润土(T_2)和二者混合施用(T_3)的方法,分析不同处理组土壤酶活性、微生物量碳、氮的变化及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。[结果]有机无机改良剂混施(T_3)在提高土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮方面具有更显著的效果。脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶分别为对照的10.1,9.0和4.5倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比对照提高了24.8%和78.1%。此外,混施也可以显著改善土壤理化性质,使土壤盐分降低了62.7%,养分各项指标增幅为57.2%～101.4%。同有机改良剂处理相比,无机改良剂对土壤酶活和土壤微生物量的影响较小。速效钾与速效氮是影响土壤酶活性与微生物量的主要因子,而含盐量、容重则与土壤酶和微生物量呈负相关,具有抑制作用。[结论]发酵园林废弃物的加入对土壤酶活性和微生物量的增加起到了决定性的作用。最佳施用处理组为原土混合掺拌68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物和15 kg/m~3膨润土。     

Effectiveness of Water-Saving Superabsorbent Polymer in Soil Water Conservation for Oat Based on Ecophysiological Parameters

The objective of the study was to study soil water conservation and physiological growth of oat (Avena sativa L.) using water-saving superabsorbent polymer (SAP) at 60 kg ha^?1. The effectiveness of SAP was studied under three irrigation levels (adequate, moderate, and deficient) using a new type of negative hydraulic pressure–controlled auto-irrigator. Seven weeks after sowing (WAS), the number of tillers and leaves increased significantly by 33 and 40%, respectively, under deficient irrigation due to application of SAP. The SAP had little effects on shoot dry mass (SDM) and root dry mass (RDM) under adequate and moderate irrigation but increased both parameters significantly (59 and 45%) under deficient irrigation. As a result, the water-use efficiency (WUE) increased substantially (50%) under deficient irrigation. Leaf water potential (ψ₁) under adequate irrigation exceeded that under moderate and deficient irrigation by 26.4 and 39.6%, respectively, and the application of SAP further increased it by 7.2%. The superior growth and WUE of oat treated with SAP under deficient irrigation was ascribed to maintenance of greater relative water content (RWC) in leaves as well as intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), net photosynthesis (P_N), and transpiration rate. It is suggested that the application of SAP is a suitable soil management practice for locations characterized by severe water stress.     

Soil microbial attributes along a chronosequence of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantations in northern China

Soil microorganisms play a key role in soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient cycling, and soil fertility maintenance in forest ecosystems, and they are influenced by stand age and soil depth. However, few studies have simultaneously considered these two factors. In this study, we measured soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), soil basal respiration (SBR) rate, and potential extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) in soil to a depth of 60 cm under 10-, 30-, and 40-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) stands (Y10, Y30, and Y40, respectively) in plantations in northern China in 2011. Soil water content (SWC), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil total nitrogen (STN) were also measured to explore their effects on soil microbial indices across different stand ages and soil depths. Our results showed that SMBC, SMBN, and the SBR rate were generally higher for the Y30 stand than for the Y10 and Y40 stands. Potential EEA, except forα-glucosidase, decreased significantly with increasing stand age. Soil organic carbon,STN, SWC, and soil pH explained 67%of the variation in soil microbial attributes among the three stand ages. For the same stand age, soil microbial biomass and the SBR rate decreased with soil depth. Lower microbial biomass, lower SBR rate, and lower EEA for the mature Y40 stand indicate lower substrate availability for soil microorganisms, lower soil quality, and lower microbial adaptability to the environment. Our results suggest that changes in soil quality with stand age should be considered when determining the optimum rotation length of plantations and the best management practices for afforestation programs.     

Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter underPinus sylvestris, Picea abies andBetula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites

Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pH_{CaCl 2} 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pH_{CaCl 2} (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.     

Humusveränderungen nach Einbringung von Buche und Eiche in Kiefernreinbestände

Humus changes after introduction of beech and oak into Scots‐pine monocultures Medium‐ and long‐term (16 to 83 years) effects of an introduction of broadleaf‐tree species (Common beech [Fagus sylvatica] and European‐Sessile Oak [Quercus robur/petraea]) into mature Scots‐pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands on humus type and chemical properties of the Oh layer (pH value, base saturation, C : N ratio) were studied on 16 sites in Bavaria/Germany. The sites investigated covered a large range with respect to elevation, climate, parent material, and soil type. At most sites, the introduction of beech resulted in a significant change of the soil humus type from biologically inactive humus types to more active ones. The strongest changes occurred on the poorest sites, where forest floors under pure pine were particularly biologically inactive. In most cases, the changes in humus type were accompanied by significant increases in the pH value and the base saturation and significant decreases in the C : N ratio of the Oh layer. However, the latter effect was not noticed at most sites with initial C : N ratios higher than 30. In contrast to beech, the introduction of oak did not result in a systematic change of the humus type, the pH value, or the base saturation of the Oh layer. In spite of the considerable change of humus type under beech to biologically more active types, the introduction of broadleaf trees did not result in a systematic change of the thickness or the mass of the forest floor. A decrease in the mass of the Of layer was compensated by an increase of the Oh‐layer mass. All studied sites considered, the introduction of broadleaf trees into Scots‐pine monocultures resulted on average in an 8% decrease of the total amount of organic carbon (C_org) in the forest floor; the C_org amount in the uppermost 10 cm mineral soil increased by 9%. At 35% of all investigated sites, broadleaf tree introduction resulted in increased (+5% to +18%) topsoil (forest floor and uppermost 10 cm mineral soil) C_org stocks. At 30% of the sites, the stock changes were less than ±5%, and on 35% of all sites, soil C_org stocks decreased by –5% to –36%. The average change in the topsoil C_org stock for all studied sites was –5%. The introduction of beech into Scots‐pine monocultures resulted in an ecologically desired translocation of soil organic matter from the forest floor into the mineral topsoil. It is an effective and sustainable silvicultural measure to restore and revitalize acidified, nutrient‐depleted topsoils with biologically inactive humus types.     

Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter underPinus sylvestris, Picea abies andBetula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites

Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pH_{CaCl 2} 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pH_{CaCl 2} (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.     

亚热带2种针叶林土壤碳氮磷储量及化学计量比对混交的响应

针叶林混交阔叶树是改善土壤肥力、增强林地养分循环的重要措施,而混交效应受到针叶树种自身特性的影响,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(P.elliottii)是亚热带地区广泛种植的针叶树种,但目前2种针叶林对阔叶树混交的响应特征还不清楚。选取马尾松、湿地松纯林以及木荷(Schima superba)补植后形成的马尾松—木荷和湿地松—木荷混交林为研究对象,采集剖面土壤样品,测定土壤容重、有机碳(OC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量,计算碳氮磷储量及化学计量特征,比较不同森林类型间的异同。混交阔叶树显著增加了马尾松林0—60cm各土层OC含量,而湿地松纯林与其混交林间OC含量无显著差异。同时,混交增加了2种针叶林土壤TN含量。马尾松林混交后0—60cm土层碳储量显著增加95.8%,而混交阔叶树对湿地松林土壤碳储量无显著影响。混交阔叶树后马尾松和湿地松林0—60cm土壤总氮储量分别增加了15.8%和28.4%,但混交对土壤磷储量无显著影响。混交显著增加了马尾松林0—40cm各土层C/N,而降低了湿地松林0—10cm土层C/N。混交阔叶树后马尾松林0—20cm土层C/P和0—10cm土层N/P显著增加,而混交仅增加湿地林0—10cm土层N/P。混交阔叶树增加了针叶林土壤氮储量,但对磷储量无显著影响,同时混交改变了土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征。与湿地松林相比,马尾松林土壤养分含量、储量及其化学计量特征对混交的响应更敏感。     

Soil physicochemical and microbial drivers of temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition under boreal forests

Soil organic matter(SOM)in boreal forests is an important carbon sink.The aim of this study was to assess and to detect factors controlling the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition.Soils were collected from Scots pine,Norway spruce,silver birch,and mixed forests(O horizon)in northern Finland,and their basal respiration rates at five different temperatures(from 4 to 28℃)were measured.The Q_(10) values,showing the respiration rate changes with a 10℃ increase,were calculated using a Gaussian function and were based on temperature-dependent changes.Several soil physicochemical parameters were measured,and the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities was assessed using the MicroResp?method.The temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition differed under the studied forest stands.Pine forests had the highest temperature sensitivity for SOM decomposition at the low temperature range(0–12℃).Within this temperature range,the Q_(10) values were positively correlated with the microbial functional diversity index(H'_(mic))and the soil C-to-P ratio.This suggested that the metabolic abilities of the soil microbial communities and the soil nutrient content were important controls of temperature sensitivity in taiga soils.     

辽东湾湿地微生物量与土壤酶的研究

研究考察了种植碱蓬(Suaeda Heteroptera K itag)对湿地的微生物量、部分土壤酶和土壤细菌总数的影响。实验发现:随着碱蓬的生长,种植碱蓬区的微生物量碳、氮均呈上升趋势,明显高于对照,微生物量碳变化范围为295~383mg kg-1,微生物量氮变化范围为29.74~41.81mg kg-1。土壤酶与微生物量的变化趋势相近,各种酶活性增幅大小不同,可能与植株分泌的养分对酶活性激活的程度不同。在种植碱蓬区,土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性的相关性达极显著水平或显著水平。在恒定的条件下,裸土区细菌总数基本恒定,而种植碱蓬区随着土样中植株的生长,细菌总数增长很快,在实验的20~40d,细菌总数分别增加1.48~6.9倍。