高钾用量和根区施肥可提升皖南不同质地土壤烟叶钾含量

钾是烟叶的品质元素之一,提升烟叶钾含量一直是我国烟草行业关注的重点之一。本文选取安徽烤烟主产区皖南宣城市砂土与黏土两类典型土壤,以云烟97为试验材料,研究田间条件下不同高钾用量水平与施肥方式对烟叶钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,在耕层土壤全层混施方式下,随着施钾量增加(0、300、600、900、1 200、1 800、2400mg/kg,以纯K计),两种质地土壤烟叶钾含量均显著上升,呈先快速增加而后缓慢增加的趋势。在钾肥用量低于1 200 mg/kg时,每增加钾肥用量100 mg/kg,砂土和黏土烟叶不同部位钾含量分别平均增加2.4 g/kg和1.0 g/kg。更高钾肥用量可使砂土烟叶钾平均含量提升到44.0 g/kg,黏土则只能提升到26.2 g/kg。两类土壤钾肥效果差异极大的原因与土壤固钾能力有关,土壤速效钾含量与烟叶钾含量呈线性相关,而黏土钾肥固定率平均为71%,远高于砂土的25%,这是两种质地土壤钾肥肥效差异的根本原因。在常规同等钾肥用量条件下(K2O25kg/667m2),氮磷钾根区集中施用较常规条施显著促进了烟叶对钾的吸收,提升了烟叶钾含量,而且砂土的效果要好于黏土,其原因也与根区施肥可显著提升烟叶根区土壤速效钾含量有关。以上结果表明,选择固钾能力弱的土壤,提高钾肥用量并改进施肥方法可以有效提升皖南烟叶钾的含量。     

施氮和不同品种水稻对紫色水稻土钾素形态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了施氮水平和不同品种水稻对四川盆地 3种典型紫色水稻土 5种钾形态的影响以及各种土壤钾形态对水稻钾素营养的贡献。结果表明 ,4个紫色水稻土供钾能力均属中下水平 ,全钾含量为 1.29%～2.62% ,其中矿物钾量平均占 96.82% ,速效钾和非交换性钾仅平均占 0.62%和 2.56% ,土壤供钾能力以中性紫色水稻土 石灰性紫色水稻土 酸性紫色水稻土。施氮 (N 0～ 150mg/kg)促进 4个紫色水稻土钾素的释放 ,提高水稻对非交换性钾和矿物钾的吸收利用 ,使矿物钾和非交换性钾的贡献占植株吸钾的 80.3% ,速效钾仅为 19.7%。中性紫色土供试 4个品种水稻的吸钾能力为开优 5号 汕优 63Ⅱ优 6078引佳 1号。施氮后4个品种水稻吸自非交换性钾和矿物钾量平均占植物吸钾量的 66.9% ,以施中氮 (N 150mg/kg)时植株吸钾量最高 ;而低氮或高氮水平都不利于植物对钾的吸收和土壤钾的释放     

枸溶性钾肥的水稻肥效

通过盆栽试验研究了5种钾肥[粉碎性钾矿粉(K1)、全部枸溶性钾肥(K2)、含25%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K3)、含50%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K4)和硫酸钾(K5),施钾量均为K2O 150 mg/kg]及其施用量(0.5K2、K2、1.5K2和2K2,施钾量分别为K2O 75、150、225和300 mg/kg)和配施(0.5K2+0.5K5)对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,与不施钾相比,施钾肥处理(除K1外)均显著提高水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量。在相同施钾量下,随着肥料水溶性钾比例的增加,水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,其中水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量以K4(分别为240.90 g/盆、2.60 g/盆、75.4 mg/kg)和K3(分别为234.86 g/盆、2.24 g/盆、73.9 mg/kg)处理最高。与水溶性钾肥(K5)处理相比,K4和K3处理均显著提高了水稻产量、钾素吸收量和土壤速效钾含量,分别提高了9.35%和6.61%、40.43%和21.26%、22.01%和19.58%(P0.05)。水稻产量、钾素吸收量及土壤速效钾含量随同一种枸溶性钾肥(K2)施用量的增加而增加,以2K2最高。综合结果表明,在相同施钾量下,含25%~50%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K4和K3)对水稻的增产效果最佳,而全部枸溶性钾肥在2倍施钾量下可获得相同增产效果。     

氮、钾营养对烤烟品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究氮素和钾素对烤烟的品质化学成分的影响,结果表明:(1)总糖含量与烟叶成熟期土壤有效钾(K)含量呈显著的二次曲线相关性,成熟期土壤速效钾含量分界点为113.33mg/kg。(2)总烟碱含量与施氮量、烟叶含氮量(中期或成熟期)呈显著的相关性。(3)蛋白质含量与施氮量、烟叶含氮量(中期或成熟期)、烟叶含钾量(中期或成熟期)有一定的相关性。(4)施木克值与成熟期土壤速效钾含量呈显著的二次曲线相关性,成熟期土壤速效钾分界点为133.33mg/kg。(5)糖/碱比与烤烟生育前期施氮量和土壤碱解氮,与中后期土壤供钾和烟叶含钾量有一定的相关性。     

长期秸秆还田下基于东北水稻高产和钾素平衡的钾肥用量研究

  【目的】  通过5年定位试验，系统研究东北稻区秸秆还田条件下不同钾肥用量对水稻产量、钾素利用率和土壤供钾能力的影响，为秸秆还田下水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。  【方法】  于2015—2019年在东北水稻主产区吉林省前郭县开展田间定位试验。共设6个钾肥用量 (K₂O) 处理，分别为0 (K0)、30 (K30)、60 (K60)、90 (K90)、120 (K120) 和150 kg/hm2 (K150)，水稻收获后，测定籽粒产量与生物产量、植株钾含量及0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤速效钾、缓效钾和全钾含量，并计算作物钾积累量、钾素利用效率和土壤-作物系统的钾素表观平衡状况。  【结果】  施钾可提高水稻籽粒产量和生物产量，与不施钾相比，平均增幅依次为7.6%～14.5%、6.3%～10.9%，以K60和K90处理籽粒产量和生物产量最高。不同施钾处理间收获指数没有显著差异。钾素表观回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随钾肥用量的增加而下降。K60、K90、K120和K150处理0—40 cm土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量高于K0和K30处理，全钾含量6个处理间没有显著差异。K90、K120和K150处理0—40 cm土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量间也没有显著差异。在5年试验中，K0和K30处理土壤钾素表观平衡均表现为亏缺，K60处理农田钾素投入量和输出量基本平衡，当钾肥用量增加至90 kg/hm2以上，农田钾素表观平衡呈现盈余状态，并随钾肥用量的增加显著增加。盈余率与钾肥用量、籽粒产量、土壤速效钾含量、钾素利用效率分别进行拟合得出，当盈余率为0时，钾肥用量为53.1 kg/hm2，籽粒产量为10035 kg/hm2，0—20和20—40 cm土壤速效钾含量分别为103.04和91.56 mg/kg，钾素表观回收率为40.4%，钾素农学利用率为21.2 kg/kg，钾素偏生产力为202.2 kg/kg。  【结论】  在秸秆还田条件下，施用钾肥对水稻依然有明显增产效果。年施K₂O 30 kg/hm2，土壤钾素处于亏缺状态；年施K₂O 60 kg/hm2增产效果最好，且土壤钾素处于基本平衡状态，土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量处于稳定状态；年施K₂O超过90 kg/hm2后，虽然钾盈余量增加，但对土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量没有进一步增加的效果，水稻产量甚至还有下降的趋势。以理论盈余率为0时钾肥用量的95%为置信区间，钾肥用量在50～56 kg/hm2范围内既可保证较高的水稻产量和钾素利用效率，又可维持土壤供钾能力，可作为东北稻区秸秆还田下水稻钾肥推荐用量。     

水稻秸秆钾与化肥钾释放与分布特征模拟研究

通过室内恒温(25℃)培养试验,研究了不同用量水稻秸秆钾和化肥钾在水-土体系中的释放与分布特征。结果显示,施用水稻秸秆钾300 mg/kg处理,表层水溶液pH经历了一个弱酸化到弱碱化的过程,而化肥钾的施用则降低了表层水溶液的pH。稳定态时相关分析表明,pH与水稻秸秆钾用量正相关(R2 = 0.938**),与化肥钾负相关(R2 = 0.993**)。试验开始当天外加300 mg/kg化肥钾处理表层水溶液钾浓度达到最大值,为50.64 mg/L,随后呈下降趋势。5天时土壤缓效钾含量达到最大值414.51 mg/kg,并保持相对稳定,而速效钾钾含量继续升高,25天后变化较小。外加300 mg/kg水稻秸秆钾处理表层水钾浓度在第3天达到最大值,为52.70 mg/L,之后呈下降趋势,但在相同时期时,秸秆钾处理表层水溶液钾含量高于化肥钾处理。不同钾素用量结果表明,施钾量为150 mg/kg时,两种来源钾主要以交换态钾存在,其次是水溶态钾;随着钾素用量的增加,钾离子被土壤固定,且在等量条件下,水稻秸秆钾处理的交换态钾比例高于化肥钾处理,而非交换态钾所占比例则相反。因此,在一定钾素用量范围内,土壤对秸秆钾和化肥钾的固定没有显著差异,而当用量超过阈值时,秸秆的投入会降低土壤对钾素的固定。     

钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响

为明确钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响,确定2季作物最佳钾肥施用量,为黄淮海平原大蒜—棉花套作地区合理施用钾肥提供依据。于2013—2016年在山东省金乡县进行连续4年7季的田间定位试验,试验设CK(0kg/hm~2),K90(90kg/hm~2),K180(180kg/hm~2),K270(270kg/hm~2)4个不同施钾量(K_2O)处理。大蒜和棉花单季施钾量相同(K_2O 0,90,180,270kg/hm~2),各处理氮肥和磷肥施用量一致。分析不同施钾量对大蒜、棉花产量及产量构成的影响,明确不同施钾量对棉花收获后0—100cm土层速效钾含量和0—20cm土壤钾素形态的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,不同施钾处理棉花显著增产18.4%~72.7%,皮棉产量随施钾量的增加而增加,但K270与K180处理皮棉产量和经济效益差异不显著;施钾显著提高了棉花单株成铃数和单铃重,对衣分含量无显著影响。与CK相比,不同施钾处理大蒜蒜薹显著增产10.1%~64.2%,鳞茎显著增产8.7%~93.3%。2016年K270处理蒜薹产量较其他处理显著增产6.6%~64.8%,鳞茎显著增产32.5%~93.3%。大蒜经济效益以K270处理最高。增加钾肥施用量显著提高了棉花收获后0—20cm土壤速效钾含量,但各处理60—100cm土层速效钾含量差异不显著。经过4年7季施肥后,K90,K180,K270处理较CK不同程度提高了0—20cm土壤水溶性钾(13.6,20.1,26.1mg/kg)、非特殊吸附钾(10.4,19.6,53.4mg/kg)、非交换性钾(34.3,53.9,140.1mg/kg)和全钾含量,提高了水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾的比例。综合土壤环境因素、作物产量和经济效益,建议该大蒜—棉花套作区棉花施钾量为K_2O 180kg/hm~2、大蒜施钾量为K_2O 270kg/hm~2。     

长期秸秆还田提升稻麦轮作系统土壤供钾容量和强度

  【目的】  农作物秸秆中含有丰富的钾素,秸秆还田不仅为植物生长提供钾素,还可以补充农田土壤钾库容。本研究利用动力学模型,评估长期秸秆还田对土壤供钾能力的影响。  【方法】  基于稻麦轮作制长期秸秆还田定位试验,设置4个处理:秸秆不还田、不施肥(CK);不施肥、每季秸秆还田量为 6000 kg/hm2(RS);施化肥、秸秆不还田(NPK);施化肥、秸秆还田量同RS (NPKS)。采集秸秆还田13年土壤和植株样品,分析植株吸钾量和不同形态土壤钾含量,计算土壤钾素表观平衡。采用连续浸提法测定吸附在黏土矿物不同位置的钾含量。测定四苯硼钠和有机酸法模拟条件下钾素的释放过程。  【结果】  稻麦轮作制长期秸秆还田试验中,RS和NPKS处理每年秸秆输入的钾素约为 220 kg/hm2,土壤钾表观平衡为盈余,而CK 和NPK处理依然为亏缺。秸秆处理的土壤交换性钾和非交换性钾素含量均得到稳步提升,分别提高12.3～18.5和85.6～157.6 mg/kg。秸秆还田增加的非交换性钾素主要分布在粘土矿物层间(i 位点),少量分布于表面(p 位点),但是并未显著改变p位、e位和i位钾的比例。土壤固定的钾素释放特征分为快速释放和缓慢释放两个阶段,该过程符合一级动力学模型。以四苯硼钠作浸提剂,快速释放阶段土壤钾素的释放速率表现为RS>NPKS>CK>NPK,缓慢释放阶段表现为RS>CK>NPKS>NPK,RS和NPKS处理的释放量快速阶段较NPK处理分别多166.6、 81.1 mg/kg,慢速阶段分别多71.4、27.9 mg/kg。以有机酸为浸提剂,快速和缓慢释放阶段的钾素释放量和释放速率都表现为NPKS>RS>NPK>CK,NPKS和RS处理钾素释放量在快速释放阶段较NPK处理分别增加了16.3、14.5 mg/kg,在缓慢释放阶段分别增加了46.2和111.8 mg/kg。  【结论】  秸秆的外源钾素能够补充土壤钾素,影响土壤钾素表观平衡,长期秸秆还田后土壤钾素由亏缺转为盈余状态。秸秆还田既能提高土壤交换性钾含量,也能提高非交换性钾含量,其增加的钾素主要位于矿物层间位置,少量在矿物表面。钾释放动力学证明了秸秆还田可同时提高土壤钾素的供应强度和容量。     

长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤性水稻土非交换性钾释放动力学的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年(1981-2007)施用化肥和稻草对红壤性水稻土非交换性钾释放特征及其动力学的影响.本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮、磷肥)、NPK(施氮、磷、钾肥)、NP+RS(施氮、磷肥和稻草)和NPK+RS(施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草).结果表明,长期施用钾肥和稻草的条件下,各处理土壤中非交换性钾的释放均存在2个不同的阶段:即第一阶段(1～14 h)表现为直线上升阶段,第二阶段(14～796 h)为缓慢增长阶段.5个处理中,长期不施钾处理(CK和NP)的土壤非交换性钾累积释放量较低,分别为62.22和56.12 mg/kg,长期施钾处理(NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS)的土壤非交换性钾累积释放量较高,分别为67.52、64.41和75.33 mg/kg.施稻草处理(NPK+RS和NP+RS)的土壤非交换性钾释放量明显高于相应不施稻草处理(NPK和NP)的土壤,这可能与长期施用稻草促使土壤矿物钾中的一部分向非交换性钾转化有关.用抛物线扩散、零级反应、一级反应和Elovich方程模拟土壤非交换性钾的释放动力学结果表明,Elovich方程能比较好地模拟5个处理土壤非交换性钾的释放动力学.分段直线方程能更好地描述土壤非交换性钾释放的机制.     

华北与西北地区典型土壤固钾能力差异研究

试验在我国华北和西北小麦玉米种植地区进行,研究了几种典型土壤在连续13年的K肥施用及小麦秸秆还田条件下耕层土对外源K素的固定能力差异.结果表明:相比常年只施NP肥处理,连续施用K肥或秸秆还田可显著降低土壤对外源K素的固定量,土壤固K量随环境溶液中K素浓度的增加而增加,但固定率下降.随土层变深,各定位点土壤固K量和固K率均随之增加,华北两定位点相对明显.轮作地区各处理0 ～ 20 cm土层土壤对外源K素的固定量(率)均远高于原始土壤,而单作区土壤的固K量(率)稍高或低于原始土.土壤固K能力表现出地带性规律,整体看取自华北两个定位点的土壤对外源K的固定能力强于取自西北两个定位点的土壤.     

北方主要土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究

从北方12个省（市、自治区）选取了25个有代表性的土壤样品，将土壤中的钾按其存在形态计为水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和矿物钾。前三种形态钾的总和不超过全钾的2．0％．非交换性钾也仅占全钾的2．7％～9．4％，而全钾的89．8％～96．8％是以矿物态存在的。根据土壤中各形态钾含量，特别是非交换性钾含量分析，可以看出供试25个土壤的供钾能力按取土地点自西向东（西北－华北－东北）有明显降低的趋势。在连续耗竭情况下，不同土壤的植物净吸钾总量的差异十分悬殊，范围为96．3～793．5mg／pot。根据植物净吸钾总量的大小，将供试土壤的供钾能力分为极高、高、中、较低和低5个等级。其结果也表明供试土壤供钾能力控取土地点自西向东呈明显降低的趋势。耗竭条件下植物吸取来自土壤不同形态钾的比例相差很大。以来自水溶性钾的比例为最小．平均为3．1％；其次是非特殊吸附钾，平均为7．7％；再次是特殊吸附钾，平均为10．2％；来自非交换性钾的比例较大，平均为33．3％；来自矿物钾的比例最大，平均为45．7％。本研究区分了非交换性钾和矿物钾对植物吸收钾素的贡献，发现在耗竭条件下矿物钾是植物的重要钾源。     

Fixation of potassium in some soils of the sub‐humid zone of Nigeria

Abstract

Studies of potassium (K) fixation in the soil were conducted by evaluating the effect of applied K on the extractability of K with time. A series of five K‐sorption treatment solutions, 0.11, 0.22, 0.45, 0.90, and 1.80 cmol/kg were prepared and applied as potassium chloride (KCl) to three sets of soils. The first set of soil samples was extracted with one normal ammonium acetate (1N NH₄OAc) extractant for K after one day of incubation. The second and third sets were extracted with the same extractant after seven and 42 days of incubation, respectively. The amount of K fixed was determined. Correlation between applied K and K fixed was carried out. The mean proportion of K fixed ranged from 0 in soils from Kurmin Biri to 55% in soils from Funafuna upon addition of 0.11 cmol K/kg. While fixation increased with increase in the concentration of added K, there was no linear relationship between the proportion of K fixed and the amount added at higher incubation periods. Potassium recovered also increased with added K in all the incubation periods with the 42‐day period having the highest amount of K recovered. Potassium added was highly correlated (P<0.01) with K fixed during all the incubation periods.     

Factors affecting potassium fixation in calcareous soils of southern Iran

Potassium fixation capacity and mineralogical analysis of 24 representative soils, collected from southern Iran, were studied. Potassium fixation analysis was performed by adding six rates of K from 0 to 1000 mg kg^?1 soil in a plastic beaker and shaking for 24 h. Mineralogical analysis showed that the clay fractions were dominated by smectite, chlorite, mica, palygorskite, vermiculite and quartz. In general, the studied soils fixed 8.5–55% of the added K. The potassium fixation capacity of the studied soils was significantly correlated with smectite content (r ² = 0.87), clay content (r ² = 0.60), cation-exchange capacity (r ² = 0.79) and NH₄OAc-K. Wetting and drying treatment and incubation time had significant effects on K fixation. The average percentage increase in K fixation following the wetting and drying treatment was 24 and 30% for surface and subsurface soils, respectively. The average percentage increase in K fixation with increasing residence time was 79 and 56% for surface and subsurface soils, respectively. Because K fixation is a diffusion process, time and increased concentration of soluble K (because of soil drying) are factors affecting the rate of K diffusion from a soil solution to the interlayer positions of the expansible 2:1 clay minerals.     

长期施钾与秸秆还田对华北潮土和褐土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响

分析了在华北平原的河北潮土和山西褐土上连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田下的大田作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况。结果表明，在施用氮磷肥基础上长期施钾和秸秆还田能增加小麦和玉米产量，各施钾处理产量与氮磷处理差异显著。两定位点钾肥和秸秆还田的效应不尽相同；小麦年际间各处理产量变异（CV≤13%）小于玉米（CV14%），河北潮土上的玉米增产效果高于小麦。与山西单作制度相比，河北轮作制度下土壤钾素支出大。秸秆还田和施用钾肥较只施氮磷肥可不同程度提高河北潮土和山西褐土0-20和20-40 cm两土层水溶性钾 （河北0-20 cm平均提高5.8 mg/kg，山西16.9 mg/kg，下同）、非特殊吸附钾（21.2 mg/kg，35.9 mg/kg）、非交换性钾（75.1 mg/kg，57.5 mg/kg）、矿物钾（0.03％，0.01％）及全钾含量；降低矿物钾比例的同时提高其余几种形态钾的比例。随土层加深，除矿物钾外，其余形态钾含量和比例均下降，特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施和土层深度的影响。直接施用钾肥效果优于秸秆还田，且两种措施对上层土壤各形态钾的影响效果大于下层土。     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics of Some Benchmark Soil Series under Rice–Wheat Cropping System in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains of Northwestern India

Abstract

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important issues in long‐term sustainability of a cropping system. Fixation and release behavior of potassium were studied in the surface and subsurface horizons in five benchmark soil series, viz. Dhar, Gurdaspur, Naura, Ladowal, and Nabha, under rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo‐Gangetic plains of India. Potassium fixation was noted by adding six rates of K varying from 0 to 500 mg kg^?1 soil in plastic beakers while K release characteristics were studied by repeated extractions with 1 M HNO₃ and 1 M NH₄OAc extractants. The initial status of K was satisfactory to adequate. Potassium fixation of added K increased with the rate of added K irrespective of soil mineralogy and soil depth. Soils rich in K (Ladowal and Nabha) fixed lower amounts (18–42%) of added K as compared to Gurdaspur, Dhar, and Naura (44.6–86.4%) soils low in K. The unit fertilizer requirement for unit increase in available K was more in low‐K soils. The study highlights the need for more studies on K fixation in relation to the associated minerals in a particular soil. Potassium‐release parameters such as total extractable K, total step K, and CR‐K varied widely in different soil series, indicating wide variation in the K‐supplying capacity of these soils. K released with 1 M NH₄OAc extractant was 20–33% of that obtained with 1 M HNO₃. Total extractable K using 1 M HNO₃ varied from 213 to 528 mg kg^?1 and NH₄OAc‐extractable K ranged from 71 to 312 mg kg^?1 soil in surface and subsurface layers of different soil series. The Ladowal and Nabha series showed higher rates of K release than Gurdaspur, Dhar, and Naura series, indicating their greater K‐supplying capacity.     

我国土壤中的固定态铵

叙述了全国除高山土带和亚高山土带外各土带土壤中固定态铵的绝对含量和相对含量以及各主要土壤的固铵能力,讨论了固定态铵的来源、影响固定态铵含量和土壤固铵能力的因素。以及铵的固定和释放在土壤氮素内循环中的意义。以土带为单位,各土带中,黄棕壤带内的土壤的固定态铵含量较高,为２５７ｍｇ／ｋｇ,砖红壤带内的土壤最低,仅为４８ｍｇ／ｋｇ。耕地土壤０～２０ｃｍ土体中,固定态铵的储量全国平均约为全氮储量的１５％。各     

不同土壤钾素释放动力学及其供钾特征的研究

应用自行研制的连续流动交换仪研究了取自不同类型的19个土壤样品的钾素释放动力学及其供钾特征。不同土壤钾的释放差异很大,钾的释放持续时间变幅为100～600分钟;最大释放速率变幅为0.46～20.55毫克千克-1分-1;平均释放速率变幅为0.009～1.25毫克千克-1分-1;总释放量变幅为40～430毫克千克-1。供试土壤钾的释放过程可以用一级反应方程拟合,表明钾的释放速率主要受交换位上钾离子饱和度的影响。应用一级方程计算出钾的释放速率常数变幅为5.4810-3～65.6210-3分-1。多数土壤的钾释放过程符合单一的一级反应;而以云母类为主,且含有部分绿泥石的土壤的钾释放过程由两个速率不同的一级反应构成,表明不同吸附位上的钾离子可能有不同的释放机制。用供试土壤连续种植玉米幼苗57茬进行土壤钾素耗竭试验,结果表明应用连续流动交换仪研究得出的土壤钾素释放的动力学参数可以较可靠地评价土壤的供钾特征。释钾速率快,持续时间长,总释放量大的土壤(如青海栗钙土),在耗竭试验中显出很强的供钾能力;而释钾速率慢,持续时间短,总释放量小的土壤(如广东砖红壤)在盆栽试验中供植物吸收的钾量很低。有的土壤(如四川紫色土)钾的总释放量不低,但释放速度快,持续时间短,在盆栽试验     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics of Several Normal and K-Exhausted Soils in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtse River,China

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors affecting K availability to plants and the utilization efficiency of K fertilizer. Three typical soils (red soil, yellow cinnamon soil, and alluvial soil) were collected from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtse River, China, to study the K-fixation and K-release characteristics of the normal and K-exhausted soil. Results showed that K fixation of added K in K-exhausted soils were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of the normal soils. There were significantly (P < 0.05) negative correlations among K-fixation capacity, concentration of soil-available K, and K⁺ saturation. Irrespective of soil K exhaustion, K fixation of added K was in the order of red soil > yellow cinnamon soil > alluvial soil, but the cumulative amount of K released from the three soils during successive extractions with 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) was in the opposite order. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions. The K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was lower in K-exhausted soil than in normal soil. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Short-term release and fixation of K in calcareous clay soils. Consequence for K buffer power prediction

Non-exchangeable K always contributes to some degree to plant nutrition. To understand this contribution and to deduce a predictive buffer power model the release and fixation of K was studied on a range of 44 calcareous clay soils. Short-term K sorption and desorption experiments (16 h) were followed by the measurement of soil exchangeable K (ammonium acetate extraction). Soil K-Ca exchange properties and the contributions of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K to K dynamics of the soil-solution system were estimated. The change in the amount of non-exchangeable K during the experiment was generally proportional to the initial constraint imposed to the soil-solution system (ø), i.e. the solution: soil ratio multiplied by the difference between the solution K concentration imposed at the beginning of the experiment and the solution K concentration for which neither sorption nor desorption of K would occur. The proportionality coefficient (β) called the 'soil ability for K release and fixation’ was identical for release and fixation for 36 soils, whereas eight soils showed some difference between their ability for fixation and their ability for release of K. When β was considered identical in the release range and in the fixation range for all soils it was inversely proportional to the initial K saturation ratio of the CEC corrected for the amount of ammonium extractable K which was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca. This quantity of ammonium extractable K which is not in equilibrium with Ca probably contributes only partially to plant nutrition. For the studied soils this quantity contributed a large proportion of exchangeable K (26–65%) especially in soils with a small K content. Due to the contribution of non-exchangeable K to soil-solution K dynamics the buffer power of the system does not only depend on exchange properties but also on soil release and fixation properties. When β was taken into account buffer power was better estimated than when it was deduced from ion exchange alone.