黄土结皮的发育机理与侵蚀效应研究

了解土壤结皮的发育特征及其对侵蚀的影响作用,是认识土壤侵蚀机理、建立精准侵蚀预报模型的重要理论支持之一。本文通过模拟降雨试验,探讨有无雨滴打击作用下黄土结皮的发育过程以及前期有无结皮时结皮侵蚀效应的动态特征。结果表明:(1)随降雨的进行,黄土结皮发生层容重、抗剪强度(含水率为20%)不断增加,30min内形成厚度约3～4mm稳定结皮层;(2)消除雨滴打击后,黄土结皮发育过程同有雨滴打击时类似,但程度减弱。雨滴打击同湿润作用对黄土结皮形成的贡献作用基本相当;(3)降雨初期有、无结皮处理抗剪强度差别大,随后急剧下降并趋同,因而黄土结皮影响抗蚀性的作用微弱,累积溅蚀量的差异主要由溅蚀起始时间的变化引起;(4)黄土结皮的存在明显的减少入渗、增加径流,但结皮效应随降雨进行逐渐消失。溅蚀效应的函数表达式为C=0.6670ln(t)-3.2459,结合溅蚀量的计算式,可较为准确地预测前期无结皮时某降雨历时的累积溅蚀量。     

基于模拟降雨的土壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应

土壤表土结皮对坡面侵蚀过程具有重要影响,利用模拟降雨条件下土壤贯入和产流产沙试验,对不同降雨场次紫色土和黄壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应进行研究。结果表明：（1）PT型贯入仪测定的贯入数值（P）与含水率（θ）成标准指数函数关系。（2）不同降雨场次表土结皮存在＂无结皮→弱结皮→强结皮→弱结皮→新结皮＂的动态发育过程,相同降雨条件下黄壤表土结皮强度大于紫色土的。（3）持续降雨过程不同降雨场次土壤表土结皮对溅蚀影响不明显,而与产流存在显著的动态响应关系,结皮强度越大产流量也越大,结皮对产流的影响随着降雨进行而有增大趋势,黄壤表土结皮的径流增加量大于紫色土的,而紫色土坡面结皮对产流量变化敏感程度大于黄壤。不同场次降雨过程土壤表土结皮对坡面侵蚀产沙影响存在差异,前4场降雨表土结皮强度与坡面侵蚀产沙有相同的变化趋势,4次降雨后土壤表土结皮表现为对坡面侵蚀有抑制作用。     

地表覆盖对紫色土坡耕地壤中流流动和硝态氮运移过程的影响

针对不同坡度下的表土结皮和稻草覆盖两种地表状况下的紫色土坡耕地,构建养分淋失的三维对流—弥散模型,数值模拟坡耕地中水分和硝态氮浓度的时空分布,研究不同地表覆盖对紫色土坡耕地壤中流流动和硝态氮运移过程的影响。结果表明:表土结皮通过减少水分入渗使壤中流流量与稳定强度降低,硝态氮随壤中流流失量减少,而稻草覆盖下的情况正好相反;在降雨强度为30mm/h、降雨历时为3h,坡度分别为5°,10°,15°,20°和25°的情况下,结皮使壤中流流量降低34.8%～43.0%,硝态氮随壤中流流失量减少8.6%～34.4%,而稻草覆盖下壤中流出流量增加8.6%～12.6%,硝态氮随壤中流流失量增加8.6%～15.4%。对于紫色土坡耕地,在采用稻草覆盖增加入渗的情况下,应采取相应的措施保水保肥。     

模拟降雨下黄土表土结皮的侵蚀响应

基于室内模拟降雨实验,对比分析有表土结皮、无表土结皮表面的溅蚀、坡面侵蚀过程,探讨表土结皮的侵蚀响应.结果表明,表土结皮对溅蚀量的影响与降雨历时有关,在短历时降雨(＜20 min)下,因有表土结皮表面存在松散细小颗粒,其溅蚀量大于无表土结皮表面;降雨历时＞20 min时,有表土结皮表面的溅蚀量表现出明显大于无表土结皮表面的趋势.有表土结皮表面的入渗率明显低于无表土结皮表面,因产流与入渗有紧密关系,表土结皮进而影响产流时间、产流量和产沙量;与无结皮表面相比,有表土结皮表面的产流时间提早,产流量快速增加,产沙量递增,易于发育细沟侵蚀.     

土壤结皮几种分析测算指标的应用评价

土壤结皮是表层土壤在降雨径流或生物等共同作用下,形成的较原始土壤致密的土表硬壳,一般厚度约数毫米.此类地被物普遍存在于干旱半干旱地区,它的出现深刻影响降雨入渗、土壤侵蚀、养分循环、种子萌发以及生物多样性等生态过程,是目前自然地理科学研究的热点问题之一.容重、抗剪强度、土壤薄片以及人渗量、溅蚀量等是当前土壤结皮定量研究的主要指标.本文就此类指标的测算方法进行了详细的评述,并基于我国3种典型土壤(黄土、黑土、紫色土)结皮相关指标的分析测算,探讨各个参数的有效性、局限性以及应用时需要注意的问题,同时首次运用ERDAS软件分析结皮薄片的孔隙度,旨在为同类研究提供方法借鉴.     

湿润速度和累积降雨对土壤表面结皮发育的影响

土壤表面强度和微结构显微照片是研究表土结皮的重要指标和直接表征。以两种典型的土壤(垆土和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmh-1(慢速)和50mmh-1(快速)两种速度湿润后进行雨强为60mmh-1的降雨,研究不同湿润速度和累积降雨对结皮发育的影响。结果表明:湿润速度对垆土结皮发育过程的影响不明显,土壤表面强度主要由累积降雨打击夯实引起;快速湿润对黑土结皮发育有显著的影响,慢速湿润后黑土在60min降雨过程中没有明显的结皮,累积降雨的打击起次要作用;湿润速度和累积降雨的对结皮发育的影响取决于土壤团聚体稳定性。     

黄土表面结皮对夏闲坡耕地土壤水分的影响研究

土壤结皮是土壤在降雨作用下团聚体发生物理变化而形成的。黄土高原的坡耕地普遍存在着表土结皮现象。试验表明 ,表土结皮对黄土地区坡耕地 5 0cm土层内的土壤含水量有明显影响 ,打破结皮可使土壤入渗率提高 ,并有效地抑制和减少水分蒸发 ,提高土壤保水能力。耕层土壤含水量随地面坡度的增加而减少 ,土壤结皮可使地面坡度对土壤含水量的影响程度加大     

黄土坡面人工结皮抗侵蚀试验研究

黄绵土试验小区中，在表土中喷洒浓度为２０％的结皮试剂溶液，然后进行人工模拟降雨，１周后人工结皮形成。连续对人工结皮的部分物理性状进行测定，结果发现人工结皮厚度达１２．００ｍｍ，抗剪强度达１４ｋＰａ，抗压强度达０．８４ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２，容重达１．４ｇ／ｃｍ＾３，大大增强了结皮的抗冲性和抗蚀性。对人工结皮进行历时６０ｍｉｎ，雨强为０．８ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ的人工模拟降雨试验。经测定，其径流含沙量最大值为６．３ｋ     

紫色土不同土地利用方式下降雨入渗试验研究

降雨人渗是坡面水文过程的重要环节.运用Norton型下喷式人工模拟降雨机,通过原位布置试验径流小区进行人工模拟降雨试验,探讨紫色土林地、草地和耕地的降雨人渗特征.结果表明,紫色土不同土地利用方式下降雨人渗过程差异显著.原状林地和原状草地的降雨入渗率随时间变化缓慢,耕地、处理林地和处理草地的降雨入渗率随时间变化剧烈.稳定入渗率在不同降雨强度下均呈现为原状林地>原状草地>耕地>处理草地>处理林地.对比不同土地利用方式下的入渗率差异并分析其原因,认为在土壤初始含水条件基本一致的情况下,影响紫色土原状林地和原状草地降雨入渗的主导因素是降雨强度和植被的水文功能.影响紫色土耕地、处理林地和处理草地降雨入渗的主导因素是降雨强度和土壤理化性质.     

黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响

黄土高原地区,坡面土壤水分是生态建设的关键问题。以黄土高原坡耕地人为管理方式为背景,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下采用等高耕作和人工掏挖两种措施,并且设计直线坡作为对照,研究不同耕作措施下土壤结皮的形成特征,同时从降雨-入渗的角度研究两种类型结皮(结构结皮和沉积结皮)对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:土壤结皮阻碍坡面土壤水分入渗,结皮坡面产流时间早,且土壤累积入渗量明显低于无结皮坡面;采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行优化模拟的结果表明蒋定生模型适用于描述本研究坡面土壤水分入渗的特征;耕作措施造成的微地形对土壤结皮的类型有很大影响,在洼地径流携带泥沙堆积形成沉积结皮,地势较高处降雨雨滴直接打击形成结构结皮。研究两种类型结皮发现,沉积结皮相对于结构结皮密度高且孔隙度低,并且两种类型结皮对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响存在差异,沉积结皮平均减渗效应为37.13%,结构结皮平均减渗效应为19.79%,因此,沉积结皮更大程度影响坡面土壤水分入渗。     

模拟降雨条件下土壤结皮的发展和聚丙烯酰胺对黄土上结皮形成的影响

This study evaluated the morphological characteristics and dynamic variation in characteristics of soil crust and iden-tified the relationships between soil crust and splash erosion under simulated rainfall.The effect of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil aggregate stabilization and crust formation was also investigated.A laboratory rainfall simulation experiment was carried out using soil sample slices.The slices were examined under a polarized light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results revealed that the soil crusts were thin and were characterized by a greater density,higher shear strength,finer porosity,and lower saturated hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil.Two types of crusts,i.e.,structural and depositional crusts,were observed.Soil texture was determined to be the most important soil variable influ-encing surface crust formation;depositional crust formation was primarily related to the skeleton characteristics of the soil and happened when the soil contained a high level of medium and large aggregates.The crust formation processes observed were as follows:1) The fine particles on the soil surface became spattered,leached,and then rough in response to raindrop impact and 2) the fine particles were washed into the subsoil pores while a compact dense layer concurrently formed at soil surface due to the continual compaction by the raindrops.Therefore,the factors that influenced structural crust formation were a large amount of fine particles in the soil surface,continual impact of raindrops,dispersion of aggregates into fine particles,and the formation of a compact dense layer concurrently at the soil surface.It was concluded that the most important factor in the formation of soil crusts was raindrop impact.When polyacrylamide (PAM) was applied,it restored the soil structure and greatly increased soil aggregate stabilization.This effectively prevented crust formation.However,this function of PAM was not continuously effective and the crust reformed with long-term rainfall.In conclusion,this study showed that soil micromorphological studies were a useful method for evaluating soil crust formation.     

聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究Ⅱ.侵蚀

土壤侵蚀和雨水的流失是干旱、半干旱地区制约农业发展乃至生态环境良性循环的两个主要因素。聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM ,Polyacrylamide)对土壤的性质有着明显的改进作用 ,PAM具有良好的黏结力 ,能有效改良土壤的表层结构 ,提高土壤的稳定性 ,增加土壤的入渗率 ,减少土壤侵蚀。本文试图通过人工降雨模拟实验 ,获得不同的PAM的使用量及覆盖率与土壤侵蚀量在不同的雨强、不同的坡度条件下的关系。实验表明 ,经PAM处理后土壤的入渗性能和抗侵蚀的性能都有所提高 ,PAM能明显地黏结着土壤表面的颗粒 ,形成大的团聚体 ,阻碍土壤结皮的形成 ,减少土壤侵蚀。     

Physical characterization,spectral response and remotely sensed mapping of Mediterranean soil surface crusts

Soil surface crusting and sealing are frequent but unfavorable processes in Mediterranean areas. Soil crust and seals form on bare soil subject to high-intensity rainfall, resulting in a hard, impenetrable layer that impedes infiltration and hampers the germination and establishment of plants. The adverse consequences of overland flow and reduced fertility can lead to erosion and ongoing degradation. Therefore, information on the distribution of surface crusts and their physical properties is essential to combat the undesired effects of crust formation in e.g. soil erosion and soil compaction. We studied the occurrence of crusts in a study area in Mediterranean southern France. Our objectives were to compare the physical and hydrological properties of the crusts and underlying soil, to identify the spectral characteristics (400 to 2500 nm) of the crusted and non-crusted soil surfaces using high-resolution field spectra, and to investigate the potential of mapping crust occurrence using airborne, hyperspectral HyMap images. The differences in some physical properties between crusted and non-crusted surfaces are significant while others are only marginal. Crusting markedly reduces the infiltration capacity and crust strength varies between the different soil types. Spectral differences are small, mainly in albedo values (overall reflectance) and in absorption band depth and shape. Albedo differences range from 8 to 40%. Differences in absorption band features in the spectra of crusts and non-crusted surfaces are small. Sixty percent of the crusted soil surfaces showed stronger absorption features in the clay mineral absorption bands at 2200 nm than non-crusted soils. Increased absorption is due to a relative enrichment in fines. Spectral feature fitting and linear spectral unmixing algorithms were applied to airborne HyMap images to evaluate the possibilities of mapping surface crusts. Crusts could be mapped in fallow, agricultural fields, but the spectral response of natural badlands was too fragmented for crust mapping.     

不同降雨强度下土壤结皮强度对侵蚀的影响

为定量分析土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响,该文选择塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土和黄墡土4类土壤,分析其在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下的结皮强度变化规律。结果表明,当土壤含水率高于30%时,不同降雨强度下结皮强度差异不显著(P0.05),当含水率小于30%时,结皮强度随降雨强度增大而增强。以杨凌塿土10°坡面为例,进行坡面人工模拟降雨试验,分析计算不同强度结皮坡面的侵蚀产沙、径流剪切力、阻力系数以及流速,结果表明:结皮对坡面产流的影响并不显著,但其存在有效地减少坡面的侵蚀产沙量。结皮存在能有效地减少坡面产沙量,无结皮坡面的产沙量是结皮坡面产沙量的1.24~8.72倍。相同降雨条件下,结皮强度越大,其产沙量越小。进一步通过灰色关联分析得出:随着坡面结皮强度增加,水流功率对坡面侵蚀的作用效益不断减小,而阻力系数的作用效益增加,即水流增加产沙的正效应不断减弱;另一方面,结皮强度增大使得坡面土壤抗蚀性增强,因此,结皮强度越大,坡面侵蚀量将大幅度减少。研究可为准确有效预报坡面土壤侵蚀提供重要依据。     

土壤理化性质对结皮形成的影响

通过人工降雨试验、土壤微形态观察以及理化分析 ,研究了几种土壤结皮形成过程及其影响因素 ,并利用SPSS统计分析了不同因素对结皮形成的影响程度。研究结果表明 ,土壤颗粒组成是土壤结皮形成的主导因素 ,而土壤结构指标、部分胶体性质与结皮形成关系不明确 ,并提出土壤粘粒矿物组成可能是土壤结皮形成的一个重要因素     

Processes controlling the development of a shielding layer on natural soil

A significant amount of research focusing on the formation of surface seals and crusts and their effect on erosion can be found in the literature. In contrast, there has been limited research investigating the formation of surface shields, a layer of loose coarse sediment on the soil surface, despite the consequences for the transport of sediment, nutrients, metals and microorganisms. This study used rainfall simulation to examine the role of slope (2 and 10%), infiltration (with and without) and ponding depth (0, 0.3 and 0.7 cm) on the development of surface shields on a silt loam and a loamy sand soil. The results show that a continuous surface shield of loose coarse particles developed on the loamy sand, whereas the silt loam soil surface was covered by varying proportions of aggregates, compacted soil and loose coarse particles. Infiltration had a limited positive impact on shield development and both slope and ponding depth were significant controls over the development of the surface characteristics.     

Controlling effects of surface crusts on water infiltration in an arid desert area of Northwest China

Purpose

Surface crusts are important features in arid desert areas and are critical to hydrological processes and ecosystem development. This paper aims to understand the effects of crusts on water movement in the soil and the factors that affect this and to provide the soil parameters for estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) in ecohydrological models.

Materials and methods

The study area was located in the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, an arid desert area in Northwest China. There were three crust types in this region: physical soil crusts (PSCs, formed by water drop and erosion), biological soil crusts (BSCs, formed by microorganisms, moss, algae, lichen, and soil materials), and salt soil crusts (SSCs, formed by soluble salts). The infiltration rates of different soil and crust types and scalped soils were determined in situ in the field conditions using a disc infiltrometer with three repetitions. Crusts and soils were collected, and their properties were determined in the laboratory.

Results and discussion

The K _s of crust were significantly lower than that of scalped soils with a decrease of 13–70 %. The K _s of crusts were related to the type of crust and the properties of soil beneath the crusts. In this region, the soil textures are similar throughout, due to ubiquitous loess sedimentation, so textural differences had no significant effect on K _s. Soil organic matter (SOM) played a weak negative role on K _s because most crusts had higher SOM than the underlying soil. However, both crust thickness and electrical conductivity (EC, an index of salt concentration) showed significantly negative exponential relationship with K _s. Therefore, the SSC with high EC and thick crust have the lowest K _s among all crust types. Because soil development is related to salt accumulation, structure, and crust formation, the K _s follows the order of Solonchaks < Cambisols < Regosols, from lowest to highest.

Conclusions

Crusts have different characteristics compared with original soils and are the limiting layer of water infiltration in these arid soils. Therefore, the characteristics of crust must be considered in ecohydrological models. The main apparent controlling parameters of water infiltration rate in this area are crust thickness and EC.

     

聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究 Ⅰ.入渗

土壤 (特别是黄绵土 )在雨水作用下 ,表面会形成结皮 ,显著地降低降雨入渗率 ,聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)能有效地抑制降雨过程中土壤结皮的形成 ,提高降雨入渗率。为了获得PAM使用量和覆盖率与入渗率之间的关系 ,进行了一系列的人工降雨模拟试验。试验采用了三个雨强 :5 0、1 0 0和 1 5 0mmh- 1,四个坡度 :8.74%、1 7.63 %、3 6.4%和 46.63 % ,及五种地表处理 :对照、秸秆覆盖和三个PAM覆盖率 (A、B和C) ,试验设三次重复。试验分Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个降雨阶段进行 ,第Ⅱ阶段在第Ⅰ阶段降雨结束土壤放置 2 4h后进行。分析建立了降雨入渗率与PAM的覆盖率间的相关关系 ,确定了PAM的覆盖率对降雨入渗的影响。