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1.
通过3年的耕作和秸秆条带还田试验,研究了行间旋耕秸秆还田(T1S1)、行间翻耕秸秆还田(T2S1)、行间旋耕秸秆不还田(T1S2)和行间翻耕秸秆不还田(T2S2)四种耕作措施对土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田处理提高了0~40 cm土层团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、2 mm和0.25~2 mm大团聚体含量及有机碳贡献率,相应地减少了0.053 mm黏砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率,提高了0~40 cm土层总有机碳含量及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量;秸秆还田条件下,旋耕处理0~40 cm土层团聚体MWD和团聚体有机碳贡献率均高于翻耕处理,但各土层总有机碳含量及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均略低于翻耕处理;行间旋耕秸秆还田显著提高了各土层大团聚体和微团聚体含量、MWD及其有机碳贡献率,与其它处理相比明显改善了土壤结构。  相似文献   

2.
秸秆和生物炭还田对棕壤团聚体分布及有机碳含量的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
  【目的】  比较长期秸秆和生物炭还田后土壤团聚体的变化与差异,旨在探索棕壤适宜的改良方法。  【方法】  在辽宁沈阳棕壤上连续进行了6年的田间定位微区试验,种植制度为玉米连作,试验共设6个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施氮磷钾 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (B)、生物炭与氮磷钾配施 (BNPK)、单施秸秆 (S)、秸秆与氮磷钾配施 (SNPK)。在玉米收获后,采集0—20和20—40 cm两土层土壤样品,采用Yoder湿筛法进行了团聚体分级和测定。  【结果】  与NPK相比,BNPK和SNPK处理显著提高了0—20和20—40 cm土层 > 1 mm、1~0.5 mm和 0.25~0.5 mm粒级团聚体含量占比,降低了0.25~0.053 mm粒级团聚体含量占比,SNPK处理提高大团聚体含量占比的效果显著高于BNPK。与NPK处理相比,BNPK和SNPK处理显著增加了团聚体平均重量直径 (MWD)、几何平均直径 (GMD) 和0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量 (R0.25),即增加了团聚体的稳定性,SNPK处理的团聚体MWD和GMD值又显著高于BNPK,R0.25值两处理间无显著差异 (0—20 cm土层)。随团聚体粒级减小,不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量随之减少,以 > 1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高。与CK相比,各施肥处理均增加了各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,BNPK处理对0—20 cm土层0.25~0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量影响最显著,有机碳含量增加了44.57%。  【结论】  长期秸秆和生物炭还田能够改变土壤团聚体的分布,有利于大团聚体的形成和土壤结构改善,可提高土壤团聚体有机碳含量和团聚体稳定性,增加作物产量;秸秆直接还田提高团聚体稳定性的效果优于生物炭还田,生物炭还田提高团聚体有机碳的效果方面优于秸秆直接还田。  相似文献   

3.
长期配施有机肥对旱地红壤微团聚体中有机碳含量的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
以连续种植花生26年的旱地红壤为研究对象,选取了有机无机配施试验区的NPK(对照),NPK+花生秸秆(还田)、NPK+稻秆(稻秆)、NPK+鲜萝卜菜(绿肥)及NPK+猪厩肥(厩肥)等5个肥料处理土壤,采用吸管法逐级提取了大小粒级微团聚体土壤样品,分析了各粒级微团聚体的有机碳含量变化及其对土壤总有机碳的贡献率,探讨了微团聚体的粒级组成与土壤有机碳含量及分形维数的相关关系。结果表明:长期配施有机肥未能显著改变旱地红壤中大小粒级微团聚体比例的分布格局,即0.25~0.05 mm2~0.25 mm0.05~0.01 mm(0.005 mm)0.01~0.005 mm,其中优势粒径0.25~0.05 mm微团聚体所占比例为44.3%~50.0%。配施有机肥可以显著增加旱地红壤2~0.25 mm,0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量,提高特征微团聚体比例,增大分形维数,且随着0.05 mm粒级微团聚体数量的增多,分形维数均显著增大。各粒级团聚体有机碳的平均含量大小依次为:(0.005 mm)0.25~0.05 mm(2~0.25 mm)0.05~0.01 mm0.01~0.005 mm,其中0.25~0.05mm与0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳受施肥的影响差异显著。土壤有机碳总量与2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,其中0.25~0.05 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率为55.4%,显著高于其它粒级微团聚体。  相似文献   

4.
秸秆还田量对土壤团聚体有机碳和玉米产量的影响   总被引:11,自引:6,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
为明确秸秆深还田对土壤团聚体及有机碳和作物产量的影响,在辽宁省半干旱地区进行了6年秸秆深还田小区定位试验,秸秆施用量分别为0(CK)、6 000 kg/hm~2(T1)、12 000 kg/hm~2(T2)、18 000 kg/hm~2(T3)、24 000 kg/hm~2(T4),将秸秆还入20~40cm土壤亚表层,利用干筛、湿筛得到不同粒级土壤团聚体。结果表明:秸秆添加与CK比可降低土壤0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤容重;土壤机械性团聚体主要集中在0.25 mm粒级,而水稳性团聚体主要集中在0.25mm粒级,与CK处理比秸秆的添加增加了土壤机械稳定性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和土壤水稳性团聚体MWD,随秸秆还田量增加,MWD值增大;秸秆深还田使各粒级团聚体有机碳均高于CK,对20~40 cm土层土壤团聚体碳含量的影响大于0~20 cm土层;秸秆深还田可增加玉米产量,随秸秆还田时间延长,不同秸秆还田量对玉米产量增加存在差异,2016年玉米产量测定结果各处理与CK比,T1增产4.66%、T2增产6.71%,T3增产5.37%、T4增产8.82%。秸秆深还田,能够提升土壤团聚体的稳定性,有利于增加土壤团聚体碳含量,对土壤质量和玉米产量的提高具有促进作用。  相似文献   

5.
秸秆还田对盐渍土团聚体稳定性及碳氮含量的影响   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为研究对象,分析了3种盐渍化程度(轻度、中度、重度)和3 a连续秸秆还田下土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性以及各级团聚体C、N含量的变化。研究结果表明:重度盐渍土0.25~2 mm和0.053~0.25 mm团聚体所占比例显著低于轻度和中度盐渍土;土壤盐分含量与0.25~2mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮的分配比例、0.053~0.25 mm团聚体中全氮的分配比例成显著负相关。秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和0.25 mm团聚体所占比例(R0.25)分别增加47.6%、39.7%和54.0%,使中度盐渍土MWD、GMD和R0.25分别增加31.0%、31.9%和31.4%;各粒级中秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土0.053~0.25 mm粒级有机碳和全氮含量增加最多,增加比例分别为29.1%和28.8%,该粒级中C、N分配比例也显著提高;秸秆还田使中度盐渍土0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳及其分配比例提高最多,比例分别为56.1%和58.7%。秸秆还田对轻度和中度盐渍土团聚体的稳定性均起到了明显的改善作用,但不同盐渍土秸秆还田对土壤团聚体C、N分布的影响明显不同。  相似文献   

6.
为探究玉米秸秆还田至不同深度后对土壤团聚体及有机碳含量的影响,采用田间微区试验,将秸秆磨碎后分别还田至0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40 cm 4个深度土层,同时设置不还田对照,共计5个处理,连续种植玉米两年后采集土壤样品,采用湿筛法将团聚体分为>2、2~0.25、<0.25mm共3个粒级,测定了土壤及团聚体内有机碳含量。结果表明:(1)秸秆还田至不同深度后土壤的团聚体稳定性以及大粒级团聚体(>2 mm)含量均显著增加(P<0.05),秸秆还田至0~10 cm和30~40 cm后粒径>0.25 mm的团聚体含量增加幅度较大,对土壤结构的改善效果更佳;(2)粉碎状秸秆一次性还田至0~10、10~20、20~30 cm两年后土壤有机碳含量降低,还田至30~40cm两年后土壤有机碳含量显著增加(P<0.05);(3)秸秆的输入会促进土壤中团聚体的团聚化过程,不同深度还田后对团聚体有机碳分布的影响不同,但都增加了大粒级团聚体内有机碳的含量。以上结果表明,秸秆还田会改善土壤结构,促进有机碳的转化,还田至30~40 cm对土壤的团聚化过程促进作用更明显...  相似文献   

7.
有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。  相似文献   

8.
以福建省福鼎市白琳镇(BL)、点头镇(DT)、磻溪镇(PX)、管阳镇(GY)和太姥山镇(TMS)的茶园土壤为研究对象,研究其团聚体组成及稳定性,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量、固碳贡献率及有机碳红外光谱,旨在从团聚体尺度揭示茶园土壤有机碳分布及其分子结构特征。结果表明:(1)不同采样地土壤团聚体组成存在差别,但随土层加深,大团聚体(0.25~2 mm)和微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)含量均减少,而粉-黏粒团聚体(<0.053 mm)含量增大;(2)随土层加深,所有采样地平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)减小,分形维数(D)增大,团聚体结构稳定性降低;(3)各粒级团聚体有机碳含量随土层加深而减小,固碳贡献率主要受团聚体含量的影响,大团聚体固碳贡献率相对更大;(4)各粒级团聚体有机碳均主要来源于多糖碳或脂肪碳,0-15 cm土层土壤粉-黏粒团聚体比大团聚体和微团聚体有机碳更稳定,15-30 cm土层各级团聚体均比0-15 cm土层对应粒级团聚体有机碳更稳定。研究成果可为茶园土壤有机碳的科学管理提供理论参考。  相似文献   

9.
秸秆还田对麦粱两熟农田土壤团聚体特征的短期效应   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
冬小麦—夏高粱种植系统作为一种新型农业两熟制系统,是山西省杂粮可持续发展的一项有效措施。为阐明该种植系统农田土壤团聚体粒级分布及稳定性对秸秆还田量的短期响应,试验基于麦粱种植系统,分析了不还田(CK)、半量还田(HR)和全量还田(WR)对土壤团聚体粒级分布特征和稳定指数的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田后,能够显著降低0—30cm土层10mm和0.25mm粒级机械稳定性团聚体含量,增加0.25~2mm各亚粒级水稳性大团聚体含量,同时显著降低了土壤团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数(p0.05);全量秸秆还田后较半量秸秆还田对农田土壤团聚体特征改善效果更为明显,但对10—20,20—30cm土层改善效果逐渐减弱;全量还田相比半量还田,土壤机械稳定性团聚体平均重量直径、几何平均直径和大团聚体(0.25mm)含量分别显著降低了12.2%,23.0%和5.3%,并显著提升了水稳性团聚体几何平均直径和大团聚体(0.25mm)含量,降低了水稳性团聚体分形维数(p0.05)。此外,土壤团聚体稳定性与有机碳含量、孔隙度、含水量和作物产量呈显著正相关(p0.05)。综合表明,全量还田在短期年限内能够显著提高土壤团聚体稳定性,是改善晋中区麦粱两熟农田土壤团粒结构和增加作物产量的有效措施。  相似文献   

10.
  目的  为正确评价秸秆替代部分化学氮肥对黑土水稳性团聚体组成及其碳、氮分布的影响,达到肥料减施增效的目的,  方法  采用田间小区试验的方法,在总施氮量240 kg hm?2下,设置不施秸秆与化肥,单施化肥和25%、50%、75%、100%秸秆还田配施减量化学氮肥6个处理,经过5轮施肥处理,种植5年春玉米后,采集表层土壤,测定各水稳性团聚体组成及其碳、氮含量,分析团聚体的稳定性及各粒级团聚体的碳、氮储量。  结果  结果表明:与单施化肥相比,秸秆与减量化肥配施能促进水稳性大团聚体的形成,提高各粒级团聚体的碳、氮含量及土壤总有机碳储量,但对土壤总氮含量无显著影响。与25%低秸秆还田量相比,75%及以上秸秆还田量可以增加大团聚体(> 2 mm,LM)含量1.28% ~ 2.36%、粗颗粒有机质(> 0.25 mm,cPOM)含量 3.63% ~ 4.76%,降低自由态微团聚体(0.053 ~ 0.25 mm,m)含量2.29% ~ 3.08%、闭蓄态粉黏粒(< 0.053 mm,Msc)含量3.95% ~ 5.40%,提高MWD 6.57% ~ 9.28%。秸秆还田量与各粒级团聚体的碳、氮含量均呈显著正相关(s + c除外),但受各粒级水稳性团聚体组成的影响,最终只有大团聚体(> 2 mm,LM)、闭蓄态微团聚体(0.053 ~ 0.25 mm,mM)、粗颗粒有机质(> 0.25 mm,cPOM)的碳、氮储量,大团聚体(0.25 ~ 2 mm,SM)的碳储量与秸秆还田量呈显著正相关,而闭蓄态粉黏粒(< 0.053 mm,Msc)的碳、氮储量与秸秆还田量呈显著负相关。另外,75%及以下还田量不会显著提高SM、cPOM和mM粒级的C∶N。  结论  东北黑土春玉米种植区可以实现75%的秸秆还田(10800 kg hm?2)与186 kg hm?2的化学氮肥配施,与等量单施化肥相比(240 kg N hm?2),减少氮肥用量22.5%。并且与等氮下的单施化肥和25%秸秆还田配施减量化肥相比,能显著提高土壤团聚体稳定性及单位重量表层原状土中大团聚体的有机碳、全氮储量。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

17.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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