复杂地形中机载LiDAR点云构建DEM的插值算法对比

机载激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）可快速、高效的获取大范围地形信息,已成为高精度地形建模的重要数据获取手段。然而,针对复杂地形的机载LiDAR点云构建数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）的插值误差研究缺乏,严重限制了其在土壤侵蚀、开采沉陷等地表过程研究中的应用。该研究基于黄土高塬沟壑区典型地形的机载LiDAR数据,对比了反距离加权（Inverse Distance Weighted,IDW）、克里金（Kriging）、样条函数（Spline）、自然邻域（Natural Neighbor,NN）、趋势面（Trend）、不规则三角网（Triangulated Irregular Network,TIN）等插值算法的插值误差。首先优选了IDW、Kriging、Spline、Trend等4种算法的关键参数,其次分析了不同点云密度和地形下IDW、Kriging、Spline、NN、TIN等5种算法的插值误差及其空间分布。结果表明：1）IDW最优插值参数为权指数1和搜索点数12,Kriging为无方向、高斯函数和搜索点数12,Spline为规则样条函数和搜索点数32,Trend误差达米级,不适用于地形复杂区域。2）当点云密度较小时（≤19点/m2）,IDW、Kriging、NN、TIN4种插值方法较为准确地描述地形。当点云密度较大时（≥39点/m2）,各个插值方法的DEM空间分布差异不大。3）针对黄土高塬沟壑区复杂地形区域,点云密度越大,DEM的误差越小。陡坡区域DEM的平均绝对误差明显高于缓坡区域,随着点云密度增大,陡坡区域误差明显减小,而缓坡区域变化较小。当点云密度较小时（≤19点/m2）,缓坡和陡坡最优插值插值方法分别为NN和TIN;当点云密度较大时（≥39点/m2）,缓坡和陡坡最优插值插值方法均为Spline。研究结果可为机载LiDAR用于地形复杂区域的高精度地形建模与地表过程研究提供依据。     

ANUDEM和TIN两种建立DEM方法的对比研究

针对流域水文和土壤侵蚀定量模拟分析需要,对基于TIN和Hutchinson方法建立的DEM表现地形形态和起伏的能力进行了对比研究。结果表明,基于TIN建立的DEM始终存在一些平顶现象,一些较小的侵蚀沟被忽略,其上提取的河流不完全连续,多处出现多重线条河流,因而不能如实地反映地形起伏的细部特征。而基于ANUDEM建立的DEM,其派生等高线的形状与输入等高线吻合较好,较好地表现了地形的形态和起伏,对地形和坡度的反映更加连续和光滑,其上提取的河流信息基本与地形图上的河流一致。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同数据结构DEM转换精度研究

栅格DEM与TIN是DEM表面建模主要的2种方法。应用DEM进行地形分析时,栅格DEM与TIN的相互转换非常必要,但在转换中所产生的误差直接或间接地影响到分析结果的准确性。以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区的绥德县韭园沟流域为实验区,采用高精度的1:1万DEM为基准数据,探讨不同转换参数对转换精度的影响。实验结果表明,所建立的栅格DEM表面高程误差随着TIN的转换阈值的增大而增大、所提取的地面坡度、沟壑密度的精度随之降低。TIN的转换阈值以5 m为较为理想的指标。     

顾及梯田的DEM地形特征研究

梯田地表作为一种特殊的经人工深度影响的地貌形态,目前已成为在山丘地区具有经济效益和生态效益的土地资源。但是在当前强化推进土地资源管理数字化,信息化的今天,对梯田的数字化表达以及分析还存在欠缺。本研究通过对数据的改造,构建出顾及梯田的DEM,并从原始DEM与梯田DEM的剖面结构特征、高程特征以及地形因子特征等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)基于真实田坎构建的梯田DEM,可较为准确且直观地反映梯田地形的特征。(2)与原始DEM相比,加入梯田信息后,梯田DEM高程剖面图总体呈阶梯式分布,转折部位明显,且基于梯田DEM提取的坡度、坡长、LS因子值明显减小,反映修建梯田后地形因子的变化,对进一步定量分析土壤侵蚀以及水土流失具有重大意义。     

南方复合地貌区DEM内插算法的对比研究

数字高程模型是数字地形分析的重要数据基础,在土壤、水文、地貌、生态环境、地质灾害、农业等领域均有广泛应用。插值生成的DEM精度与插值算法本身特性、插值区域地貌类型都密切相关,研究插值算法对不同地貌类型的拟合精度差异,对提高DEM插值精度具有重要意义。以平原丘陵兼有、水网密集分布的南方复合地貌区为研究区,对ANUDEM,IDW,Kriging,Spline,NNI,TIN六种插值算法生成的DEM分别从总体、丘陵岗、平原3方面进行误差评价,结果表明:在丘陵岗地区,ANUDEM精度最高,对地形因子拟合程度最为准确;在平原地区,ANUDEM,TIN精度较高,能准确刻画水网等细节信息;总体而言,ANUDEM插值生成的DEM更能够精确地模拟南方复合地貌区的真实地形。     

辽宁省侵蚀沟发育特性及地形分异特征

在不同层面对研究区数字高程模型(DEM)重分级,探讨地形因素对侵蚀沟发育的影响。以第一次全国水利普查侵蚀沟普查成果(2010年)与辽宁省第五次土壤侵蚀普查侵蚀沟普查成果(2015年)获取侵蚀沟分布数据,基于1∶50 000DEM获取侵蚀沟高程、坡度、坡向、坡长和空间分异特征。在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术的支持下,分析辽宁省侵蚀沟发育特性与地形分异特征。结果表明:5年间研究区侵蚀沟密度增加0.02km/km~2,侵蚀沟高发区主要集中在辽西;70%以上区域密度变化值50m/km~2,大部分处于微度增加区;高程在325~350m时密度变化值最大;坡向上南坡、西南坡为密度变化高值区;坡度在1.5°~15°时密度变化曲线呈抛物线形,1.5°和15°时无明显变化;坡长在600~800m时密度变化值最大,坡长1 000m时密度变化值无明显差异。     

基于全数字摄影测量数据建立DEM时分辨率的确定

分辨率是栅格DEM的基本参数之一,其大小直接影响到DEM的数据质量和地形分析的精度。采用多大的分辨率是建立和应用DEM时需解决的基本问题。利用全数字航空摄影测量方法,获取了位于陕北丘陵沟壑区的实验样区的高精度地形特征点、线数据,在此基础上,生成了9种不同数据密度的点数据集。然后利用ANUDEM和TIN方法,建立具有不同格网尺寸的2种DEM数据系列,并提取坡度均方差,平均坡度和高程中误差。根据坡度均方差、平均坡度和高程中误差随格网尺寸变化的规律,确定了建立DEM时合适的分辨率大小。研究结果表明,在利用全数字摄影测量方法建立1:10000比例尺的DEM时,应采用的分辨率约为2.5m。     

数字流域三维地形景观构建的研究

主要探讨了三维地形景观的建立。采用全数字摄影测量获取数字高程模型(DEM)和数字正射影像(DOQ),利用DEM构造三维地形模型,将DOQ纹理映射到三维地形模型上获得三维地形景观。     

基于GIS的黄土高塬沟壑区砚瓦川流域地形特征提取与分析

以GIS技术为依托,研究了典型高塬沟壑区砚瓦川流域的地形分布特征.以1:5万地形图作为信息源,矢量化等高线,并用Hutchinson方法建立DEM(ANUDEM).从DEM中提取了坡度、剖面曲率和坡长三个地形因子,并对其特征进行了分析,同时与丘陵沟壑区相应地形因子特征进行了对比.结果显示:流域50%的面积坡度在9°以下、剖面曲率小于7,这反映出高塬沟壑区地面比较平坦的地形特点.坡长分布主要集中在10～150 m,其中10 m坡长分布最广.这些地形特征信息为砚瓦川流域及同类地区的生态建设与农业生产提供了有力的技术和基础数据支撑.     

考虑坡度变换的中低分辨率地形湿度指数提取

基于中低分辨率的DEM提取地形湿度指数,对于区域土壤侵蚀因子和区域土壤侵蚀模型等研究有着重要的意义.但随着DEM分辨率的降低,坡度趋于平缓,单元栅格高程信息的改变也会影响单元汇流面积的计算,基于中低分辨率提取地形湿度指数必须考虑这两方面的影响.以1:5万数字地形图分别构TIN得到分辨率为10,20,40和60 m的DEM,进行频率和累计频率统计,以10 m分辨率DEM为参考对其它分辨率DEM做坡度变换,提出根据高分辨率DEM若干栅格的单元汇流面积的均值作为低分辨率DEM的单元汇流面积,根据这两方面对地形湿度指数进行了改正.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.