桂东南花岗岩崩岗土壤界限含水率空间变异及影响因素

界限含水率是土壤水理性质的重要参数,可表征土体状态随含水量变化而变化的能力,与崩岗土体稳定性密切相关,对预测降雨和崩岗侵蚀关系具有重要意义。本研究选取桂东南区活动型、半稳定型和稳定型3种花岗岩崩岗为研究对象,分析各崩岗土壤界限含水率空间变异规律并利用通径分析方法揭示其影响因素。结果表明：崩岗各部位土壤界限含水率在空间上存在差异,活动型和半稳定型崩岗土壤液塑限在崩壁上部有最大值(液限分别为54.45%和57.08%,塑限分别为32.84%和34.04%),洪积锥顶部有最小值(液限分别为35.39%和30.72%,塑限分别为21.92%和20.23%);稳定型崩岗崩壁下部土壤液塑限最小(液限为33.78%,塑限为22.47%);随着崩岗发育逐渐稳定,各部位土壤界限含水率总体呈增加趋势。黏粒、有机质、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度与土壤液塑限及塑性指数呈极显著正相关关系,其中,总孔隙度对土壤液塑限的影响最显著。总孔隙度、黏粒、有机质、毛管孔隙度对界限含水率变化起主导作用,总孔隙度、黏粒和毛管孔隙度分别是土壤液塑限、塑性指数和液性指数的主要影响因子。此研究结果可进一步明确崩岗侵蚀危害并确定高侵蚀风险部位,为崩岗危害预防与治理提供相关理论支撑。     

干湿效应下崩岗土体的裂隙演化及收缩变形规律

为提高崩岗土体稳定性,抑制崩壁崩塌.试验共设计6次干湿循环,利用工业相机对脱湿过程中崩岗4层土进行定时定点拍照并结合数字图像处理技术,研究干湿效应下崩岗土体的裂隙演化及收缩变形规律.结果表明:(1)脱湿过程中土体形态变化顺序为轴向收缩、径向收缩和裂隙发育;(2)表面裂隙率与液限、塑性指数、黏粒含量呈显著正相关关系,4层...     

野外模拟崩岗崩积体坡面产流过程及水分分布

为研究崩岗崩积体坡面产流特征及土体水分分布特征,采用人工模拟降雨方法,在广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗选择7个不同部位的崩积体,进行28场人工模拟降雨,测定降雨过程中坡面产流时间及水分分布。结果表明:1)坡面产流时间与降雨强度呈负指数幂函数关系;2)老崩积体坡面产流时间与10 cm深处土体初始含水率呈负对数函数关系,其他深度土体初始含水率,以及新崩积体各土层初始含水率与坡面产流时间关系不密切;3)根据土体初始含水率和降雨强度,可以应用三维曲面模型预测崩积体坡面产流所需时间;4)当降雨强度≥3.5 mm/min时,崩积体坡面产流时间与坡度呈现出负相关关系,即随着坡度增大,产流时间变短;5)崩积体坡面产流后,新、老崩积体10 cm深处土体含水率差异明显,新崩积体土体含水率在20%以下,老崩积体土体含水率在20%以上;6)无论是降雨结束时还是降雨后24 h的水分再分布,新崩积体的湿润锋深度均大于老崩积体,表明在降雨作用下新崩积体的失稳深度大于老崩积体的失稳深度。该研究为崩岗崩积体侵蚀预测和防治提供参考。     

崩岗土体物理化学性质及其内部分异——以广东省德庆县3个典型崩岗为例

[目的]研究崩岗土体物理性质的内部分异和崩岗土体化学物质组成,为更好地理解崩岗的侵蚀过程提供理论参考。[方法]以广东省德庆县3个典型崩岗为例,采用筛分法、烘干法、激光粒度分析、液塑限分析、X射线衍射分析和X射线荧光光谱分析,对崩岗不同地貌部位的土体物理性质、矿物组成和化学元素进行测定。[结果](1)崩壁土体容重略大于崩积体、沟道和洪积扇的土体容重;崩壁和崩积体的含水率和界限含水率大于沟道和洪积扇的土体含水率和界限含水率。(2)崩岗土体中值粒径表现为：崩壁<崩积体<沟道<洪积扇;崩壁和崩积体土体颗粒级配曲线呈双峰型,沟道和洪积扇土体颗粒级配曲线呈单峰型。(3)崩岗土体的矿物成分以黏土矿物高岭石为主,石英和白云母次之;化合物以SiO₂含量最多,其次为Al₂O₃;化学元素以Ti含量最高,S含量次之。[结论]崩岗不同地貌部位的土体物理性质具有一定的分异现象,水力—重力复合侵蚀作用机制是这一内部分异形成的原因。强化学风化作用下,崩岗土体黏土矿物以高岭石为主,化学物质在崩岗内部没有出现明显的元素迁移和富集现象。     

不同剪切方式下崩岗红土层抗剪特征随水分变化规律

崩壁土体抗剪强度随水分变化的规律是研究崩岗发生机理的关键,但不同剪切方式得出的抗剪特性可能存在差异。该研究采用直接剪切和三轴剪切试验方法,在100、200、300和400 k Pa 4个围压下,测量10%~30%之间5个不同体积含水率下崩岗红土的抗剪应力和内摩擦角,确定典型崩岗土体抗剪特征随水分变化规律。结果表明:直接剪切试验中当土壤体积含水率在10%~15%之间时,黏聚力的最高值达80 k Pa,随着土壤含水率增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角逐渐降低到最小。三轴剪切试验得出的结果与直接剪切试验相似,但黏聚力总体接近或大于直接剪切试验结果,而内摩擦角小于直接剪切试验结果,这与2种试验的土样制备方法、试验原理等密切相关。研究可为花岗岩崩岗区崩岗土体抗剪强度测定方法合理选择提供依据。     

鄂东南花岗岩崩岗剖面土体风化特征

崩岗是我国南方特殊的一种土壤侵蚀现象,危害严重;研究崩岗剖面土体风化特征有利于进一步了解崩岗发生机理,为崩岗防治提供理论依据。本试验通过采集通城县花岗岩崩岗土壤,测定其颗粒组成、阳离子交换量、黏聚力和各氧化物所占质量分数;定量分析不同层次氧化物质量分数;计算风化强度,分析其与土壤性质的相关性,探究花岗岩崩岗土体风化特征与崩岗形成机理的关系。结果表明:花岗岩风化壳经脱硅富铁铝化、盐基淋溶等成土过程,不同氧化物在土壤剖面不同层次所占比例有一定规律,随着土壤深度减小Al2O3、Fe2O3所占比例增多,Si O2比例减小。风化程度整体趋势随深度减小而增强,风化强度最大相差15.18%。风化程度与黏粒比例、阳离子交换量、黏聚力成正相关。上层风化程度大,黏粒比例高,黏聚力大,土体稳定;下层风化程度弱,黏粒比例低,黏聚力小更易被侵蚀,造成土体易崩塌,形成崩岗。     

花岗岩崩岗崩积体颗粒组成及分形特征

崩岗崩积体土质疏松,抗侵蚀能力弱,其颗粒组成及分形维数有其自身的特性。采用激光粒度分布仪对花岗岩崩岗崩积体及崩壁土样的颗粒进行测定,对其土壤颗粒组成及分形特征进行比较分析。结果如下:崩积体土壤以砾石、砂粒、粉粒含量为主,黏粒含量极低,土壤质地主要为砾石土;崩积体各层次土壤颗粒分形维数均值为2.61～2.70,分形维数值较低,反映了其细颗粒损失情况;黏粒含量是影响土壤颗粒分形维数的主要因素;崩壁土体的颗粒分形维数大小能够表征土壤的理化特征,而崩积体土壤颗粒分形维数无法真实反映崩积体的理化性质。     

SWCC测定过程产生的容重变化对SWCC参数的影响

土壤水分特征曲线（SWCC）测定过程本身会引起很大的容重变化。随着容重的增大,土壤的持水特性也发生改变。为了明确这种容重变化对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,本研究以4种原状土壤为例,用离心机法测定了不同定容重下的土壤水分特征曲线,分析了容重变化对Brooks-Corey和van Genuchten模型参数的影响。结果表明：土壤的容重越大,相同吸力下所对应的有效饱和度就越大,水分特征曲线就越平缓。4种土壤的参数A和α均随容重的增大而减小,可用幂函数表示。黑垆土和土娄土的λ、n随容重的增加而增大,可用线性函数描述,有别于黄绵土和红壤。从总体上看,无论扰动与否,土壤水分特征曲线测定过程引起的容重变化对粉质粘壤土和粉质粘土的影响情况一致。与van Genuchten模型相比,Brooks-Corey模型参数与容重具有更强的关系性。本研究有益于土壤水分特征曲线测定过程中容重影响因素的修正。     

基于分形理论模拟花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线

崩岗是我国南方花岗岩地区特殊的土壤侵蚀现象,给山区经济造成了严重的影响.为了探索南方花岗岩地区崩岗侵蚀剖面的水分特性,明确水分与崩岗发育的关系,本研究采用野外调查采样与室内分析的方法,运用土壤粒径分形理论,并结合Brooks and Corey模型,模拟花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线.选择通城县花岗岩崩岗剖面5个层次(表土层、红土层、过渡层、砂土层和碎屑层)采集土样,通过对土壤粒径分布和土壤含水量的测定,分析分形维数与土壤粒径之间的关系.同时,应用土壤粒径分形理论,模拟土壤水分特征曲线,基于估算结果与实测结果的比较,探讨分形方法估算土壤水分特征曲线的可行性.结果表明:崩岗剖面土壤黏粒质量分数越大,土壤粒径分维值越大;土壤粒径分维值越大,土壤水分特征曲线的分维值则越大,两者之间线性关系较好;运用分形理论,模拟土壤水分特征曲线的预测值与实测值具有良好的一致性,模拟结果的精度随土层的深度增加而增加,模拟效果以土壤黏粒和粉粒质量分数较少、砂粒质量分数较多的土壤效果较好.研究结果为花岗岩崩岗机理的探索奠定了基础,对崩岗水分的研究具有指导意义.     

含水率对安溪县花岗岩崩岗土体胀缩特性的影响

崩壁土壤水分变化是导致崩岗发生和发展的主要因素之一。降雨可以导致崩岗崩壁失稳发生崩塌,降雨过程中土体在不同含水率下的胀缩特性是决定崩壁失稳的关键因素之一。本研究以安溪县典型崩岗崩壁土体为对象,通过室内无荷膨胀率和线性收缩率试验,研究不同梯度含水率对崩壁不同土层胀缩特性的影响。结果表明:不同土层的无荷膨胀率均随初始含水率增大而减小,线性收缩率则相反。初始含水率与崩壁不同层次土壤无荷膨胀率之间存在着明显的指数递减关系,各土层拟合所得到的回归方程均可表达为:δ_e=ae~((–ω/b))+c,R~20.96;初始含水率与崩壁不同层次土壤线性收缩率之间则存在着明显的指数递增关系,各土层拟合所得到的回归方程均可表达为:δ_(sl)=ae~((ω/b))+c,R~20.96。对于同一土层,膨胀的变化幅度大于收缩的变化幅度。比较不同土层的膨胀和收缩变化幅度发现,红土层变化幅度最大,分别较砂土层高2.58%和3.33%,较碎屑层高3.61%和4.67%。这种不可逆的干湿胀缩现象可能是造成土体产生裂隙进而引起崩壁坍塌的原因,这对于认识崩壁失稳崩塌原因和崩岗发生机理具有重要意义。     

基于龛深及其上覆土层稳定性的崩壁崩坍形成条件研究

[目的]研究龛的形态与崩岗发育及崩岗侵蚀之间的关系,为崩岗治理规划、崩岗防治工程技术的改进提供一定的数据参考。[方法]以湖北省通城县典型崩岗区崩壁土体为对象,构建崩壁连同龛二维数值模型,结合物理试验标定模拟所用的崩壁各土层基本特性参数。引入符合龛演化过程的"单元生死法",对引起天然状态下的崩壁明显崩塌(坍)所需的龛深最小(临界)值进行定量分析,并借助正交有限单元试验(ABAQUS)对诱发崩壁崩坍的因素进行主次评价,之后选取若干未降雨条件下不导致崩壁崩坍的龛深值,联合高阶插值与强度折减法导出了这些龛深与触发龛上覆红黏土体崩坍所需的极限饱和度之间的定量方程式。[结果]龛深与崩壁的稳定性系数呈显著线性负相关;龛上覆土层的含水量是促使崩壁发生崩坍的最重要因子,坡度对崩壁稳定性影响较大,而龛相对高度及崩壁高度均对崩壁的稳定性影响极小。[结论]崩壁崩坍的可能性在很大程度上受控于龛的凹陷深度和龛上覆红黏土体的含水状态,在崩岗侵蚀综合治理时需加以考虑。     

灰色关联及非线性规划法构建传递函数估算黑土水力参数

土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率是重要的水力参数,为了简便准确获取这些参数,以松嫩平原黑土区南部为研究区域,采集136个采样点土样用于测定不同土层土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率以及土壤理化性质,并运用灰色关联分析确定影响土壤水力参数的主要土壤理化性质,采用非线性规划构建土壤分形维数、有机质、干容重、土壤颗粒组成与土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率之间的土壤传递函数,并通过与现有土壤传递函数对比分析进行精度验证。结果表明:1)土壤分形维数是估算土壤水分特征曲线模型参数和饱和导水率的主要参数之一,同时,干容重和有机质含量也在不同土层土壤传递函数中起到重要的作用;2)通过验证分析,不同土层各参数平均绝对误差接近于0,均方根误差值也都较小,其中在不同土层土壤传递函数估算的土壤含水率均方根误差分别为0.022、0.017cm~3/cm~3;3)对比分析其他已存的土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率的土壤传递函数,该文构建的土壤传递函数均方根误差值均较小,决定系数值都在0.66以上,表明估算精度较高,均好于其他方法估算精度,具有良好的区域适应性。综上,所构建的土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率土壤传递函数可以用于松嫩平原黑土区土壤水力参数估算。     

坡面尺度土壤特性的空间变异性

通过对20m长坡面土壤特性空间变异性的经典统计学分析,结果表明:(1)在同一土壤剖面内,各级粒径含量呈弱变异性,而有机质含量随土层深度的增大而逐渐降低,呈中等变异性;(2)土壤干容重的空间变异性较小,呈弱变异性,但土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性;(3)水分特征曲线具有一定的空间变异性,比水容量空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性。坡面土壤饱和导水率和干容重的等值线图表明,土壤饱和导水率的变化趋势并不仅仅取决于土壤干容重的相对大小,可能与有机质含量、黏粒含量以及根系分布情况等也有一定的关系。     

初始含水率对崩岗土体抗拉特性的影响

针对花岗岩发育的崩岗土体崩壁失稳等问题,通过单轴抗拉试验,研究了湖北通城地区不同初始含水率的崩岗土体抗拉强度特性。结果表明:初始含水率对崩岗土壤抗拉强度影响明显。土壤抗拉强度特征曲线为单峰型,表土层、红土层和红砂过渡层抗拉特征曲线在含水率W_C(24.4%)附近出现抗拉强度峰值,而砂土层在W_C(25.8%)出现抗拉强度峰值。崩岗不同层次土壤轴向拉伸长和径向收缩长随初始含水率呈现正相关关系,且土壤轴向拉伸率和径向收缩率与初始含水率拟合出相关系数较高的线性函数关系(除砂土层的径向收缩率与初始含水率呈指数函数关系)。低(18%～22%)、中(22%～30%)、高(30%～饱和)3种初始含水率区间下崩岗土壤持水机制分别为土壤毛细管持水机制、团粒水桥联结持水机制与团粒持水机制。研究结果可为崩岗科学防治提供一定的科学依据。     

Modelling Thermal Diffusivity of Differently Textured Soils

A series of models has been proposed for estimating thermal diffusivity of soils at different water contents. Models have been trained on 49 soil samples with the texture range from sands to silty clays. The bulk density of the studied soils varied from 0.86 to 1.82 g/cm³; the organic carbon was between 0.05 and 6.49%; the physical clay ranged from 1 to 76%. The thermal diffusivity of undisturbed soil cores measured by the unsteady-state method varied from 0.78×10^–7 m²/s for silty clay at the water content of 0.142 cm³/cm³ to 10.09 × 10^–7 m²/s for sand at the water content of 0.138 cm³/cm³. Each experimental curve was described by the four-parameter function proposed earlier. Pedotransfer functions were then developed to estimate the parameters of the thermal diffusivity vs. water content function from data on soil texture, bulk density, and organic carbon. Models were tested on 32 samples not included in the training set. The root mean square errors of the best-performing models were 17–38%. The models using texture data performed better than the model using only data on soil bulk density and organic carbon.     

Seasonal differences in tillage draught on a sandy loam soil with long‐term additions of animal manure and mineral fertilizers

Energy requirements for soil tillage are closely linked to soil properties, such as clay, water and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents. Long‐term application of inorganic fertilizer and organic amendments affects SOC content but little is known about seasonal differences in tillage draught requirements of soils subject to contrasting nutrient management regimes. We assessed autumn and spring tillage draught following harvest of early‐sown and timely sown winter wheat grown on a sandy loam in the Askov Long‐Term Experiment on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers. Draught force was related to soil texture, soil water and SOC content, shear strength and bulk density, nutrient management, and yield of the preceding winter wheat. Contents of clay and SOC ranged from 8.9 to 10.6% and from 0.98 to 1.36%, respectively. In the autumn and spring, SOC normalized by clay content explained 38 and 5% of the variation in specific draught, respectively. Specific draught did not differ significantly among individual fertilization treatments. SOC was closely correlated with clay and water contents and bulk density, and with yield of the preceding wheat. Draught force was significantly smaller in the spring than in the autumn. In the autumn when soils were drier (?700 hPa), tillage draught was correlated with several soil characteristics, whereas water content was the dominating parameter in the spring when soils were wetter (?100 hPa). The range of SOC contents observed in this study aligns with that observed in Danish sandy loams under intensive cultivation, and within this range, SOC per se had little effect on draught requirements.     

Vertical porosity profile of a clay-rich marsh soil

The evolution of clay soil porosity is currently demonstrated via the shrinkage curves in a large water content domain spreading from a shrinkage limit to a liquidity limit. In fact, the parallel between in situ profiles and the shrinkage curves in such a large water content range is difficult to obtain because of the lack of earth pressure in the laboratory tests and in situ limited water contents. The vertical distribution of porosity throughout a clay-rich marsh soil profile was studied in a grassland field with samples taken from the soil surface characterized by water contents near their shrinkage limit down to 2.00 m deep saturated sediments over their liquidity limit. The depth of the plasticity limit isolates a soil in a solid state characterized by a vertical prism-like structure from a plastic to pseudo-liquid state in depth. The porosity was calculated from the measurements of the density of intact samples by double weighing and image analysis of 100 cm² polished sections. The initial structure of clay soil was maintained by impregnation based on water–acetone–resin exchange. An ultraviolet photo luminescent pigment added to the resin allowed the capture of images from which shrinkage cracks and microporosity of the clay matrix were easily separated. The distribution of porosity between the shrinkage crack mesoporosity and the clay matrix microporosity was evaluated after the mathematical decomposition of the grey level curves characteristic of each level. Vertical evolution of the porosity distribution from the soil surface in a solid state to the plastic and pseudo-liquid sediment in depth was presented on the shrinkage curve of the clay material. The measurements point out how the clay matrix microporosity and mesoporosity of shrinkage cracks are complementary and the role of the scale effect on the shrinkage curve. The analysis of images captured on an optical microscope under polarized and analyzed light and the SEM observation of freeze-dried samples demonstrated the isotropic arrangement of the clay particles in typical “honey-comb” architecture in the in situ plastic-to-liquid saturated domain. Eventually the distribution of porosity through the profile results from the evolution of the initial “honey-comb” microstructure of the sediment induced by the desiccation phenomenon. It is governed by the depth of plasticity limit of the clay material and by the depth of the water table.     

Identifying potential management zones in a layered soil using several sources of ancillary information

Variation in soil texture has a profound effect on soil management, especially in texturally complex soils such as the polder soils of Belgium. The conventional point sampling approach requires high sampling intensity to take into account such spatial variation. In this study we investigated the use of two ancillary variables for the detailed mapping of soil texture and subsequent delineation of potential management zones for site‐specific management. In an 11.5 ha arable field in the polder area, the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) was measured with an EM38DD electromagnetic induction instrument. The geometric mean values of the EC_a measured in both vertical and horizontal orientations strongly correlated with the more heterogeneous subsoil clay content (r = 0.83), but the correlation was weaker with the homogenous topsoil clay content (r = 0.40). The gravimetric water content at wilting point (θg_{(?1.5 MPa)}) correlated very well (r = 0.96) with the topsoil clay content. Thus maps of topsoil and subsoil clay contents were obtained from 63 clay analyses supplemented with 117θg_{(?1.5 MPa)} and 4048EC_a measurements, respectively, using standardized ordinary cokriging. Three potential management zones were identified based on the spatial variation of both top and subsoil clay contents. The influence of subsoil textural variation on crop behaviour was illustrated by an aerial image, confirming the reliability of the results from the small number of primary samples.     

Effect of biochar,clay substrate and manure application on water availability and tree-seedling performance in a sandy soil

In order to develop a method for extensive pomiculture on marginal soils in semiarid Brazil, a field experiment was conducted to study the impacts of the soil conditioners biochar, clay substrate and goat manure on soil physical parameters of a sandy soil and on seedling performance of Spondias tuberosa Arruda. Manure significantly increased total porosity, soil water content and reduced bulk density of the sandy soil. Water content at field capacity (θ_fc) and at permanent wilting point (θ_pwp) were increased due to manure application. Neither biochar nor clay substrate had a significant impact on the soil physical parameters. Biochar combined with clay substrate led to lower soil water content and significantly reduced the period of retaining atmospheric water. Due to a strong correlation (R² = 0.75) between θ_fc and θ_pwp, the available water capacity within all treatments remained unchanged. Amelioration and initial nutrient supplies had no effect on seedling survival and stem growth of S. tuberosa during the 23-month experiment. This underlines the nondomesticated character of the available plant material of S. tuberosa. The independence of the seedling performance of soil management makes S. tuberosa an interesting species for low-input orchards and for reforestation within the Caatinga.