2种草本植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤抗剪强度的影响

为探讨草本植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤抗剪强度的影响,以巨菌草(Pennisetum sp.)和宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)为研究对象,采用WinRHIZO根系分析系统对根系特征进行定量分析,并采用原位剪切试验测定崩岗洪积扇各土层的抗剪强度。结果表明:(1)根系能够改善土壤的结构及水分状况;(2)2种草本植物根系均主要分布在0—5cm土层,该层巨菌草根系各参数值是该草种根系均值的3.1~4.39倍,宽叶雀稗的则为2.23~2.57倍,随着土层深度的增加,巨菌草根系参数呈对数函数减小,而宽叶雀稗呈线性减小;(3)土壤抗剪强度均值大小表现为巨菌草宽叶雀稗裸地,其大小依次为21.04,16.43,9.89kPa;在0—20cm土层,2草种抗剪强度均显著大于裸地;(4)土壤抗剪强度与生物量密度、根表面积密度和分叉数密度极显著正相关,与根长密度显著正相关;巨菌草根系的生物量密度是表征土壤抗剪强度的最主要因子,而宽叶雀稗的则为根长密度。2种草本植物根系均能提高崩岗洪积扇土壤的抗剪强度,而巨菌草的效果优于宽叶雀稗。     

2种草本植物根系对长汀县崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响

植被恢复是防治崩岗侵蚀的重要方法,为研究植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响,以崩岗洪积扇上种植的深根系巨菌草和浅根系宽叶雀稗为研究对象,对其分层取样后,用环刀法测定土壤的密度、孔隙度和最大持水量等物理性质,计算土壤蓄水能力,并用WinRHIZO根系分析系统,测定根长和密度等参数.结果表明:巨菌草和宽叶雀稗的各根系特征指标,均随土层深度的增加而减小,巨菌草各根系指标均大于宽叶雀稗;有植被覆盖下的土壤密度均小于裸地,植被覆盖下土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均大于裸地,且随土层深度的增加而减小;有植被根系的土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量均比裸地高,且与裸地差异显著;在土壤表层,宽叶雀稗增加土壤孔隙性和土壤保水能力大于巨菌草,而在土壤中深层,则巨菌草大于宽叶雀稗;根系改善土壤性质的能力,主要取决于其根长密度和根系总表面积,直径小于0.5mm的根系是影响土壤水分的最主要因子.研究植物根系对改良土壤水分状况的影响,以期为崩岗侵蚀防治中植被种类的筛选和推广提供依据.     

人工林植被细根防蚀拦沙作用的有效性

选择我国西南山地典型人工林为对象,调查全山坡人工林的植被盖度及根系密度,利用137Cs示踪技术确定人工林坡地土壤侵蚀速率,探讨人工林坡地植被盖度及其细根与土壤侵蚀的关系.结果表明:整个人工林坡地表现为严重土壤侵蚀,侵蚀速率达25.25 t/(hm2·a).不同类型植被覆盖下土壤侵蚀再分布速率为裸地(-36.32 t/(hm2·a))＜乔木(-0.57 t/(hm2·a))＜灌木(0.53 t/(hm2·a))＜草(0.60t/(hm2·a)).回归分析表明,人工林坡地土壤侵蚀速率与植被盖度无显著相关性,土壤侵蚀速率随＜1mm的植被细根密度的增加而降低,二者之间呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.01),但与＞10 mm径级的植被粗根密度没有显著相关性.人工林地植被细根控制土壤侵蚀的有效性可以用植被细根密度与土壤再分布速率的关系方程来定量评价.当植被细根密度为60～100 g/m2时,可以看作人工林植被防蚀拦沙的有效根密度.结果表明,植被细根在控制坡地土壤侵蚀比植被盖度更为重要.因此,禁牧保护植被细根是控制人工林地土壤侵蚀与土地退化的有效措施.     

紫色土丘陵区生物埂不同植被类型土壤分离水动力学特征

野外采集紫色土区六棱型预制网格式护坡生物埂内不同植被类型原状土样,通过室内模拟细沟水槽(长4 m,宽0.12 m,深0.1 m)冲刷试验,探究不同植被类型影响下土壤分离能力与水动力学参数之间的关系。选择麦冬、韭菜2种生物埂类型,以单一网格式裸坡为对照,在3个坡度(15°,20°,25°)、5个流量(39.86,59.98,79.67,100.45,121.16 L/min)组合条件下进行冲刷试验。结果表明:生物埂内不同植被类型下土壤分离能力差异显著(P0.05),表现为麦冬(均值2.24 kg/(s·m~2))对照(均值1.34 kg/(s·m~2))韭菜(均值1.09 kg/(s·m~2))。幂函数方程可用于描述土壤分离能力与水流剪切力(R~2=0.75)、水流功率(R~2=0.73)、单位水流功率(R~2=0.46)及过水断面单位能量(R~2=0.63)间的数学关系。生物埂各植被类型下土壤发生分离的临界剪切力τ_c表现为τ_c麦冬(8.75 Pa)τ_c韭菜(6.47 Pa)τ_c对照(1.93 Pa),表明植被可增强网格式护坡生物埂土壤抵抗分离的能力。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本植物根系固结地埂的土力学机制

为揭示三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本植物根系对地埂土壤固结作用的土力学机制,选取库区3种草本地埂植物为研究对象,对3种地埂植物根系的分布特征及抗拉性能进行研究,并分析3种地埂土壤的抗冲性和抗剪强度。研究结果表明,紫花苜蓿、蓑草、桂牧一号的根系总生物量分别为(79.37±1.26),(97.99±1.66),(71.76±1.96)g/m~2,紫花苜蓿根系在0—10cm土层分布最多,蓑草主要根系分布深度集中在10—20cm,桂牧一号根系分布在0—30cm土层深度范围内呈现出递增的趋势,在30—40cm土层深度根系含量不到10%。3种草本地埂植物根系的平均抗拉力为桂牧一号(7.93N)蓑草(6.03N)紫花苜蓿(5.40N),3种地埂植物根系单根抗拉力与根径呈幂函数关系,蓑草地埂植物根系的单根抗拉力与根径的相关性最高。3种地埂植物根系的抗拉强度表现为蓑草根系(45.91MPa)紫花苜蓿根系(19.68 MPa)桂牧一号根系(15.28 MPa)。3种不同草本地埂植物根系间的抗拉力和抗拉强度差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。3种植物地埂土壤的抗冲性变化为蓑草地埂(85.28L/(min·g))紫花苜蓿(69.47L/(min·g))桂牧一号(60.86L/(min·g)),蓑草地埂土壤的抗冲性与紫花苜蓿和桂牧一号间存在显著差异(P0.05)。3种草本植物地埂土壤的抗剪强度顺序为蓑草地埂(115.49kPa)紫花苜蓿(91.73kPa)桂牧一号(75.14kPa)。结果表明,蓑草地埂在三峡库区具有较好的固埂防蚀效果,在三峡库区坡耕地固结地埂土壤中发挥重要作用。三峡库区草本植物固结地埂可为三峡库区坡耕地整治提供新思路。     

尕海湿地植被退化过程中土壤有机碳矿化特征

为了揭示植被退化对湿地土壤碳矿化过程的影响,以甘南尕海4种不同植被退化梯度的湿地(未退化(UD)、轻度退化(LD)、中度退化(MD)及重度退化(HD))为研究对象,采用室内恒温培养和碱液吸收法研究不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化速率和累积矿化量,结合一级动力学方程,分析土壤半矿化分解时间(T1/2)、有机碳矿化潜势(C0)等参数对植被退化的响应。结果表明:(1)不同植被退化梯度湿地SOC矿化速率在培养期内呈现出基本一致的变化趋势,表现为,培养初期(0~4天)矿化速率快速下降,且数值较高,培养中后期缓慢下降(4~41天)并趋于平稳;各培养温度下,不同植被退化梯度湿地土壤在各土层有机碳矿化速率大小均为UD>LD>MD>HD。(2)在整个培养期间,各植被退化梯度湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率均随土层加深而降低,表层0-10 cm的矿化速率(1.14~16.23 mg/(g·d))均显著高于10-20 cm(1.05~2.85mg/(g·d))和20-40 cm土层(0.94~1.26 mg/(g·d))。(3)4种植被退化梯度湿地在不同温度下的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均值排序为5°C(34.54 mg/g)<15°C(46.67 mg/g)<25°C(58.28 mg/g)<35°C(86.46 mg/g)。(4)一级动力学方程的C0值随植被退化程度增加呈递减趋势,而C0/SOC随着温度的升高而降低。因此,植被退化能显著降低高寒湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率,而气候变暖能够显著增加湿地土壤有机碳矿化量。     

三峡水库消落带几种草本植物根系的垂直分布特征

[目的]明确三峡水库消落带典型草本植物根系分布特征,为三峡消落带的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]在三峡腹地石宝镇消落带选取牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)、扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)三种人工恢复草本和自然恢复草本,利用WinRhizo Pro.2009c根系分析系统研究其根系的土壤剖面分布特征。[结果]4种草本类型的的根系主要分布在0—10cm土层,根长密度、根直径(除自然杂草外)、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根尖密度均随土壤深度的增加而呈指数函数减小;除根径外,在整个土层剖面中(0—25cm),3种人工草本的根系指标都要显著高于自然恢复杂草。[结论]4种草本根系发达,对消落带水淹胁迫的适应性强。     

治理崩岗的一种生物新技术

崩岗的治理是一项重大的民生工程,是保护人类家园的重要基础,对保障农业、林业生产可持续发展具有重要的历史意义和现实作用。本文在崩岗治理前期(1~2年)通过物理的方法固定崩岗表面的土壤,使其不再被雨水径流冲刷流失,从而使种植其中的草、树得以固定,形成覆盖地表的茂密植被,植被根系深入土层深处,形成纵横交错的根系,从而起到固土护坡的作用,达到生物治理崩岗的最终目的。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同草灌植被土壤分离速率及其主导因素

[目的]探究不同草灌植被条件下土壤理化性质和根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响强度,为黄土高原生态建设成效的评估提供科学依据。[方法]分别选取黄土高原典型直根系灌木柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、须根系草本冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和直根系草本植物铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)及其复合群落为研究对象,采集原状土样,在坡度为15°,流量为36 L/min的条件下,进行土壤分离试验,估算其分离速率,并测定相关土壤参数和根系参数。[结果]草灌复合使分离速率较单一草本和灌木的均值降低了73.58%,其中锦鸡儿与冰草的复合模式减蚀效果最强。影响土壤分离速率的最主要根系因子为根长密度和根重密度,主要土壤因子为>0.25 mm的团聚体含量。根系因子是影响草本植物土壤分离速率最主要的因子。灌木及草灌复合下的土壤分离速率受到土壤因子和根系因子的共同主导。[结论]草灌复合根系能够有效提高土壤抗分离能力,其中以直根系与须根系的根系构型组合效果最强,且不同的根系构型组合在影响土壤性质的程度和发挥抗分离作用时的主导因子不同。     

黄土区不同植被类型条件下土壤分离速率变化特征及其影响因素

为比较土壤理化性质与根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响强度,采用模拟冲刷试验与室内分析相结合的方法,探究了黄土区不同植被类型在3种处理下（含根系、含冠层、含结皮）土壤分离速率变化特征及其影响因素。结果显示:（1）不同植被类型间,狼牙刺群落下土壤分离速率最小,显著低于达乌里胡枝子;不同处理下,含结皮土壤分离速率最大,含根系土壤次之,含冠层土壤最小。（2）土壤分离速率与容重呈显著正相关关系（p<0.05）,与有机质、团聚体呈显著负相关关系（p<0.05）。只考虑土壤理化性质对土壤分离速率的影响时,影响狼牙刺、白羊草群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是容重;影响铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素为有机质。（3）根系特征也是影响土壤分离速率的因素,土壤分离速率与根系生物量密度、根长密度、根系表面积密度、根体积密度呈负相关关系。只考虑根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响时,影响狼牙刺、铁杆蒿、白羊草群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是根长密度;影响达乌里胡枝子群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是根系表面积密度。（4）本研究中,土壤分离速率回归方程D_r=0.086-0.035X₁+1.367X₂,（R²=0.767,N=36,p=0.000;X₁为土壤有机质,X₂为土壤容重）,土壤理化性质对于分离速率的作用强于根系的作用;不考虑植被类型时,土壤有机质、土壤容重是影响土壤分离速率的主导因素。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

The major features of an infestation by the invasive weed legume gorse (Ulex europaeus) on volcanic soils in Hawaii

Gorse (Ulex europaeus) infestation occupies over 4,000 ha of agriculture and conservation lands on the southeastern slope of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. The aim of this investigation is to identify ecological features associated with this weed invasion by comparing the gorse-infested areas to the surrounding uninfested areas of this landscape. The soils within the gorse infestation are more acidic, resulting in higher levels of KCl-extractable Al and lower levels of Mehlich III-extractable Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Yet, gorse accumulates higher concentrations of Ca, Zn and, Cu than the kikuyu grass (Pennesitum clandestinum), which is ubiquitous throughout the site. The Ca:Al and Mg:Al molar charge ratios of the soils are lowest within the epicenter of the gorse infestation, while the molar ratios are highest in the gorse apical stem tissues. All gorse plants are nodulated and have higher nitrogen contents than the surrounding kikuyu grass. Furthermore, the δ¹⁵N of the gorse stem tissues approaches 0‰, suggesting that nitrogen is being symbiotically fixed from the atmosphere. Characterization of the Bradyrhizobium isolated from gorse nodules shows similarities and distinctions to Bradyrhizobium isolated from the endemic legume koa (Acacia koa) within the same location. Population densities of the indigenous Bradyrhizobium are higher within the gorse rhizosphere than the kikuyu grass. Soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation distinguish gorse-infested areas from the surrounding uninfested areas. These observations suggest that gorse has a competitive advantage over kikuyu grass under conditions of soil nutrient deficiency.     

Genetic Diversity within and Between Populations of Lathyrus genus (Fabaceae) Revealed by ISSR Markers

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity in Lathyrus genus, the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats method (ISSR) was exploited in five populations. These consisted of two cultivated species belonging to section Lathyrus (L. sativus L. and L. cicera L.) and a wild one belonging to the section Clymenum (L. ochrus DC.). Two 3′anchored ISSR primers and two unanchored ones, generated a total of 60 useful polymorphic DNA bands. Our data provide evidence of high molecular polymorphism at the intra- and the inter-specific levels showing that both wild and cultivated forms constitute an important pool of diversity. Moreover, among the generated DNA bands, a 500 bp band, totally absent in the banding patterns of the section Clymenum, appears to be a molecular marker of section Lathyrus. Results provided for lineage and suggest recent origin of these species that might have evolved from a common ancestor producing both L. ochrus species and the two other species L. sativus and L. cicera. These relationships support previous studies based on morphological variation and molecular analysis.