恩施州不同气候型旱地土壤肥力变化及肥力因子变异特征

分析了恩施州不同气候型旱地土壤肥力变化及肥力因子的变异特征。结果表明:(1)不同海拔带土壤类型随着海拔的上升和生物气候的变化而有规律地形成土壤垂直带谱;(2)随着海拔的升高,土壤pH值、速效磷含量保持相对的稳定,但土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮含量表现出明显的上升趋势;(3)土壤pH的变异最小,土壤有机质、碱解氮的变异次之,土壤速效磷和速效钾的变异系数明显大于其它3个土壤肥力因子;土壤速效磷和速效钾的变异系数表现出随着海拔的增加变异系数减小的趋势;(4)恩施州土壤肥力状况较20年前相比发生了明显的变化,尤其是土壤速效磷和碱解氮含量表现为明显的增加趋势。     

广东省典型赤红壤区耕层土壤养分的空间变异

[目的]探讨我国典型赤红壤区——广州市增城区耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的空间变异规律,为赤红壤区耕层种植的平衡施肥、水土保持和环境保护提供依据。[方法]利用地统计学方法和地理信息系统技术。[结果]研究区耕层土壤有效磷的含量较高,速效钾的变异系数最大(107.78%),有机质的变异系数最小(32.51%),变异系数由大到小依次为:速效钾有效磷全氮有机质;有机质、全氮具有强烈的各向同性空间自相关性,有效磷与速效钾有着较明显的各向异性空间自相关性;有机质、全氮有着相似的空间分布规律,含量呈东南部高西北低的趋势,有效磷含量处于中上偏高水平,空间分布从北向南呈逐步增多趋势,速效钾空间分布相对比较复杂,各个养分级别都有一定量的分布,总体由北到南逐渐增多。[结论]在一定空间范围内,耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾具有不同强度的空间相关性,且选取合适的方向性半方差函数模型能更好地拟合其空间变异情况。     

豫中植烟区土壤速效养分的空间变异分析

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,探讨了豫中烤烟种植区土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征。结果表明:研究区速效氮含量属于偏低水平,而速效钾和速效磷为偏高水平。以速效氮的变异系数为最小,速效磷的变异系数为最大。土壤pH与速效氮和速效磷都成呈显著的正相关关系,土壤有机质与速效氮、速效磷和速效钾都达到极显著的正相关关系。研究区3种土壤速效养分中,除了速效氮为线性模型外,速效钾和速效磷都是球状模型。速效磷和速效钾属于中等强度的空间变异性,而速效氮属于弱的空间相关性。本烤烟种植区土壤速效养分的等值线图可更准确和直观地了解研究区土壤养分的空间分布,从而为精确施肥提供依据。     

黑龙江省巴彦县土壤养分空间变异规律与格局分析

本文在349个采集土壤表层(0～20cm)样本分析基础上,运用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,研究了黑龙江省巴彦县典型区域土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、pH值的空间变异特征,并结合巴彦县实际情况分析了这四种养分的影响因素。研究结果表明:土壤有机质、速效钾、pH值的变异函数曲线符合指数模型,土壤速效磷的理论模型符合有基台的线性模型;在空间结构上,土壤有机质、速效钾、pH值空间自相关性中等,土壤速效磷量表现强弱的空间自相关性;采用Kriging插值方法,分析研究区域的土壤养分空间格局分布可以看出,四种土壤养分的空间分布具有较明显的地域性,速效磷与速效钾以中部为最低,并向四周呈波状扩展增加,土壤有机质、pH值的分布则较为随机。     

土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法，探讨了双流县土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子。结果表明:1) 土壤速效氮和速效钾含量具有强烈的空间相关性，相关距离分别达38754 m和56187 m，结构性因子是影响其空间变异的主要因子；土壤速效磷含量具有中等空间相关性，相关距离为24210 m，其空间变异受结构性因子和随机性因子共同影响。2) 土壤速效氮含量主要由北向南逐渐降低；速效磷含量主要在东北向西南及东南向西北方向上逐渐降低，而速效钾含量主要由东南向西北逐渐降低。3) 土壤速效氮含量在不同土壤类型及地形地貌间呈极显著差异；土壤速效磷含量在不同成土母质及地形地貌间呈显著或极显著差异；土壤速效钾含量在不同成土母质间呈极显著差异。土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量高值区单位面积化肥施用量明显高于低值区。     

东北黑土地区主要土壤肥力质量指标的空间变异性

采用地理信息系统(G IS)和地统计学相结合的方法研究了本世纪初东北黑土区土壤表层(0~20 cm)pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、粘粒这5种土壤肥力指标的空间变异性。结果表明:土壤pH和粘粒的理论模型均为指数模型;有机质、速效磷和速效钾的理论模型均为球状模型。速效磷、速效钾的C0/(C0+C)较大,为46.63%和49.91%,说明这2种肥力指标具有中等的空间相关性;而pH、有机质、粘粒的C0/(C0+C)分别为10.80%、16.57%、12.88%,说明这3种肥力指标具有较强的空间相关性。根据每个采样点的指标数据计算出该地区土壤肥力质量综合评价指数,最终得到研究区土壤肥力质量的分布图。     

梁子湖湿地土壤养分的空间异质性

2003年10月利用地统计学方法对梁子湖湿地保护区内一块63.9km2区域的土壤养分的空间变异进行了研究。以400m400m的网格采集了101个表层(015cm)土壤样品。分析结果表明,土壤养分有较大的空间变异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮变异系数分别是36.0%、30.6%1、3.7%和29.3%;速效磷的变异系数最高为50.4%。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷的理论模型均为球状模型。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮具有中等空间自相关性,随机变异分别是68.5%、68.3%、75%和71.5%;速效磷的自空间相关性较弱,变异为82.4%。5种养分的空间自相关距离比较接近,变程在2853m～963m之间。通过克里格插值进行土壤养分空间插值制图显示,土壤养分表现出空间分布的相似性。     

关中平原台塬区土壤养分空间格局研究——以西安市长安区为例

为研究关中平原台塬区土壤养分的空间分布情况,加强精准农业施肥管理,针对陕西省西安市长安区836.69km2范围内的土壤养分元素进行空间格局研究。通过GPS定位选取研究区内3 231个土壤采样点,测定了土壤样品的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾以及pH值,并利用地统计法对其空间变异结构及格局现状进行研究。结果表明：土壤养分元素的变异系数范围为0.09～0.84,其变异程度依次为有效磷〉速效钾〉碱解氮〉有机质〉pH值;土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及pH值的变异函数曲线均符合指数模型;在空间结构上,土壤有效磷和有机质属于弱相关性,速效钾和碱解氮为中等强度相关性,pH值具有强烈的空间相关性;采用Kriging插值方法,可直观得到研究区域的土壤养分空间格局情况。     

高原耕地土壤养分空间分布与影响因子相关性研究

综合运用GIS地统计分析和空间分析技术,以保山市隆阳区为代表区域研究高原坝区耕地土壤主要养分的空间变异规律,及其与土类、地形因子间的关系。结果表明:研究区内土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾表现出中等程度的空间相关性。有效磷变异系数最大,空间自相关性较强。各指标在不同土类间差异均达极显著水平:潴育型水稻土中pH值、有机质、碱解氮含量较高;黄壤中有效磷含量最低,速效钾最高;红壤中有机质含量最低。土壤养分受地形因子影响明显,pH、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾与海拔均呈显著的正相关;有效磷与海拔呈负相关;坡度与pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷均呈负相关,与速效钾正相关。坡向与各指标相关性均不显著。本研究可为科学耕地施肥,合理土地改良及利用提供依据,对高原稀缺耕地的可持续和高效利用具有重要意义。     

南方典型菜地土壤速效养分时空变异特征研究—以岳阳市君山区广兴洲镇为例

在夏季和冬季运用网格法采取耕层土，测定土壤速效氮磷钾含量，并运用经典统计方法及地统计方法进行分析。结果表明:1）不同季节土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量均符合正态分布，并且在不同季节大致保持总量平衡，但8月份变异系数比12月份大。2）在同一季节中，3种速效养分间彼此显著相关，而且氮磷之间的相关性大于氮钾、磷钾之间的相关性。土壤速效氮、磷、钾之间存在比较好的比例关系，在不同季节基本保持稳定，受茬口影响不大；速效养分季节变化量间也存在显著性相关关系，其中速效磷变化量与速效钾变化量间相关关系的决定系数最大。不同季节同种速效养分含量间相关性极显著，但速效氮的相关系数最小，表明速效氮含量随季节产生的趋势性变化不如速效磷、钾明显。3）不同季节不同速效养分均具有明显的空间变异结构。12月份速效氮含量的空间变异函数为球形模型，其他指标为指数模型；8月份速效磷含量空间相关性弱，其他指标空间相关程度中等。速效氮空间相关性不同季节相对稳定，最大相关距稳定在450 m；速效磷和速效钾变异结构参数随着季节变化而变化，半方差的结构系数12月份明显大于8月份，8月份最大相关距分别为497和413 m，12月份最大相关距分别为141和157 m。     

关帝山云杉次生林土壤的空间异质性及其与地形相关性

为揭示森林土壤空间变异特征及其变异机制,参照CTFS样地土壤采样方案,在关帝山4 hm2云杉次生林样地199个采样点进行土壤取样和测定,运用经典统计方法分析寒温性云杉林土壤pH值、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质的水平和垂直空间分布特征,应用地统计学和ArcG IS插值的方法,重点分析了0～ 10 cm层土壤性质的空间异质性及其分布格局,并基于RDA排序和方差分解定量评价地形因子对土壤各指标空间变异的影响程度和解释量.结果表明:云杉次生林土壤的pH值、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质含量呈明显的水平及垂直空间变异,0 ～ 10 cm层土壤上述5个指标的变异系数分别为8.78％、41.15％、58.36％、46.60％和48.38％;土壤变异的空间自相关范围为4.9～58.8 m,pH值和有效氮呈中等程度的空间自相关,有效磷、有效钾和有机质呈强烈的空间自相关变异;有效氮、有机质和有效钾呈相似的空间斑块状分布格局,即样地有效氮含量高的斑块中有机质和有效钾含量也高.pH值和有效磷则表现出相反的斑块分布格局;地形因子中,pH值、有效氮和有效磷受海拔影响最大,其中,海拔与pH值、有效磷呈正相关,分别解释其空间变异的40.43％和28.81％,而与有效氮呈负相关,能单独解释其空间变异的19.48％.凹凸度对有效钾和有机质的影响最大,可分别解释9.37％和6.88％的有效钾和有机质的空间变异,与这2个土壤性质指标为负相关.研究可为深入认识华北地区植物分布和物种共存提供基础依据.     

美国新墨西哥州卡皮林火山土壤性质的空间变异性

Non-agricultural lands are surveyed sparsely in general. Meanwhile, soils in these areas usually exhibit strong spatial variability which requires more samples for producing acceptable estimates. Capulin Volcano National Monument, as a typical sparsely-surveyed area, was chosen to assess spatial variability of a variety of soil properties, and furthermore, to investigate its implications for sampling design. One hundred and forty one composited soil samples were collected across the Monument and the surrounding areas. Soil properties including pH, organic matter content, extractable elements such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), as well as sand, silt, and clay percentages were analyzed for each sample. Semivariograms of all properties were constructed, standardized, and compared to estimate the spatial variability of the soil properties in the area. Based on the similarity among standardized semivariograms, we found that the semivariograms could be generalized for physical and chemical properties, respectively. The generalized semivariogram for physical properties had a much greater sill value (2.635) and effective range (7 500 m) than that for chemical properties. Optimal sampling density (OSD), which is derived from the generalized semivariogram and defines the relationship between sampling density and expected error percentage, was proposed to represent, interpret, and compare soil spatial variability and to provide guidance for sample scheme design. OSDs showed that chemical properties exhibit a stronger local spatial variability than soil texture parameters, implying more samples or analysis are required to achieve a similar level of precision.     

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter and Cation Exchange Capacity in an Oxisol under Different Land Uses

ABSTRACT

Soil properties may exhibit large spatial variability. Frequently this variability is auto-correlated at a certain scale. In addition to soil-forming factors, soil management, land cover, and agricultural system may affect the spatial variability of agricultural soils. Soil organic matter (OM) is an important soil property contributing toward soil fertility and a key attribute in assessing soil quality. Increasing soil OM increases cation exchange capacity (CEC) and enhances soil fertility. We analyzed the impact of land use on the spatial variability of OM and CEC in a tropical soil, an Oxisol, within São Paulo state, Brazil. Land uses were prairie, maize, and mango. Soil samples were taken at 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths at 84 points within 1-ha plots, i.e., 100 m × 100 m. Statistical variability was higher for soil OM than for CEC. The mango plot contained the highest soil OM, whereas prairie the lowest. Also, soil OM and CEC were significantly related at all land use treatments and depths studied. All soil OM data sets and most of the CEC data sets (with two exceptions) exhibited spatial dependence. When spatial variability was present, the semivariograms showed a nugget effect plus a spherical or an exponential structure. Patterns of soil OM and CEC spatial variability (i.e., model type, ranges of spatial dependence, and nugget effects) were different between land uses and soil depths. In general, CEC exhibited a lower spatial autocorrelation and a weaker spatial structure than soil OM. Moreover, soil OM displayed a higher autocorrelation and was more strongly structured at the 0–10 cm depth than at the 10–20 cm depth. Interpolation by kriging or inverse distance weighting (IDW) allowed to illustrate how the spatial variability of soil OM and CEC differed due to land cover and sampling depth. Modeling and mapping the spatial distribution of soil OM and CEC provided a framework for spatially implicit comparisons of these soil properties, which may be useful for practical applications.     

Effects of forest vegetation on spatial variability of surface mineral soil pH,soluble aluminum and carbon

The purpose of this study was to examine spatial variability in forest soils at several levels including variability due to soil structure, to the presence of individual trees and to populations of different species of trees. Both classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used. Soil chemical properties measured include pH and Al and C in solution which was in equilibrium with the surface mineral soil. Results indicated that soil cores 1.8 cm in diameter were as effective as larger cores in incorporating variability in surface mineral soil pH. There was no spatial correlation in soil pH in samples separated by a distance of 20 to 360 cm. The presence of individual Norway spruce and red pine trees affected soil in their vicinity. Soil pH was depressed and soluble Al elevated. in soil near the base of the tree compared to soil 120 cm from the tree, independent of direction. In addition, in soil sampled at least 100 cm from the base of trees, pH was lower in Norway spruce compared to sugar maple plantations and soluble C was greater in red pine compared to Norway spruce plantations. It is concluded that in less than 50 yr the presence of individual trees and populations of different tree species can affect chemical properties of surface mineral soils. These effects should be considered in the design and interpretation of experiments.     

Reducing sampling intensity in order to investigate spatial variability of soil pH,organic matter and available phosphorus using co-kriging techniques. A case study of acid soils in Eastern Croatia

Soil pH, hydrolytic acidity (HA), organic matter (OM) and plant available phosphorus (AP) are factors controlling the environmental-friendly soil management in agroecosystems. These parameters are highly variable in space. The objective of this work is to study spatial variability of pH, HA, OM and AP using several interpolation methods in Eastern Croatia. A total of 1004 (0–30 cm) soil samples were collected, and several univariate and multivariate interpolation performances were tested. The results showed that soils of the study area had high HA and AP, while pH and OM were low. The variogram analysis revealed different spatial structures among studied soil properties and demonstrate a need for variable-rate management. Soil pH and OM had lower spatial variability compared to AP and HA. Ordinary kriging was the most accurate method to estimate the studied variables. The incorporation of auxiliary variables increased the precision of the estimations for HA. Soil AP and OM showed different results for spatial prediction obtained by co-kriging. Overall, the incorporation of pH as auxiliary variable increased the prediction of the models. However, more co-variates should be incorporated in further models, in order to identify with more precision areas that need to be restored.     

Spatial and vertical analysis of soil properties in a Mediterranean vineyard soil

Soil physical properties influence vineyard behaviour; therefore, the knowledge of their spatial variability is essential for making vineyard management decisions. Little work has been conducted at high spatial resolution on soil properties at depths lower than 0.30 m which is of special relevance to perennial crops. The objectives of this work were to (i) analyse the spatial and vertical variability of soil depth, particle size fractions and water‐holding capacity (WHC) by geostatistical techniques; (ii) study the causes of the variability, with additional information from classical soil sampling; and (iii) assess the significance of WHC through its relationship with vine vigour. The work was carried out in a vineyard of eight hectares within the D.O.Ca. Rioja (northern Spain). Soil variability was determined via grid sampling at three depth ranges (0–0.30, 0.30–0.60 and 0.60–0.90 m). A conventional soil survey provided additional information on soil variability. Clay, sand and silt fractions, soil organic matter content, WHC and pruning weight were determined. Most soil properties had strong or moderate spatial dependence, with the exceptions of sand at 0.30–0.60 m and silt in the topsoil. Topography and soil erosion caused the spatial variability of soil depth and contributed to the spatial distribution of particle size fractions in the topsoil, while the heterogeneity of parent material influenced the spatial pattern of soil properties at 0.60–0.90 m. The WHC and soil depth spatial distributions related well to that of vine vigour, demonstrating the importance of knowing the spatial variability of these soil properties.     

广元植烟土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征及影响因素

为揭示广元植烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素,采用地统计学、相关分析及回归分析等研究方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术对研究区土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌钼及硼等6种土壤有效态微量元素进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤有效铁、锰及铜含量丰富,总体处于中等以上水平;有效钼含量适中;有效锌和硼缺乏,总体处于缺乏或极度缺乏水平。半方差分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素块金系数均在29.72%~67.59%之间,具有中等强度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。空间分布上,土壤有效铁、锰、铜及钼含量表现出北高南低的空间分布趋势,土壤有效锌和硼含量呈现出西高东低的空间分布格局。影响因素分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素与土壤有机质呈正相关,与p H值呈负相关,相关性总体高于地形因子。土壤有机质对有效铁、铜、锌及硼有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.5%~27.2%。除有效锌外,土壤p H值对其余5种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异均有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.0%~30.4%。土类对土壤有效铁、锰及铜有极显著影响,其空间变异性8.4%~12.3%。熟制和种植制度对6种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响较弱,进一步说明研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,但结构性因素的作用强于随机性因素。本研究结果为广元植烟区土壤微肥施肥管理及优质烤烟栽培提供了可靠的参考依据。     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

典型生态系统定位观测样地的土壤性状空间变异性评价

用经典统计分析和地统计学的方法，对中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）临泽站新设置的农田生态系统综合观测场土壤性状的空间分布特性进行研究。结果表明，除pH外，土壤有机碳、全N、速效养分和电导率的变异性均超过20％，有机碳和全N的空间相关距离为13．8m和12．6m，表现出较高的空间异质性。克里格插值结果同样显示土壤各性状在研究的尺度上有明显的空间变异格局。相对误差为10％时采集124个土样才可达到95％的置信水平。作为生态网络长期监测样地，必须按空间异质性对观测场地进行采样分区、匀地过渡，结合克里格插值得出的土壤性状空间分布图，确定更为理想的取样方案。     

关中地区夏玉米全育期土壤速效养分时空分布规律

为了揭示关中地区土壤主要养分的动态变化规律,探明其时空有效性,在较为精确的时空尺度条件下研究了关中地区夏玉米生育期间0~100 cm范围土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的动态变化特征,结果表明:土壤硝态氮在0~100 cm范围内空间分布特征较为明显,在40~60 cm处为硝态氮累计峰值,第30~50 d范围为剖面上硝态氮快速耗竭期;土壤铵态氮在整个玉米生育期间空间变化梯度较时间变化梯度要小,变化趋势大致与硝态氮一致;土壤速效磷空间梯度变异明显,表现为从上至下速效磷含量递减,夏玉米生育期间土壤剖面速效磷几乎是同步递减;土壤速效钾则是时间变异特征比空间变异特征更显著,证明土壤剖面上速效钾变异过程具有相对较强的整体性,与钾素的移动能力较强有一定的关系。