滇东山原红壤退化过程中的土壤剖面有机质与养分变异

山原红壤是云贵高原广泛发育的一种地带性古土壤,近年来退化严重,为了解山原红壤退化过程,采用"以空间换时间"的思路,对云贵高原山原红壤区同一区域林地、灌丛、草地和裸地土壤剖面养分含量进行对比分析。结果表明:从能生长植被的山原红壤至多年难以生长植被的"红裸土",土体平均有机质含量呈灌丛草地林地裸地的变化趋势;灌丛和草地土壤有机质含量随剖面深度递增而降低,裸地和林地土壤削面有机质含量没有明显的垂直变化规律;与有植被覆盖的各土体相比裸地的硝态氮、铵态氮和速效钾剖面含量具有特殊性,硝态氮含量随剖面深度的递增明显减小,铵态氮含量随剖面深度的递增而增大;随着植被的退化,土壤有机质与养分的相关性大致呈减弱趋势,灌丛的土壤有机质与养分的相关性最强,裸地土壤有机质与养分相关性最弱。     

土壤基质入渗驱动下桉树人工林地表氮淋失模拟研究

为探究土壤基质驱动下桉树人工林施肥措施对地下水体的影响,以短轮伐期内不同林龄桉树(1年、2年、3年、5年)表层土壤(0—20 cm)为研究对象,采用室内填土土柱模拟基质入渗驱动下铵态氮、硝态氮、总溶解态氮和溶解态有机氮的淋失过程,分析基质入渗特征参数与不同形态的溶解态氮淋失过程的变化关系及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)桉树表层土壤基质稳定入渗率和累积入渗量随林龄的增大呈增加—降低—增加的趋势,其中,2年生桉树表层土壤的稳定入渗率(143 mm/h)和累积入渗量(279 mm)最高。(2)不同形态溶解态氮淋失浓度在淋失开始时达到峰值,并随基质入渗率的降低而逐渐减小,且基质入渗率与不同形态溶解态氮淋失浓度的变化关系可用线性方程表示。(3)硝态氮和溶解态有机氮是桉树人工林表层土壤氮淋失的主要形态,砂粒含量增加促进氮淋失,而黏粒和有机质含量增加抑制氮淋失。同时,淋失初期铵态氮淋失浓度高于地下水质控制范围,是污染桉树人工林地下水水质的潜在威胁。综上,土壤基质入渗是桉树人工林表层土壤氮淋失的重要驱动因素,两者变化趋势一致并存在线性关系,同时,土壤砂粒、黏粒与有机质含量也是影响桉树人工林地表层土壤氮淋失的重要影响因素。     

日光温室土壤剖面矿质态氮的含量、累积及其分布特性

测定了西安郊区和杨凌地区日光温室栽培番茄生长期间及收获后土壤剖面矿质态氮(铵态氮及硝态氮)的含量,分析了不同形态氮素在土壤剖面的累积及分布情况。结果表明,随着番茄的生长,土壤剖面硝态氮含量逐渐降低,降低的幅度因土壤层次不同而异;土壤剖面铵态氮以3月份含量最高,11月份与5月份相近。番茄收获后土壤剖面残留矿质氮以硝态氮为主,约占土壤剖面矿质氮的比例为80%～90%;残留的铵态氮在土壤剖面的分布相对较为一致。蔬菜生长期间及收获时日光温室土壤剖面硝态氮累积量均表现出在土壤表层相对累积现象,且温室土壤剖面硝态氮的残留量仍高于露地及高产农田。为减少硝态氮淋失带来的环境问题,除合理施用氮肥外,如何减少日光温室蔬菜作物收获后残留硝态氮的淋溶是值得进一步研究的问题。     

片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究

采用室内土柱模拟的方法,研究片麻岩新成土中不同肥料、不同施氮量对氮素垂直运移的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量增加,硝态氮和铵态氮淋溶浓度增大,氮素淋失量增多。中等施氮量下施用有机无机混合肥可以减少氮素淋失。尿素、有机无机混合肥、氮磷复合肥中硝态氮淋失总量比值为671∶583∶629。尿素硝态氮淋失率平均为29.0%,氮磷复合肥硝态氮淋失率平均为27.8%,有机无机混合肥硝态氮淋失率平均为23.7%。随着土层深度的增加,60cm处和90cm处硝态氮淋失量差异不显著,两处硝态氮淋失量比值为1∶1.03,铵态氮的淋失量增加显著,两处铵态氮淋失量比值为1∶2.4。在片麻岩新成土壤地区,土壤培肥应本着少量多次原则。     

大田蔬菜地春季硝态氮淋溶特征研究

春季,对上海浦东新区大田蔬菜地试验田按照不同施肥(常规、减量、无肥)处理水平、不同土壤深度(30 cm、50 cm、70 cm、120 cm),利用现场采样与室内实验结合的方法,对硝态氮淋溶进行了研究。实验结果表明,降雨量和氮肥施用对土壤硝态氮淋失有显著性影响。施肥试验区施肥后各土层硝态氮浓度均很高,4月份淋溶浓度普遍高于3月份。常规施肥区不同深度的硝态氮含量明显高于不施肥区,减量施肥区含量则介于二者之间。施肥区部分氮素硝态氮随降雨在土壤中不断向下淋溶,尤其在施肥初期较多的氮素由土壤表层不断淋失到土壤深层,在接近地下水位120 cm的剖面处产生渗漏液的硝态氮浓度超过国家限量标准(20mg L-1)。     

马尾松-麻栎混交林土壤溶解性有机碳、氮空间分布特征

以河南省驻马店西部低山丘陵区马尾松—麻栎混交林为研究对象,分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)储量及其对坡向、土层深度(0—10cm和10—20cm)及胸高断面积的响应规律。结果表明:坡向和胸高断面积显著影响SOC和DOC储量(p0.05),且不同坡向土壤中SOC、DOC和DON的影响因素不同。阳坡SOC储量主要限制性因素是速效钾,阴坡是全氮;阳坡与阴坡土壤DOC和DON储量主要受全氮的影响。另外,土层深度亦对SOC、DOC和DON储量有显著影响(p0.05),且随土层加深而降低,呈表层富集的现象。相关性分析表明,SOC、DOC和DON储量与土壤物理性质即土壤湿度、紧实度及土壤中颗粒组成存在显著的相关性。SOC、DOC和DON两两之间呈显著正相关关系,并均与土壤全氮、有效氮(铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮)、速效磷和速效钾等含量也存在显著的相关性(p0.01),表明土壤养分含量是影响马尾松—麻栎混交林土壤有机碳储量及溶解性有机碳、氮空间分布的重要因素。     

不同植被类型土壤氮素对侵蚀环境的响应

以黄土高原神木六道沟流域为研究对象,选取流域内3种典型植被类型(林地、草地、灌木)所处的3种侵蚀环境(梁峁顶、梁峁坡、沟坡)0—30cm土层土壤,对土壤5种氮素(全氮、有机氮、矿化氮、铵态氮、硝态氮)对侵蚀环境的响应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)林地土壤全氮和有机氮含量最大,显著高于草地和灌木地,不同植被类型土壤氮素随侵蚀环境的变化规律不尽相同。(2)林地矿化氮和硝态氮含量高于草地和灌木地;灌木地铵态氮高于林地和草地。(3)土壤容重和pH与全氮、有机氮、矿化氮、铵态氮和硝态氮呈极显著负相关,有机碳和C/N与全氮、有机氮、矿化氮、铵态氮和硝态氮呈极显著正相关。(4)矿化氮占全氮的比例随全氮含量的升高而升高,铵态氮占氮的比例随全氮的升高而降低。通过不同植被类型土壤氮素对侵蚀环境的响应,能够长期为黄土高原农业生产、生态修复与重建提供科学依据。     

酸雨对紫色土氮磷淋失的影响

利用土柱淋洗模拟试验,研究了酸雨影响下,不同施肥处理紫色土氮、磷淋失的动态变化特征。结果表明,在酸雨作用下,紫色土中硝态氮的淋失量远远大于磷元素;不同施肥处理下二者淋失量的大小不同,淋失量大小排序均为有机无机混合施用〉化肥〉有机肥〉对照处理;淋失量受施肥量和降雨量的影响明显,土壤中硝态氮、磷元素淋失量随施肥量的增加而增加,淋失过程主要集中在雨季。同一施肥处理下,土壤硝态氮淋失量随降雨pH值的升高而增加;pH值5.5是土壤磷元素淋失量的临界点,此时土壤有效磷含量最高,淋失量达到峰值。     

城市不同功能区绿地土壤微生物量碳氮及溶解性碳氮分布特征及影响因素

为研究城市功能分区对绿地土壤活性碳氮的影响,选择合肥市不同功能区(老商业区、老工业区、居民服务区、近郊森林公园)绿地土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物量碳氮(MBC、MBN)、溶解性碳氮(DOC、DON)、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)以及土壤基本理化性质的差异及其相互关系。结果表明,功能区类型对土壤微生物量碳氮及溶解性碳氮影响显著(P0.05),且0~30 cm土层含量均为近郊森林公园高于城区内各功能区。土层厚度对MBC、DOC、DON含量影响显著,MBC、DON在各功能区中均随土层深度增加而递减,森林公园MBN、DOC均为10~20 cm含量最高。不同功能区MBC/MBN在6~14间波动,以此预测本研究范围内土壤微生物可能以真菌和放线菌为主,细菌较少。本研究未证实DOC与MBC、MBC与DON、DON与MBN间的相关性,MBC+DOC、MBN+DON比MBC、DOC、DON、MBN更能反应土壤活性碳氮库与土壤微生物量。总体来说,相比城区内各功能区,近郊森林公园更利于土壤生物量碳氮及溶解性有机碳氮的积累。     

模拟降雨下纳米碳对风沙土硝态氮迁移特征的影响

通过在神木六道沟流域开展模拟降雨试验,分别在试验小区上、中、下位置条施不同施加量的纳米碳(0.0%,0.1%,0.5%,0.7%和1.0%)研究其对硝态氮随径流、泥沙迁移及在土壤中再分布过程的影响。设计1.0m×1.0m降雨小区,前期在土壤表层以下5—10cm埋入不同施加量纳米碳,另设不施加纳米碳的小区为参照。采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,降雨强度为90mm/h,降雨历时为40min。降雨前后分别采集土壤剖面土样,降雨过程中定时收集径流及泥沙,用以研究纳米碳对于硝态氮迁移过程的影响。结果表明,在土壤中施加纳米碳,可有效减少坡面产流产沙量,且累计径流量、累计产沙量与土壤中纳米碳施加量呈现负相关关系;纳米碳的施加同样可降低径流、泥沙中硝态氮含量,随着纳米碳施加量的增加,径流和泥沙中硝态氮流失量减少,纳米碳施加量为1.0%时,可减少径流中硝态氮流失65.3%,泥沙中硝态氮流失85.7%;土壤剖面硝态氮变化对比表明,施加纳米碳处理中表层硝态氮含量明显低于对照处理,且在10—15cm出现硝态氮含量峰值,均大于对照处理。通过等效径流迁移深度分析硝态氮流失情况,无纳米碳施加处理的EDR最大,随着纳米碳施加量的增加,各处理的EDR依次减小。综上,在黄绵土中施加纳米碳,可有效减少土壤硝态氮的流失量,在黄土区土壤中施加纳米碳并提高施入纳米碳的比例,对于该地区硝态氮流失的治理具有积极作用。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.