Soil microbial diversity of four German long-term field experiments

Abstract

The understanding of agro-ecosystems is the key to estimating the influence of long-term agricultural production methods on the environment. The present study aimed to improve the knowledge of functional and structural soil microbial diversity influenced by differentiated fertilization at four German long-term field experiments. Soil microbial biomass, β-glucosidase, protease, alkaline phosphatase, DMSO-reduction and TTC-dehydrogenase were evaluated in soils from three different fertilizer treatments (control, farmyard manure, mineral fertilizer) at four sites (Lauterbach, Bad Lauchstädt, Halle, Thyrow). Profiles of 29 identified phospholipid fatty acids were used for the evaluation of structural diversity. The results obtained showed that fertilization applied over several decades or even more than a century has led to distinct alterations of the soil ecosystem. There was a clear separation of the sites by microbial biomass and metabolic activities into dependence of soil properties and fertilization treatments. In contrast to the control, microbial biomass and enzyme activities of the FYM soils increased more strongly than in the NPK plots. The results of PLFA analyses indicate that the community of the autochthonous microflora has differently changed among sites and fertilizer application. Principle component analyses revealed that bacteria especially Gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes were responsible for these differences.     

Structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of Scots pine after tree-felling

We evaluated changes occurring in the rhizosphere microbial communities of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) due to tree-felling and decrease of the photosynthetic C flow into the soil under field conditions over one growing season. Samples were taken from tree rhizospheres, freshly felled stump rhizospheres and bulk soil. We used culture dependent (CFU counts, community level physiological profiles, CLPPs) and independent methods (fluorogenic MUF-substrates, PLFA pattern and PCR-DGGE) to monitor the microbial communities in soil samples. The numbers of cultivable bacteria and amounts of phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of trees were significantly higher compared with those in the bulk soil. The organic C consuming community measured by CLPP was stimulated directly after the tree-felling in stump rhizospheres; utilization of the disintegration components of cellulose, hemicellulose and chitin increased. Furthermore, bacterial and fungal biomass as well as chitin decomposers (CFU) increased in the stump rhizosphere. After 11 weeks of tree-felling the stump rhizosphere soluble PO₄-P and NH₄-N as well as amounts of total C and N began to resemble the concentrations measured in the bulk soil. However, the stump rhizosphere community structure detected by PLFA and PCR-DGGE still resembled that of the tree rhizosphere.     

甘蔗宿根矮化病感病与非感病株根际土壤生物学性状及细菌群落结构特征

[目的]比较甘蔗宿根矮化病(ratoon stunting disease,RSD)感病植株与非感病植株根际土壤的生物学性状及细菌群落结构特征,旨在为构建甘蔗健康的根际微环境,筛选高效RSD生防细菌提供参考。[方法]通过田间调查和实验室鉴定,以甘蔗RSD感病植株为试材,非感病植株为对照,采集甘蔗RSD感病植株和非感病植株的根际土壤,并基于传统和现代高通量测序技术,分析了甘蔗RSD感病植株和非感病植株根际土壤的生物学性状和细菌群落结构特征。[结果]与甘蔗RSD非感病植株相比,感病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶和氨肽酶活性,以及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷显著降低;同时,指示细菌丰富度的Chao1指数和指示细菌多样性的Shannon指数显著下降。门分类水平与非感病甘蔗植株相比,RSD感病植株根际土壤中Proteobacteria(变形杆菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)、Gemmatimonadetes(芽单胞菌门)和Nitrospirae(硝化螺旋菌门)等优势门类细菌占比呈倍级降低,但Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)、Cyanobacteria(蓝细菌门)、Planctomycetes(浮霉菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)等优势门类细菌占比呈倍级增加;在属分类水平,与非感病甘蔗植株相比,RSD感病植株根际土壤中Xanthobacteraceae(黄色杆菌属)、Acidothermus、Gaiellales、Roseiflexus(玫瑰菌属)、Micromonosporaceae(小单孢菌属)和Nitrospira(硝化螺旋菌属)细菌占比呈倍级降低,但Acidobacteria(嗜酸菌属)细菌及部分未知菌属却呈倍级提高。[结论]甘蔗RSD感病植株根际微环境中指示土壤肥力的生物学指标显著降低,细菌丰富度和多样性显著下降,部分优势细菌门属占比发生剧变可能是导致甘蔗RSD发生的重要原因。     

不同有机肥施用模式下黄壤稻田根际和非根际土壤有机碳的矿化特征

【目的】研究长期施用有机肥对土壤有机碳矿化特征的影响,为提高土壤碳库稳定性和培肥土壤提供理论依据。【方法】贵阳黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位试验始于1994年,种植制度为单季水稻。2021年水稻收获后,选取不施肥(CK),平衡施用化肥(NPK),25%和50%有机肥氮替代化肥氮(0.25MNPK、0.5MNPK)和单施有机肥(M) 5个处理的水稻植株,用抖根法采集根际和非根际土壤样品,分析活性碳组分含量,以采集的土样进行室内培养试验,研究有机碳矿化特征。【结果】1)与NPK相比,3个有机肥处理的根际土壤有机碳(SOC)含量提升了26%～43%,非根际土壤SOC含量提高了24%～32%;根际土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量提升了16%～31%,且比非根际土壤高148%;非根际土壤易氧化有机碳(LOC)含量显著提升了36%～75%;0.5MNPK处理非根际土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量显著提升了54%,且根际土壤的DOC含量平均高于非根际土壤10%。2)有机肥施用可明显增加黄壤稻田根际及非根际土壤有机碳矿化量,非根际土壤有机碳矿化量和矿化率分别高于根际土壤30%和33%;较CK和NPK处理,有机肥施用...     

Identification of Metabolically Active Rhizosphere Microorganisms by Stable Isotopic Probing of PLFA in Switchgrass

Root-derived rhizodeposits of recent photosynthetic carbon (C) are the foremost source of energy for microbial growth and development in rhizosphere soil. A substantial amount of photosynthesized C by the plants is translocated to belowground and is released as root exudates that influence the structure and function of soil microbial communities with potential inference in nutrient and C cycling in the ecosystem. We applied the ¹³C pulse chase labeling technique to evaluate the incorporation of rhizodeposit-C into the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Soil samples of bulk and rhizosphere were taken at 1, 5, 10 and 20 days after labeling and analyzed for ¹³C enrichment in the microbial PLFAs. Temporal differences of ¹³C enrichment in PLFAs were more prominent than spatial differences. Among the microbial PLFA biomarkers, fungi and Gram-negative (GM-ve) bacterial PLFAs showed rapid enrichment with ¹³C compared to Gram-positive (GM+ve) and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil. The ¹³C enrichment of actinomycetes biomarker PLFA significantly increased along with sampling time in both soils. PLFAs indicative to fungi, GM-ve and GM+ve showed a significant decrease in ¹³C enrichment over sampling time in the rhizosphere, but a decrease was also observed in GM-ve (16:1ω5c) and fungal biomarker PLFAs in the bulk soil. The relative ¹³C concentration in fungal PLFA decreased on day 10, whereas those of GM-ve increased on day 5 and GM+ve remained constant in the rhizosphere soil. However, the relative ¹³C concentrations of GM-ve and GM+ve increased on days 5 and 10, respectively, and those of fungal remain constant in the bulk soil. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of ¹³C pulse chase labeling together with PLFA analysis to evaluate the active involvement of microbial community groups for utilizing rhizodeposit-C.     

长期施肥对植烟土壤微生物的影响

【目的】微生物是土壤的重要组成分,与土壤养分转化供应密切相关。本研究利用12年肥料定位试验研究了云南植烟土壤可培养微生物数量、微生物量碳氮、标记性磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）、微生物种群特征及有益微生物的变化。【方法】试验设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）和化肥配施有机肥（CFM）处理,在烟株旺长期,采集020 cm耕作层土壤,测定了微生物量碳、氮含量,微生物标记磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）含量和可培养微生物数量;鉴定自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌的数量;根据PLFAs计算了微生物种群特征值。【结果】有机无机肥配施处理的土壤中,可培养细菌比不施肥土壤增加了6.14倍、 真菌增加了2.30倍、 放线菌增加了1.56倍,增幅显著高于化肥处理;施肥显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮量。化肥和有机无机肥配合处理土壤的微生物量碳分别比CK增加了71.8%和246%;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳/氮比值显著不同,分别为14.8（CK）、13.3（CF）和11.2（CFM）。微生物标记性PLFAs含量以化肥有机肥配合处理最高,化肥处理次之,CK最低。化肥、化肥配施有机肥处理土壤细菌PLFAs比对照分别增加了25.41%和87.66%,真菌PLFAs分别增加了15.59%和39.24%,化肥处理代表放线菌的PLFAs降低了24.63%,化肥配施有机肥处理增加了83.86%,表明施肥尤其是化肥配施有机肥改善了土壤环境,促进了微生物的生长繁殖,并改变了土壤微生物种群结构;施肥处理土壤中微生物群落多样性指数上升,化肥处理还提高了微生物的优势度指数,说明施肥有益于增加微生物的种群数量, 化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了无机磷细菌和钾细菌的数量,两者分别比对照增加了1.15倍和1.02倍,化肥处理则相反,自生固氮菌和无机磷细菌数量分别比CK降低了56.69%和41.30%;化肥配施有机肥处理土壤中的自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌共有20个属,CK土壤有19个属,化肥处理土壤仅16个属。 【结论】CFM促进微生物生长繁殖,增加种群多样性,有益于微生物固氮、溶磷、解钾,对于提高肥料利用率和保持土壤健康有重要意义。在烟叶栽培过程中,提倡化肥与有机肥配合施用很有必要。     

Influence of grass species and soil type on rhizosphere microbial community structure in grassland soils

A number of studies have reported species specific selection of microbial communities in the rhizosphere by plants. It is hypothesised that plants influence microbial community structure in the rhizosphere through rhizodeposition. We examined to what extent the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of grasses is determined by the plant species and different soil types. Three grass species were planted in soil from one site, to identify plant-specific influences on rhizosphere microbial communities. To quantify the soil-specific effects on rhizosphere microbial community structure, we planted one grass species (Lolium perenne L.) into soils from three contrasting sites. Rhizosphere, non-rhizosphere (bulk) and control (non-planted) soil samples were collected at regular intervals, to examine the temporal changes in soil microbial communities. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from both root bases and root tips, to investigate root associated spatial influences. Both fungal and bacterial communities were analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Both bacterial and fungal communities were influenced by the plant growth but there was no evidence for plant species selection of the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere of the different grass species. For both fungal and bacterial communities, the major determinant of community structure in rhizospheres was soil type. This observation was confirmed by cloning and sequencing analysis of bacterial communities. In control soils, bacterial composition was dominated by Firmicutes and Actinobacteria but in the rhizosphere samples, the majority of bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Bacterial community compositions of rhizosphere soils from different plants were similar, indicating only a weak influence of plant species on rhizosphere microbial community structure.     

Intensive management of a bamboo forest significantly enhanced soil nutrient concentrations but decreased soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity: a long-term chronosequence study

Purpose

Intensive long-term management practices in forest ecosystems can markedly influence soils’ physicochemical and microbial properties. However, their effects on the magnitude of nutrient pools and activities of enzymes regarding nutrient cycling in subtropical forest soils remain unclear. This study aimed to examine effects of long-term intensive management (organic mulching and chemical fertilization) on concentrations of different C, N, and P fractions and activities of enzymes involved with nutrient cycling in a subtropical Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) forest soil.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were taken from a chronosequence of Lei bamboo forests with intensive management spanning 0, 5, 10, and 15 years. Concentrations of various forms of C, N, and P, as well as activities of β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, urease, protease, and acid phosphatase were measured.

Results and discussion

The results revealed that the concentrations of different classes of C (water-soluble organic C, hot-water-soluble organic C, and readily oxidizable C), N (NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^?-N, and water-soluble organic N), and P [resin-inorganic P (P_i), NaHCO₃-P_i, NaHCO₃-organic P (P_o), NaOH-P_i, NaOH-P_o, HCl-P_i, and residual-P] were enhanced markedly with prolonged duration of intensive management. Furthermore, activities of β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, urease, protease, and acid phosphatase were increased following a 5-year treatment, while they were markedly reduced from 5- to the 15-year treatments. The 15 years of intensive management significantly reduced microbial biomass C and N concentrations by 8.2% and 31.9%, respectively, compared to the control.

Conclusions

We concluded that long-term intensive management led to the accumulation of C, N, and P, while it negatively impacted microbial biomass and activities of enzymes involved in nutrient cycling in subtropical Lei bamboo forest soils. Consequently, a reduction in chemical fertilizers should be considered toward the long-term sustainable development of subtropical Lei bamboo forests.

     

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C_org, N_t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G⁻ to a more G⁺, and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G⁻, G⁺/G⁻). The activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microflora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply.     

氨基酸有机肥对棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性和养分有效性的影响

在新疆石河子进行了2年不同氨基酸有机肥施用量的大田试验,测定棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性和有效养分含量。结果表明,棉花根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性高于非根际,且脲酶、纤维素酶活性达到显著差异。新陆早8号根际过氧化氢酶活性高于新陆早12号,但蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性低于新陆早12号。根际碱解N呈显著降低,速效P呈增加趋势。膜下滴灌根际和非根际土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、土壤pH及非根际的碱解N、速效P、根际的速效K较淹灌高,而土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、根际碱解N、速效P、非根际的速效K较淹灌低。氨基酸有机肥对棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性都有增加作用。土壤pH随着有机肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,根际低于非根际。氨基酸有机肥增加了土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K含量。     

Effects of yak excreta on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial communities in alpine wetlands of southwest of China

Purpose

Improving knowledge of how soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization responds to excreta application is essential to better understand whether wetland carbon (C) pools will react to grazing. We investigated microbial activity and community structure in the different treatments of excreta addition experiments to examine how soil C mineralization responds to the excreta input in terms of microbial activities and compositions in wetland soils.

Materials and methods

The microcosms of mineralization incubation of excreta addition were established. The structure of the microbial community was described by the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids (PLFA). The methylumbelliferyl-linked substrates (MUB) and l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) substrates were used to investigate the activities of β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), acid phosphatase (AP), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and phenol oxidase (PO).

Results and discussion

Excreta addition altered the cumulative C mineralization in swamp meadow (SM) and peatland (PL) soils, but SM was lower than PL. Excreta addition increased the biomass of individual PLFA and the fungi/bacteria ratio, suggesting that microbes are stimulated by nutrients and that the soil microbial community composition is modified by excreta inputs. The hydrolytic enzyme activities were higher in the PL soils than in the SM soils, but the trend was opposite for PO activity. The changes in pH, fungi, actinomycetes (ACT), AP, and CBH after yak fecal input significantly influenced the soil CO₂ efflux. Our findings suggest that yak grazing could influence the rate of C cycling in wetland soils by influencing microbial communities, enzyme activities, and soil pH.

Conclusions

This study suggest that the yak excreta addition increased cumulative C mineralization in SM and PL soils, and the effect of dung addition was more significant than urine addition. The effect of yak excreta addition on SOC mineralization was related with the soil pH, microorganism structure, and enzyme activity which modified by the excreta addition. Soil pH, fungi, AP, and CBH were positively correlated with SOC mineralization, but ACT was negatively correlated with SOC mineralization. In addition, the changes in C and N sources with yak excreta addition play an important role in altering microbial enzyme activities. The input of yak feces into wetlands because of grazing could increase SOC mineralization and thereby promote C emission.

     

Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

不同培肥模式对茶园土壤微生物活性和群落结构的影响

以闽东地区红黄壤茶园定位实验地为对象,通过测定6种不同施肥处理土壤微生物学特性,研究不同培肥对土壤微生物特性和生物化学过程的影响,阐明各指标间的相互关系.结果表明,除了单施无机肥处理外,半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥以及半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等的培肥方式均不同程度提高了土壤有机质,可培养微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤酶活性,尤以半量无机肥+半量有机肥+豆科牧草的培肥模式增幅更为明显,而单施无机肥不利于微生物的生长、酶活性的提高和维持生态系统的稳定性.微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)标记主成分分析显示,各种不同施肥方式使微生物群落结构发生改变.相关分析表明,微生物量与可培养微生物数量、微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量之间的相关性明显高于微生物量与各种酶活性之间的相关性,说明微生物数量大小对微生物群落结构的影响大于对酶活性功能的影响.研究也表明土壤各微生物指标能从不同方面反映土壤肥力水平,所以采用各种不同的方法能更客观地评价闽东地区茶园红黄壤质量的优劣.     

Dynamics of Microbial Community in Japanese Andisol of Apple Orchard Production Systems

Abstract

In this study, two fields of temperate Andisols from high‐input and low‐input (zero‐input) management practices of an apple orchard were selected to assess microbial community dynamics based on environmental variables. Soils from an Ap horizon were sampled in five consecutive months from May to September and assessed for phospholipid fatty acids as a biomarker of soil microbial community, soil hardness, bulk density, porosity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (C), available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and exchangeable cations as soil environmental variables. For all sample dates, total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), total bacterial PLFAs, fungal PLFA, mycorrhizal PLFA, PLFA for actinomycetes, and earthworm were higher in low‐input management than high‐input management. Total PLFAs showed a high degree of seasonality, having August maxima and May minima. Significant effect on the relationships among soil environmental variables and microbiological attributes were observed. Soil management practices also showed a remarkable effect on the relationships among microbiological traits, indicating that some mechanism regulated soil microbial dynamics under two soil management practices. Comparatively higher correlations among the microbiological attributes were observed in low‐input management than high‐input management. Irrespective of soil management practices, bacterial and fungal lipid biomarkers were negatively correlated, suggesting that these subsets of fatty acids are contrasting components of the microbial biomass. Bulk density has negative influence on all soil microbial communities except fungi. On the other hand, linoleic acid and organic C were positively correlated, referring to the distribution of soil organic C implying an upper layer of soils. Microbial community composition and structure were greatly affected by sampling date and to a lesser extent by long‐term management practice. In this study, both ecosystems were characterized by a very diverse microbial community.     

施肥对中国农田土壤微生物群落结构与酶活性影响的整合分析

【目的】 施肥能直接或间接改变农田生态系统的养分平衡,从而影响土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性。本研究探讨不同种植制度和土壤条件下施肥对农田土壤生物学特性的影响程度,为合理施肥和土壤肥力提升提供科学依据。 【方法】 通过收集近10年 (2008—2018年) 来发表的文献,建立了包含185组微生物量及群落结构等相关内容的数据库。采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),定量分析了施肥对土壤微生物量、群落结构以及酶活性的影响。 【结果】 与不施肥相比,施肥显著提高了土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸 (PLFA) 和微生物量碳、氮含量,提高幅度分别为28.5%、30.9%和41.6%。施用 (单施或配施) 有机物料对土壤微生物总PLFA含量及微生物量碳、氮含量的提高幅度分别为47.3%、50.4%和58.7%,相当于施用化肥的2.8、2.4和3.9倍。与不施肥相比,施肥均能增加各类微生物菌群PLFA含量,对细菌、真菌及放线菌的提高幅度为23.8%～30.4%,对革兰氏阴性菌(G–)和革兰氏阳性菌 (G+) 的提高幅度为37.8%～43.2%,且施用有机物料处理对各类微生物菌群PLFA含量的提高幅度显著高于施化肥处理。施用化肥对土壤微生物总PLFA含量的提高幅度在一年两熟制区为17.9%,在水田和水旱轮作条件下为18.3%～27.6%,而在一年一熟制区及旱地条件下对土壤微生物总PLFA含量无显著影响。在不同pH的土壤中,施用有机物料对微生物总PLFA的提高幅度均显著高于施化肥处理。在pH < 6与pH > 8的土壤上施用化肥对微生物总PLFA含量无明显影响。施肥显著提高了与土壤有机质分解相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶(42.4%)和乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(174.5%)的活性,对与氮循环相关的亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性无显著影响。统计分析还表明,施肥并未改变土壤微生物的真菌细菌比(F∶B)和革兰氏阳性菌革兰氏阴性菌比(G +∶G–)。 【结论】 在不同种植制度、土地利用类型和土壤pH下,施肥显著改变了土壤微生物量和与有机质分解相关的酶活性,但未改变土壤微生物的真菌细菌比(F∶B)和革兰氏阳性菌革兰氏阴性菌比(G+∶G–)。单施或配施有机物料均有利于提高农田土壤微生物总量及各类菌群的生物量,效果显著好于单施化肥。      

黄河三角洲退化湿地微生物群落特性研究

Five different sites with a soluble salt gradient of 3.0--17.7 g kg-1 dry soil from the coast to the inland were selected, and the microbial population size, activity and diversity in the rhizospheres of five common plant species and the adjacent bulk soils (non-rhizosphere) were compared in a degraded wetland of the Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province, China to study the effects of soil environment (salinity, seasonality, depth, and rhizosphere) on microbial communities and the wetland’s ecological function, thus providing basic data for the bioremediation of degraded wetlands. There was a significant negative linear relationship between the salinity and the total number of microorganisms, overall microbial activity, or culturable microbial diversity. Salinity adversely affected the microbial community, and higher salinity levels resulted in smaller and less active microbial communities. Seasonal changes were observed in microbial activity but did not occur in the size and diversity. The microbial size, activity and diversity decreased with increasing soil depth. The size, activity and diversity of culturable microorganisms increased in the rhizospheres. All rhizospheres had positive effects on the microbial communities, and common seepweed had the highest rhizosphere effect. Three halophilic bacteria (Pseudomonas mendocina, Burkholderia glumae, and Acinetobacter johnsonii) were separated through BIOLOG identification, and common seepweed could be recommended for bioremediation of degraded wetlands in the Yellow River Delta.     

Converting natural evergreen broadleaf forests to intensively managed moso bamboo plantations affects the pool size and stability of soil organic carbon and enzyme activities

Land-use change significantly affects the soil organic C (SOC) dynamics and microbial activities. However, the roles of chemical composition of SOC and enzyme activity in the change in the SOC mineralization rate caused by land-use change are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of land-use conversion from natural evergreen broadleaf forests to intensively managed moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations on the pool size and mineralization rate of SOC, as well as the activities of C-cycling enzymes (invertase, β-glucosidase, and cellobiohydrolase) and dehydrogenase. Four paired soil samples in two layers (0–20 and 20–40 cm) were taken from adjacent evergreen broadleaf forest-moso bamboo plantation sites in Lin’an County, Zhejiang Province, China. Soil water-soluble organic C (WSOC), hot-water-soluble organic C (HWSOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), readily oxidizable C (ROC), the activities of C-cycling enzymes and dehydrogenase, and mineralization rates of SOC were measured. The chemical composition of SOC was also determined with ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The conversion of broadleaf forests to bamboo plantations reduced SOC stock as well as WSOC, HWOC, MBC, and ROC concentrations (P?<?0.05), decreased O-alkyl, aromatic, and carbonyl C contents, but increased alkyl C content and the alkyl C to O-alkyl (A/O-A) ratio, suggesting that the land-use conversion significantly altered the chemical structure of SOC. Further, such land-use change lowered (P?<?0.05) the SOC mineralization rate and activities of the four enzymes in the 0–20-cm soil. The decreased SOC mineralization rate associated with the land-use conversion was closely linked to the decreased labile organic C concentration and soil enzyme activities. The results demonstrate that converting broadleaf forests to moso bamboo plantations markedly decreased the total and labile SOC stocks and reveal that this conversion decreased the mineralization rate of SOC via changing the chemical composition of SOC and decreasing activities of C-cycling enzymes. Management practices that enhance C input into the soil are recommended to mitigate the depletion of SOC associated with land-use conversion to moso bamboo plantations.     

A comparison of microbial-feeding nematodes and protozoa in the rhizosphere of different plants

Summary The biomass of microbial-feeding nematodes and protozoa was measured in the rhizospheres of peas, barley, grass and turnips grown for 10 weeks in pots containing a clay-loam soil; in the rhizospheres of peas and barley grown for 3 weeks in a sandy soil; and in the rhizosphere of barley grown for 11 weeks in an unfertilised and a fertilised clay-loam soil. The nematode biomass was consistently larger in the rhizosphere of all plants in both soils than in the bulk soil, but the protozoa biomass showed a rhizosphere effect only under pea and fertilised barley. The biomass of nematodes in the rhizosphere (1.2–22.3 g dry weight g^-1 dry soil) was greater than the biomass of protozoa (0.1–3.2 g g^-1), and greater under pea>barley>grass>turnip. It is suggested that nematodes are more able to exploit low bacterial densities than protozoa and that they initially migrate into the rhizosphere from the bulk soil. In samples of potato rhizosphere from field-grown plants, the nematode biomass was also greater than the active and total protozoan biomass. It is argued that in the rhizosphere the biomass of microbially feeding nematodes exceeds that of protozoa and that nematodes are more important in terms of nutrient cycling.     

生物有机肥对宁夏盐碱地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

【目的】为了探讨生物有机肥长期施用对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱土壤化学和微生物特性的影响，明确生物有机肥的最佳施用量及施肥模式。【方法】以田间连续4年定位试验为依托，研究生物有机肥施用量0 t/hm2（CK）、4.5 t/hm2（T1）、9 t/hm2（T2）、13.5 t/hm2（T3）及生物有机肥9 t/hm2配施无机化肥360 kg/hm2（N）（T4）对玉米根系土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量和微生物群落多样性及玉米产量的影响。【结果】：（1）连续四年施用生物有机肥可明显降低土壤pH和全盐含量。土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随着生物有机肥施用量增加呈递增趋势，且生物有机肥施用9 t/hm2时，增施无机化肥可显著增加土壤速效钾含量14.73%；（2）土壤微生物群落代谢AWCD值和土壤微生物种群代谢多样性指均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加，单施生物有机肥13.5 t/hm2处理下土壤培养192 h时AWCD值为0.84，经Tukey检验分析，Shannon（H）和Mcintosh（U）指数较CK分别增加10.11%和62.67%。（3）随着生物有机肥施用量增加，土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷含量呈递增趋势，各处理分别比CK增加66.78%、59.19%和51.84%；（4）施用生物有机肥可明显增加玉米产量，提高玉米产值，其中以生物有机肥施用9 t/hm2配施无机化肥360 kg/hm2（N）时，玉米产量和净收入最佳，分别为11499 kg/hm2和8709元/hm2。【结论】长期施用生物有机肥可改善宁夏盐碱土壤质地，提高土壤质量，增加土壤生物活性及玉米产量，其中以生物有机肥施用9 t/hm2配施无机化肥360 kg/hm2（N）时综合效果最佳。     

Microscale distribution and function of soil microorganisms in the interface between rhizosphere and detritusphere

The rhizosphere and the detritusphere are hot spots of microbial activity, but little is known about the interface between rhizosphere and detritusphere. We used a three-compartment pot design to study microbial community structure and enzyme activity in this interface. All three compartments were filled with soil from a long-term field trial. The two outer compartments were planted with maize (root compartment) or amended with mature wheat shoot residues from a free air CO₂ enrichment experiment (residue compartment) and were separated by a 50 μm mesh from the inner compartment. Soil, residues and maize differed in ¹³C signature (δ¹³C soil −26.5‰, maize roots −14.1‰ and wheat residues −44.1‰) which allowed tracking of root- and residue-derived C into microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). The abundance of bacterial and fungal PLFAs showed clear gradients with highest abundance in the first 1–2 mm of the root and residue compartment, and generally higher values in the vicinity of the residue compartment. The δ¹³C of the PLFAs indicated that soil microorganisms incorporated more carbon from the residues than from the rhizodeposits and that the microbial use of wheat residue carbon was restricted to 1 mm from the residue compartment. Carbon incorporation into soil microorganisms in the interface was accompanied by strong microbial N immobilisation evident from the depletion of inorganic N in the rhizosphere and detritusphere. Extracellular enzyme activities involved in the degradation of organic C, N and P compounds (β-glucosidase, xylosidase, acid phosphatase and leucin peptidase) did not show distinct gradients in rhizosphere or detritusphere. Our microscale study showed that rhizosphere and detritusphere differentially influenced microbial C cycling and that the zone of influence depended on the parameter assessed. These results are highly relevant for defining the size of different microbial hot spots and understanding microbial ecology in soils.