三峡库区典型农业区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解三峡库区农业区土壤重金属污染现状及环境风险水平,该文以重庆市8个典型农业区县(铜梁、云阳、万州、丰都、城口、垫江、南川和江津)土壤为研究对象,共采集表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品160个,依照《土壤环境监测技术规范(HJ/T 166-2004)》和《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》分析了土壤样品中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量,比较了不同区县8种重金属污染现状及差异,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法探讨了研究区土壤重金属的累积特征及潜在生态风险等级。结果表明:该研究区农业土壤8种重金属含量平均值均未超过《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》二级标准,与土壤背景值相比,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn均具有极显著差异(P0.01),As、Ni和Pb差异不显著,8个区县Cr均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),城口区多种重金属均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),8种重金属地累积指数平均值均小于0,研究区土壤受重金属污染水平为未污染等级,单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为HgCdAsHgCuNiCrZn,Hg元素潜在生态风险指数平均值为43.840,属中等生态风险等级,其余元素生态风险指数值均小于40,属于低生态风险等级,8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为108135,为低生态风险等级。综合研究结果表明:三峡库区典型农业区土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn具有一定程度的累积,且表现为多种重金属复合累积现象,Cr累积具有普遍性,Hg是影响三峡库区农业土壤综合潜在生态风险的主要元素,但研究区土壤重金属总体处于低生态风险水平。     

常规农业村土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价——山西寿阳县为例

以山西省寿阳县 7个典型常规农业村耕地为研究对象，采集耕作层 126个土壤样品，测定其 Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn 8种重金属的含量。运用单因子污染指数法(P)、污染负荷指数法(PLI)和潜在生态风险评价法(RI)评价土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险程度，应用空间插值法探讨土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险空间分布，并对重金属污染的来源进行讨论。结果表明:该区域土壤除 As的平均含量低于山西省土壤元素背景值外，其余重金属元素平均含量均高于山西省土壤元素背景值，Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和 Hg的平均含量分别为山西省元素背景值的1.03、1.03、1.13、1.15、1.55、1.72和 2.26倍。从单因子污染指数看，Hg属于中度污染，Cd、Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb为轻微污染，As则没有发生污染。从综合污染指数看，该区域土壤 8种重金属所有样点的 PLI平均为 1.09，总体上属于轻度污染。从综合潜在生态风险指数看，所有样点 8种重金属的 RI平均为151.47，属于中度生态风险水平，其中 Hg和 Cd为主要贡献因子，其他重金属的生态风险很低。该区域 PLI和 RI的空间分析显示，8种重金属污染和潜在生态风险均呈现一定的空间差异，但二者的空间分布格局基本一致。在局地自然地理条件基本一致的情况下，雾霾、燃煤、煤矿生产以及农业生产是造成该区土壤重金属含量增加的重要原因，而农户行为则可能是造成部分地块土壤重金属污染和生态风险突出的原因之一。     

松嫩平原产油区农田土壤重金属含量及污染风险评价

  目的  为探明松嫩平原石油开采及石化工业活动区周边农田土壤重金属污染分布及风险状况。  方法  在大庆市让胡路区选择代表性农田采集96份土壤样品,测定重金属（Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As）含量;在利用地统计学克里金插值法分析重金属含量空间分布特征的基础上,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对该地区农田土壤重金属污染状况及其生态风险进行评价。  结果  该区土壤中Cd和Ni的含量分别为土壤背景值的1.39倍和1.27倍。在对各样点Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr 4种元素含量分析中,均出现不同程度的高于土壤背景值的样点。重金属Cd的地积累指数平均值为0.11,达到轻度~中度污染水平。研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害风险指数（RI）平均值为84.84,从大到小为Cd > Hg > Ni > As > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr,其中Cd的RI值最大为190.23,达到中等生态危害范围。研究区农田土壤重金属含量在空间分布上表现为:Cd、Zn和Pb含量高值区出现在中部地区,其它重金属元素含量高值区分布比较零散。  结论  研究区域内,8种重金属含量的平均值均低于风险筛选值,Cd和Ni两种重金属平均含量超出了背景值,从地积累指数来看,Cd污染等级为1级,其它7种元素均处于无污染水平。从潜在生态风险分析可知,该区域污染程度属于轻度生态危害范围。     

宁夏贺兰县土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为研究西北地区农田土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险,以宁夏贺兰县为研究区,采集农田表层土壤样品140个,分析测试了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb含量,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数和H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法进行了重金属生态风险评价。结果表明:宁夏贺兰县农田表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb元素均低于国家土壤环境二级标准,仅有1.42%样点的Cd元素出现超标;与宁夏土壤背景值相比,各元素都有不同程度的累积,其中Cd和Ni元素超出背景值的点位率分别达到100%和85%;土壤各重金属元素的分布特征较为一致,各元素含量分布比较均匀,高值区集中在中部和东部地区,主要受人类活动的影响。单因子污染指数分析结果表明,Cd元素有0.71%的点位为中度污染水平,Ni和As分别有7.14%和5%的点位处于尚清洁水平,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb全部清洁,尚未造成污染。重金属的单项生态风险指数(E_r~i)表明,Cd元素的平均潜在生态风险指数为97.68,达强烈风险水平,是最主要的生态风险元素。宁夏贺兰县农田土壤环境质量整体良好,Cd和Ni累积严重,值得关注。     

运城市村级农业土壤重金属的空间分布与原因分析

通过检测运城市南薛村农业土壤8种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、As、Hg)含量,分析研究区内重金属空间分布特征和原因。与国家土壤环境标准的二级标准相比,Hg和Ni的超标率分别为16.50%和12.62%,Cd、Pb、As均未超标。按单项污染指数进行评价,主要污染物是Hg,污染指数为1.58,处于轻度污染级别,其余重金属的单项污染指数均小于1,处在安全域内。按内梅罗综合污染指数评价,61.65%的农业土壤重金属污染程度处于安全水平,18.45%的土壤处在警戒线上,15.53%的土壤为中度污染和严重污染,只有个别土壤属轻污染。Zn、Cr、Ni和As的块金效应介于25%~75%之间,同时受农药、化肥和母质因素的影响;Cu、Cd、Pb和Hg的块金效应大于75%,分别受粪肥、污水、汽车尾气和居民生活的影响。8种重金属含量空间分布差异显著,主要原因是不同地块间的生产方式不同,该研究对于试验区农业资源的合理配置、农业生产的科学管理和农产品的安全生产具有重要的指导意义。     

基于地球化学基线的内蒙古东来地区土壤重金属污染评价

目前,在中、小尺度上确定环境地球化学基线并准确实现重金属元素的空间分布是研究陆表环境变化过程的基础性工作,仍需深入研究。在野外样品采集、实验室分析及取得内蒙古东来地区土壤重金属数据的基础上,采用标准化法确定了内蒙东来地区的表层土壤中8种重金属元素Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg、As、Cd的地球化学基线值,分别以研究区土壤背景值及地球化学基线值为参照,使用地累积指数法和潜在生态污染指数法对研究区土壤质量进行了评价,并对几种重金属元素空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,由地累积指数法确定研究区土壤Ni、Zn、Pb、As、Hg、Cd元素达到轻-中度污染水平的样品占比分别为4.9%、3.4%、3.8%、7.9%、6.0%、6.2%,其它元素未达到污染水平;由潜在生态风险指数法评价结果可知,Hg和Cd元素具有较重潜在生态风险,达到较重及以上潜在生态风险等级的样品占比依次为9.1%和2.1%,其它元素风险较低;不同参比值的选取对评价结果有一定的影响,整体看来以地球化学基线值为参比值的评价效果较好于以土壤背景值的评价效果。达到一定污染等级的元素集中分布在东来镇东北部及西部地区,其原因可能与人口分布及通过该区的铁路、公路有关。研究区土壤环境质量总体较好,但个别元素潜在生态风险指数较高,应加强管控及预防重金属污染。     

山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价

为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。     

银川市城市绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为掌握银川市城市绿地土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况,分析测定了Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Hg,Cd和Pb含量,利用单因子、内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对不同绿地土壤重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:银川市绿地土壤中除Cr外,其他7种重金属元素的平均含量均超过了银川市土壤背景值,其中Hg,Cd,Pb超标严重,重金属在道路绿地和生产绿地中富集现象最明显。绿地土壤各重金属元素的空间分布特征较为一致,高值区主要集中在中部、东部以及东北部,主要受工业生产、交通、商业、养殖场等人类活动的影响。污染评价表明,Hg属于中度污染,其他重金属元素均属于轻微污染或警戒水平,5种绿地类型土壤重金属均属于轻度污染。研究区5种绿地土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数大小排序为:道路绿地生产绿地公园绿地居住绿地防护绿地,其中道路绿地、生产绿地和公园绿地均处于中等生态风险,居住绿地和防护绿地处于轻微生态风险。8种重金属元素单项潜在生态风险指数(E■)平均值大小顺序为:HgCdAsPbCuNiCrZn,Hg为强生态风险级别。银川市绿地土壤总体处于中等生态风险,Hg是最主要的生态风险元素,应引起重视。     

工业区周边农田重金属污染评价及来源分析

以新疆北疆某工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm土壤样品254个,测定了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Cd共8种重金属含量。运用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨工业区周边农田土壤重金属的来源,运用GS+进行数据拟合,选取最佳模型,再进行克里格插值分析重金属的空间分布格局。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量分别为45.00、28.53、55.66、73.57、13.39、2.17、15.38和0.50 mg kg~(-1)。测量的金属除Cr之外均超过土壤的背景值,只有Hg处于中度污染,其余元素都处于非污染,而研究区综合潜在生态风险程度为严重型。重金属空间分布表明,Ni、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在东部和南部含量较高。来源分析表明,Hg来源受研究区内工业活动的影响;Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd主要来自于化肥、农药和地膜等农业活动和土壤母质的共同作用;As、Hg和Pb主要来源是受研究区内工业活动的影响。     

泰安市农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

泰安市土壤污染的研究还处于起步阶段,尚缺乏系统的研究和探讨。利用因子分析法对泰安市110个农田表层土壤（0～20cm）中7种重金属（Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg）元素进行分析并提取了3个主因子,结合泰安市工业分布情况,对比这3个主因子,分析其可能来源,并对土壤中重金属污染进行了潜在生态风险评估。结果表明,泰安市农田土壤重金属的累积现象比较明显,尤其是Hg、Ni、Cu的最大值均超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准。相关性分析表明Zn与Ni、Zn与Cu、Ni与Cr之间分别呈显著正相关,Zn与Hg呈显著负相关。因子分析显示,研究区土壤中Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr主要来源于工矿业活动,农业活动和居民生活对Cd和Hg的影响较大,商业活动对Pb污染贡献最大。潜在生态风险评估的结果是Cr、Zn、Ni、Pb4种元素的潜在生态风险均处于低危害水平,Hg、Cd、Cu均存在不同程度的潜在生态风险。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications