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1.
长期施肥对黄壤有机碳平衡及玉米产量的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
基于长期定位试验,以黔中典型黄壤为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、可持续性指数、稳定性指数等方法对长期定位试验获取的数据进行分析和比较,以探讨长期不同施肥处理对黄壤有机碳含量、有机碳平衡量、玉米产量稳定性、可持续性及其相互关系的影响。结果表明:(1)与施化肥和对照处理相比,施有机肥处理土壤有机碳含量明显升高,按大小排序依次为:MMNPK1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPK;(2)施有机肥处理黄壤有机碳平衡量为正值,且随有机肥施用量增加而增加,相反,施化肥和对照处理均为负值,大小依次为:MNPK、M1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPKNPKNKNPN、CKPK,各处理差异显著;(3)有机肥与化肥配施、有机肥单施及氮磷钾化肥协调施用更有利于提高玉米产量,排序为:MNPK1/4M+3/4NPK、1/2M+1/2NPKNPK、MNPNK、PK、NCK;(4)适量有机肥与化肥配施可提高玉米产量稳定性和可持续性(可持续性指数0.6,变异系数0.3),其中,1/4M+3/4NPK处理玉米产量稳定性和持续性最好;(5)玉米年产量与黄壤有机碳平衡量相关度较高,而玉米可持续性、稳定性则主要受有机碳含量影响。综上,有机肥与化肥配施有利于黄壤有机碳含量提升、玉米维持高产稳产。按适量"减肥"原则,以25%有机肥配施75%氮磷钾化肥效果最佳。  相似文献   

2.
在尿素减量施用条件下,探究添加酸化沸石(SF)对氮素淋失及籽粒氮肥利用率的影响。通过等温吸附试验,结合土柱淋溶和玉米盆栽试验,研究酸化沸石对NH_4+—N和NO_3-—N的吸附性能,以及不同施氮梯度下,酸化沸石对氮素淋失和氮肥利用率的影响,试验分别设置农民习惯施肥(CN)、氮肥减量15%(CN1)、氮肥减量30%(CN2)3个施氮梯度并分别添加土重0.2%的酸化沸石(CN+SF、CN1+SF、CN2+SF)。结果表明,酸化沸石对NH_4+—N和NO_3-—N的最大吸附量分别为25.44,31.59 mg/g,吸附过程可用Langmuir模型较好拟合。在减氮15%和30%时,添加酸化沸石,使NH_4+—N累计淋失量较CN1、CN2分别降低7.10%,8.76%。在减氮30%时,酸化沸石可有效降低NO_3-—N累计淋失量,较CN2处理减少15.90%。酸化沸石可有效提高土壤氮素含量和玉米籽粒氮肥利用率,添加酸化沸石(CN+SF、CN1+SF、CN2+SF)较单施尿素(CN、CN1、CN2)籽粒氮肥利用率分别提高10.37%,20.79%,47.14%。综上,酸化沸石在减施尿素条件下可有效降低土壤氮素淋失,提高玉米籽粒氮肥利用率,具有一定的农艺价值。  相似文献   

3.
在皖南酸性红黄壤旱地上进行了为期三年的定位试验,以探讨施用白云石改良土壤的效果。研究结果表明:施用白云石能显著地促进作物的生长发育和提高产量,小麦增产11.6%~13.4%,油菜增产9.4%~27.2%,红豆增产21.9%~49.7%,玉米增产10.9%~44.6%,黄豆增产6.6%~29.8%,其增产后效与使用量成显著正相关。施用白云石粉处理三年六季作物累计增加的纯收入为2511.6~5376.8元/hm2,产投比为27.9~12.4∶1。从作物的产量效应和经济效益评价来看,适宜的白云石粉施用量为1100~1600kg/hm2。  相似文献   

4.
施肥效应试验结果表明,施钾能明显提高玉米产量,在氮磷肥充足时,钾肥的增产效果显著。玉米钾吸收量明显以秸秆为主,超过子粒吸钾量的2倍。N来自土壤的数量为75.83kg/hm2;K2O来自土壤的数量为54.85kg/hm2。NPK施肥处理吸钾总量平均高出NP处理82.7%,子粒和秸秆分别平均增加18.4%和132.5%;说明钾吸收量增加对秸秆产量贡献明显小于对子粒产量的贡献。各施氮和施钾处理的氮、钾均有不同程度盈余;不施氮肥,玉米对肥料钾的吸收量也相应减少。本试验钾肥(K2O)产投比以NPK2处理最高(3.46),经济效益也最好。因此,江淮地区同等肥力土壤,玉米钾肥推荐用量为136kg/hm2。  相似文献   

5.
盐碱土壤调理剂对玉米生长及土壤的改良效果   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
采用盆栽试验研究了以糠醛渣、腐植酸尿素等为主成分研制的盐碱土壤调理剂对玉米生长及土壤的改良效果。结果表明,在氮、磷、钾用量相同的情况下,与速效肥料处理相比,盐碱土壤调理剂处理的玉米生物量增加1.86%~48.56%,叶绿素含量增加2.60%~4.77%,植株的氮、磷、钾吸收量增加3.51%~64.2%,土壤有机质含量增加12.77%~14.28%,土壤氮、磷、钾增加0.70%~9.46%,土壤含水量增加11.29%~11.36%,土壤pH值下降0.03,土壤EC_(25)降低15.8%~20.10%。说明施用盐碱土壤调理剂能促进玉米生长,增强玉米叶片光合能力。  相似文献   

6.
用~(15)N同位素稀释法研究沸石对氮肥利用率的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过15N示踪研究不同沸石水平处理对玉米氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )沸石和肥料混合使用促进了玉米的生长 ,第一茬玉米氮肥利用率以 0 7g kg土沸石用量为最高 ,其次是 1g kg土 ;( 2 )第二茬玉米的氮肥利用率则是以 0 1 %的沸石用量最高 ,其次是 0 1 3 %的沸石用量水平 ,与对照相比 ,沸石处理使两茬玉米的氮肥利用率分别提高了 2 3 2 %~ 3 3 1 % ;( 3 )沸石处理可以显著降低土壤中氮肥的损失 ,与对照相比 ,降低率达 2 5 9%~3 0 6% ,但对土壤中氮肥的残留量没有影响  相似文献   

7.
为探究改性稻壳炭、改性沸石对红壤磷素有效性的影响,以稻壳炭(R)、HCl改性稻壳炭(HR)、沸石(Z)、铵化沸石(NZ)、低温活化沸石(RZ)和铵化低温活化沸石(NRZ)为试验材料,以1%、3%、5%和8%的剂量添加到混合肥料中并与供试红壤充分混合,经过7、14、28和56 d的室内培养后测定土壤有效磷含量,并通过土壤盆栽试验研究添加5%改性稻壳炭、改性沸石对玉米磷肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,在土壤培养的第7、14和28 d,沸石、稻壳炭改性方式和添加量对土壤有效磷含量影响显著(P0.01),且其交互作用对土壤有效磷含量影响显著(P0.01),添加量是影响土壤有效磷含量有关参数的主要决定因子。在不同稻壳炭、沸石改性方式和添加剂量处理下,土壤有效磷含量增加,磷肥固定率降低。沸石经铵化和低温活化处理后,吸附能力和吸附容量增加,提高了土壤中磷素有效性。稻壳炭经HCl氧化改性处理后,对土壤中磷素的吸附能力增强,降低了土壤对磷的固定作用。混合肥料中添加5%改性稻壳炭、改性沸石后,玉米磷素利用率比对照提高了34.45%~45.53%,但各添加材料处理间差异不显著。  相似文献   

8.
  【目的】  充足的氮素供应是玉米高产的保证,研究红壤上玉米氮素吸收和土壤氮素盈余对长期不同施肥措施的响应特征,旨在为红壤地区玉米持续高产和土壤氮素科学管理提供依据。  【方法】  本研究依托江西进贤双季玉米定位试验,选择不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(NPK)、两倍量化肥(DNPK)、有机肥(OM)与常量化肥+有机肥(NPKM) 5个处理,以10年为一个试验阶段,分析了35年来玉米产量、氮肥利用率、0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量以及氮素表观盈余量等的阶段性变化规律。  【结果】  施肥处理(NPKM、DNPK、OM和NPK)玉米35年平均产量较不施肥对照(CK)分别显著提高了3.36~9.07、3.31~5.64、2.46~6.72和1.91~3.70倍,氮素吸收量分别显著提高了5.20~11.93、4.33~7.02、3.66~5.90和1.80~3.64倍。在试验0~10年,各施氮处理间玉米产量无显著差异,氮素吸收量NPKM、DNPK和OM处理间无显著差异,但均显著高于NPK处理。在试验11~20年,NPKM和DNPK处理产量与氮素吸收量显著高于NPK和OM处理;在试验21~35年,NPKM处理的产量和氮素吸收量均显著高于其他处理。NPK和DNPK处理的氮肥偏生产力在0~20年期间升高,在21~35年间下降,而NPKM和OM处理的氮肥偏生产力逐渐升高,至试验31~35年时,显著高于NPK和DNPK处理。各施氮处理土壤氮素均处于盈余状态,前30年均以NPKM处理氮素盈余量最高,较DNPK与NPK处理分别显著提升了13.63%~37.48%、133.95%~208.24%,而在试验31~35年,DNPK处理氮素盈余量与NPKM处理无显著差异。0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量与氮素盈余量呈显著正相关 (P<0.05),氮素盈余量每增加 10 kg/hm2,0~10、11~20、21~30、31~35年耕层土壤碱解氮含量分别增加1.00、1.20、1.60、2.80 mg/kg。  【结论】  在试验前20年,单施化肥玉米氮素吸收量和肥料的偏生产力呈增加趋势,之后呈下降趋势。而有机无机肥配施或者单施有机肥可持续提高氮肥利用率,促进玉米增产。氮素盈余量的增加与耕层土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关;随施肥年限的延长,有机无机肥配施对土壤养分含量提升效果增强。  相似文献   

9.
腐植酸尿素对玉米生长及肥料氮利用的影响   总被引:13,自引:5,他引:8  
【目的】 利用腐植酸对氮肥的增效作用,通过研究尿素中腐植酸添加量对玉米生长及肥料氮 (15N) 吸收、分配的影响,以期为腐植酸提高尿素肥效提供理论及实践依据。 【方法】 将腐植酸增效剂按 1%、5%、10%、20% 的比例分别添加到普通尿素中,利用熔融法制备四种腐植酸尿素试验产品 (HAU1、HAU2、HAU3 和 HAU4) ,在土柱栽培试验中利用同位素15N 示踪法,研究在等氮量 (施氮量 0.1 g/kg 干土) 投入情况下,尿素中腐植酸添加量对玉米生长,玉米肥料氮吸收、分配及肥料氮在不同土层分布的影响。 【结果】 与普通尿素处理 (U) 相比,1) 四种腐植酸尿素处理均可显著提高玉米地上部生物量和籽粒产量,分别提高 5.5%~13.8% 和 6.3%~17.3%,且随着腐植酸添加量的增加而提高。2) 腐植酸尿素提高了玉米籽粒、茎、穗轴中的肥料氮含量,但差异不显著,同时降低了苞叶中的肥料氮含量;腐植酸尿素可显著提高玉米地上部和籽粒肥料氮的吸收量,分别增加 11.6%~17.0% 和 16.8%~25.9%,但随着腐植酸添加量的增加,叶和苞叶中的肥料氮吸收量会有所降低;腐植酸尿素的肥料氮收获指数提高 2.5~4.2 个百分点。3) 腐植酸尿素可显著提高15N 肥料利用率和15N 肥料土壤残留率,并降低15N 肥料损失率,15N 肥料利用率提高 5.9~8.6 个百分点,15N 壤残留率提高 1.4~2.5 个百分点,损失率降低 7.3~11.2 个百分点。4) 玉米收获后,土壤中的肥料氮主要残留在 0—50 cm 土层,腐植酸尿素在 0—90 cm 土层中的肥料氮累积残留量比普通尿素高 5.2%~10.1%。 【结论】 与普通尿素相比,在腐植酸增效剂添加比例为 1%~20% 的范围内,腐植酸对尿素均具有较好的增效作用,随着腐植酸添加量的增加,玉米籽粒产量逐渐增加;腐植酸还可促进玉米叶片和苞叶中的肥料氮向籽粒的转运,提高玉米肥料氮收获指数及籽粒肥料氮吸收量;同时还可提高尿素在土壤中的残留量,减少氮素淋溶损失。   相似文献   

10.
天然沸石对黑土团聚体含量及稳定性的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
通过天然沸石改良黑土试验,采用干筛法、湿筛法分别测定土壤中机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量,分析了不同掺配量天然沸石对土壤平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD0.25)、0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA0.25)的影响,结果表明:在黑土中加入天然沸石能够提高黑土湿筛时的MWD和GMD,提高0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量;在天然沸石掺配量为15%时对提高土壤中0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量的效果最好,且主要以增加2~1、1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体为主;改良后土壤团聚体的团聚度提升,结构稳定性增强,说明用天然沸石改良黑土能够提高黑土抗侵蚀能力。  相似文献   

11.
Nitrogen (N) loss by ammonia (NH3) volatilization is the main factor for poor efficiency of urea fertilizer applied to the soil surface. Losses can be suppressed by addition of zeolite minerals to urea fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate ammonia volatilization from soil and dry-matter yield and nitrogen levels of Italian ryegrass. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with the treatments of urea, urea incorporated into soil, urea + urease inhibitor, urea + zeolite, ammonium nitrate, and unfertilized treatment. Ammonia was captured by a foam absorber with a polytetrafluoroethylene tape. There were few differences between zeolite and urease inhibitor amendments concerning NH3 volatilization from urea. Results indicate that zeolite minerals have the potential to improve the N-use efficiency and contributed to increasing N uptake. Zeolite and urea mixture reduced 50% the losses by volatilization observed with urea.  相似文献   

12.
Ammonia losses from soil following fertilization with urea may be large. This laboratory study compared the effect of four different, urea–triple superphosphate (TSP)–humic acid–zeolite, mixtures on NH3 loss, and soil ammonium and nitrate contents, with loss from surface‐applied urea without additives. The soil was a sandy clay loam Typic Kandiudult (Bungor Series). The mixtures significantly reduced NH3 loss by between 32 and 61% compared with straight urea (46% N) with larger reductions with higher rates of humic acid (0.75 and 1 g kg?1 of soil) and zeolite (0.75 and 1 g kg?1 of soil). All the mixtures of acidic P fertilizer, humic acid and zeolite with urea significantly increased soil NH4 and NO3 contents, increased soil‐exchangeable Ca, K and Mg, and benefited the formation of NH4 over NH3 compared with urea without additives. The increase in soil‐exchangeable cations, and temporary reduction of soil pH may have retarded urea hydrolysis in the microsite immediately around the fertilizer. It may be possible to improve the efficiency of urea surface‐applied to high value crops by the addition of TSP, humic acid and zeolite.  相似文献   

13.
佀国涵  徐大兵  王毅  赵书军  谭军  彭五星 《土壤》2016,48(4):714-719
利用3年田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥结构对酸性黄棕壤酸性、交换性能以及微生物区系的影响。结果表明:连年施用有机肥以及配施石灰和白云石粉均能显著降低土壤中交换性酸和交换性Al~(3+)的含量,提高土壤pH,且不同施肥结构对修复黄棕壤酸性的效果为有机肥配施石灰有机肥配施白云石粉有机肥;连年施用有机肥以及配施石灰主要提高了土壤中交换性Ca~(2+)含量,而配施白云石粉则主要提高了土壤中交换性Mg~(2+)含量;有机肥配施石灰和白云石粉均降低了土壤中真菌的数量,但提高了土壤中细菌/真菌比、放线菌/真菌比以及细菌和放线菌数量,改善了土壤微生物群落结构,增加了烟叶的产量和产值。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Natural zeolite (clinoptilolite containing tuff) can be used as an adsorbent of strontium (Sr) from phosphogypsum when applied as a solonetzic soil amendment. This study investigated the influence of the zeolite on biological yield, content of water‐soluble Sr in soil, its availability, and plant uptake. A field experiment was conducted from 1993 to 1995 in the Volgogradskaya region of Russia. Two methods of phosphogypsum and zeolite application were used: “separate” and “as a mixture” (10 tons ha‐1 of phosphogypsum and 0.5 ton ha‐1 of zeolite in both cases). After the application of the amendments, barley (Hordeum vulgare) and grass sorghum (Sorghum sudanensis) were grown on the ameliorated sites in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Our results suggest that zeolite, being applied with phosphogypsum as a mixture, decreased by 15 to 75% the content of water‐soluble Sr in the soil, minimizing the risk of soil pollution. The uptake of Sr by plants depended on the biological character of the crop grown. Barley was found to be a “strong‐anticoncentrative” type of plant. However, grass sorghum was found to be more sensitive to the rise of Sr content in the soil. The highest biomass production of barley and grass sorghum was obtained with the application of zeolite and zeolite plus phosphogypsum. Plants grown on a single phosphogypsum‐treated sites had a declining tendency in biological yield. Our results suggest a positive influence of zeolite applied with phosphogypsum for the amelioration of solonetzic soils on the growth and uptake of Sr by plants.  相似文献   

15.
The anionic nature and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clinoptilolite zeolite can be exploited to reduce ammonia (NH3) loss from urea and to improve soil chemical properties to increase nutrient utilization efficiency in lowland rice cultivation. A closed-dynamic airflow system was used to determine NH3 loss from treatments (20, 40, and 60 g clinoptilolite zeolite pot?1). Seed germination study was conducted to evaluate the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice seed germination. A pot study was conducted to determine the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Standard procedures were used to determine NH3 loss, rice plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Application of clinoptilolite zeolite (15%) increased shoot elongation of seedlings and significantly reduced NH3 loss (up to 26% with 60 g zeolite pot?1), and increased number of leaves, total dry matter, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Na+. Amending acid soils with clinoptilolite zeolite can significantly minimize NH3 loss and improve rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. These findings are being validated in our ongoing field trials.  相似文献   

16.
To investigate the possibilities of utilization of dolomite large size fractions (dropouts) and their effect on plants a five-year experiment was set in 2015. A fertilization value of large fractions (5–7 and 7–10 mm) of dolomite in two doses was studied. The biomass yield of crops in dolomite dropout treatment was around 90% from the treatment using dolomite flour (control). Losses of bases from the soil treated with high doses of dropouts did not exceed the migration losses of the treatment with dolomite flour. Dynamics of dolomite flour dissolution in the soil was empirically modeled. The data prove that high doses of the large-sized dolomite fractions act similarly to standard dolomite flour and have more persistent effects on soil and plants.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT

The effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizers (organic fertilizers and urea) and zeolite under different irrigation regime on the qualitative traits of sunflower seeds was investigated by a trial, in 2014 and 2015 in Iran with split factorial on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of irrigation regimes (irrigation after unloading 40%, 60% and 80% of available soil water (ASW)). The sub-plots consisted of factorial combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer treatments (100% organic, integrated treatment and 100% chemical treatment) and three levels of zeolite (10, 5 and 0 ton ha?1). Farmyard manure and urea were the organic and chemical sources of nitrogen, respectively; integrated treatment included 50% organic +50% chemical nitrogen. The percentage of nitrogen required by urea was set in a way that 100% of the required nitrogen could be provided by urea. The maximum diameter and stems height as well as the performance of the oil and protein by application of zeolite were measured in terms of the lack of stress in the first and second year, respectively. In sum, it can be concluded that the severe water stress can reduce the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. In the first year, oleic acid and linoleic acid were decreased by 22% and 7%, respectively; while in the second year, they were reduced by 27% and 6.8%. Stearic acid also declined in the first and second years by 50% and 52%, respectively. However, an increase was observed for palmitic acid of sunflower. In both years, the application of organic fertilizer increased linoleic acid and oleic and improved the quality of sunflower seed oil. Under favorable irrigation conditions, organic fertilizers could be advantageous; while organic fertilizers and zeolite can be helpful under drought stress conditions.  相似文献   

18.
为筛选出高效安全的酸性植烟土壤改良剂,采用盆栽试验研究了不同改良剂(生石灰、白云石粉和熟石灰,用量为0.66 g/kg风干土)对酸性土壤p H、烟株生长和烟叶重金属吸收的影响。结果表明,施用石灰和白云石粉均能提高土壤p H,其中生石灰提高的幅度达到0.52单位;改良剂能够促进根系的生长,增加烟株干物质的积累,生石灰、白云石粉、熟石灰处理旺长期烟株总干重分别增加了13%、9%和17%;白云石粉处理增加了烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比,石灰处理则降低了总糖和还原糖含量;白云石粉处理显著增加了烟叶的Cd含量,而石灰处理则降低了烟叶的Cd含量,但各处理烟叶中重金属含量均较低。综合考虑改良剂的效果和烟叶的安全性,石灰是烟区酸性土壤改良、提高烟叶产量和安全性的有效技术措施。  相似文献   

19.
The zeolite and urea mixture may be use to improve nitrogen (N)–use efficiency of silage corn. The objective of this study was to evaluate dry-matter yield and nutritional levels of N of silage corn fertilized with urea and zeolite mixture. The experimental design was a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial randomized block design with three replications. Treatments included two types of stilbite zeolite (natural and concentrated), four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha?1), and four ratios of zeolite (25%, 50%, and 100% of N level). Treatments were applied 60 days after planting with the topdressing fertilization. The use of concentrated (650 g kg?1 of stilbite) or natural (470 g kg?1 of stilbite) zeolite with urea increased silage corn dry-matter production and leaf N concentrations.  相似文献   

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