硝态氮抑制尖孢镰刀菌侵染促进黄瓜生长的内在生理机制

  【目的】  连作障碍严重影响设施农业的发展。不同形态氮素可影响黄瓜土传枯萎病的发生，然而其内在生理机制尚不明确。通过氮素营养调控植物–微生物互作关系，为防控土传病害的发生提供理论依据。  【方法】  以黄瓜品种津春2号和尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型菌 (FOC) 为试材，进行温室营养液培养试验。设营养液中添加铵态氮不接菌 (A)、硝态氮不接菌 (N)、铵态氮接菌 (AI) 和硝态氮接菌 (NI) 共4个处理。尖孢镰刀菌侵染8天后进行植株样品的采集及测定，包括株高、根长、生物量、病情指数、叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶片温度，并进行了叶肉细胞超微结构的观察，测定了植物全氮、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量。  【结果】  与铵态氮相比，硝态氮营养显著抑制了黄瓜植株枯萎病的发病率，并显著促进了植株的生长以及植株生物量的增加。未接菌条件下，供应铵态氮的植株光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、羧化效率及表观量子效率均显著高于供应硝态氮的植株；尖孢镰刀菌的侵染导致供应铵态氮的植株叶绿体结构受损，显著降低了其光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度、羧化效率及表观量子效率，而病原菌侵染对供应硝态氮的植株叶片光合特性无显著影响。未接菌条件下，供应铵态氮的植株叶片温度及水分利用效率显著低于供应硝态氮的植株；尖孢镰刀菌侵染后，供应铵态氮的植株叶片温度及水分利用率显著增加，而病原菌侵染对供应硝态氮的植株无显著影响。叶片温度与蒸腾速率呈显著负相关关系，而与水分利用率呈显著正相关关系。供应铵态氮的植株根系全氮、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量均显著高于供应硝态氮的植株，从而促进病原菌对供应铵态氮的植株的侵染。尖孢镰刀菌侵染后，供应铵态氮的植株根系可溶性蛋白含量显著增加，可溶性糖含量降低，而尖孢镰刀菌侵染对供应硝态氮的植株可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量无显著影响。  【结论】  硝态氮能够有效地抑制黄瓜枯萎病的发生，维持叶绿体结构的完整性，保持黄瓜植株正常的光合作用及生长，并减少碳水化合物向根系的运输，从而抑制病原菌的侵染及病害的发生。在黄瓜的设施栽培中，可适当增加硝态氮肥的施用而减少铵态氮肥的投入，以抑制土传枯萎病发生。     

氮素形态对小麦生长中后期保护酶等生理特性的影响

在水培条件下,探究了氮素形态对小麦营养生殖并进生长时期保护酶的影响。结果表明:铵、硝态氮单供和混合供应对小麦保护酶活性影响不同。在铵、硝态氮混合供应下,叶片SOD、CAT,根系SOD活性最高,同时叶片、根系可溶性蛋白含量最大,根系活力和根系表面K3Fe(CN)6还原活性最高,但MDA含量最高;单供硝态氮时叶片POD活性最高,根系MDA含量最高;单供铵态氮时根系POD、CAT活性最高。单供尿素时叶片仅CAT活性高于铵和硝态氮混合供给,但同时叶片MDA含量也高于铵和硝态氮混合供给。叶片以SOD、CAT和POD为主清除自由基,而根系以SOD和POD为主清除自由基。铵和硝态氮混合供给下,小麦成熟后,地上部干重,籽粒产量最大,根冠比最小。     

甘薯叶光合特性与块根主要性状对氮素供应形态的响应

为探明甘薯叶光合特性与块根主要性状对不同氮素形态供应的响应特点,以徐薯18为研究对象,在盆栽条件下,设置铵态氮、 硝态氮和酰胺态氮3种氮素处理,研究不同形态氮素供应对甘薯叶光合特性、 块根产量与品质性状影响的差异。结果表明,在移栽后30 d 和50 d 时,酰胺态氮处理叶片叶绿素含量(CCI)为最高,70 d时,铵态氮处理的CCI最高;铵态氮处理显著提高叶片的光合速率与有效辐射(PAR);氮素处理明显提高甘薯块根产量,其中,铵态氮处理较硝态氮和酰胺态氮处理块根产量分别增加10.6%与17.2%,增产显著(P0.05);铵态氮处理提高甘薯块根的淀粉率和蛋白质含量,而酰胺态氮处理增加可溶性糖和还原糖含量;铵态氮处理有利于增加甘薯淀粉最高粘度值（PKV）、 崩解值（BDV）和回复值（CSV）,而硝态氮处理促进最低粘度值（HPV）和最终粘度值（CPV）的上升。     

玉米?水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

【目的】以水稻连作为对照，研究玉米?水稻水旱轮作模式对稻田作物根际和非根际土壤氮素含量及酶活性的影响，为稻田系统玉米?水稻轮作对土壤氮素转化与稻田土壤质量的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用根际袋盆栽试验进行水稻连作与玉米?水稻轮作，在玉米喇叭口期、抽穗期及成熟期，水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及成熟期分别采取根际与非根际土样，测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量与脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性变化。【结果】两种种植模式及作物生育期对土壤氮素含量和酶活性均有显著影响。不同种植模式下土壤酶活性变化趋势基本相同。与水稻连作相比，玉米?水稻轮作土壤铵态氮减少了24.7%；土壤硝态氮含量增加了153.4%，主要表现在第一季。与水稻连作相比，玉米?水稻轮作条件下两季作物成熟期土壤全氮含量降低，土壤脲酶活性整体提高24.3%，土壤硝酸还原酶活性整体降低34.6%。水旱轮作对各个指标的影响可持续到第二季。根际土壤铵态氮含量及脲酶活性整体低于非根际土壤，玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量低于非根际，水稻根际土壤硝态氮含量高于非根际土壤，根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于非根际土壤。【结论】在本试验中，轮作在第一季对土壤氮素及酶活性的影响可持续至第二季。与水稻连作相比，玉米?水稻轮作可以提高作物根际与非根际土壤的脲酶活性及硝态氮含量，有利于氮素有效性的提高。     

盐胁迫下氮素形态对油菜和水稻幼苗离子运输和分布的影响

【目的】土壤盐碱化是制约农作物产量的主要因素之一,盐胁迫影响养分运输和分布,造成植物营养失衡,导致作物发育迟缓,植株矮小,严重威胁着我国的粮食生产。在必需营养元素中,氮素是需求量最大的元素,NO-3和NH+4是植物吸收氮素的两种离子形态。植物对盐胁迫的响应受到不同形态氮素的调控,研究不同形态氮素营养下植物的耐盐机制对提高植物耐盐性及产量具有重要的意义。【方法】本文以喜硝植物油菜(Brassica napus L.)和喜铵植物水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为试验材料,采用室内营养液培养方法,研究了NO-3和NH+4对Na Cl胁迫下油菜及水稻苗期生长状况、对Na+运输和积累的影响,以对照与盐胁迫植株生物量之差与Na+积累量之差的比值,评估Na+对植株的伤害程度。【结果】1)在非盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮营养显著促进油菜和水稻根系的生长;盐胁迫条件下,油菜和水稻生物量均显著受到抑制,Na Cl对供应铵态氮营养植株的抑制更为显著。2)盐胁迫条件下,两种供氮形态下,油菜和水稻植株Na+含量均显著增加,硝态氮营养油菜叶柄Na+显著高于铵态氮营养,叶柄Na+含量/叶片Na+含量大于铵营养油菜,硝态氮营养水稻根系Na+含量显著低于铵营养,地上部则相反。3)铵营养油菜和水稻Na+伤害度显著高于硝营养植株。4)盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮营养油菜地上部和水稻根系K+含量均显著高于铵态氮营养。5)盐胁迫条件下,硝营养油菜和水稻木质部Na+浓度,韧皮部Na+和K+浓度及水稻木质部K+浓度均高于铵营养植株。【结论】与铵营养相比,硝营养油菜和水稻具有更好的耐盐性。硝态氮处理油菜叶柄Na+显著高于铵态氮处理,能够截留Na+向叶片运输。同时,供应硝态氮营养更有利于油菜和水稻吸收K+,有助于维持植物体内离子平衡。盐胁迫下,硝营养油菜和水稻木质部Na+浓度,韧皮部Na+和K+浓度及水稻木质部K+浓度均高于铵营养植株,表明硝态氮营养油菜和水稻木质部-韧皮部对离子有较好的调控能力,是其耐盐性高于铵营养的原因之一。     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

不同供氮形态下油菜幼苗对盐胁迫的响应

为比较不同供氮形态下油菜对盐胁迫的响应,通过供应铵态氮和硝态氮,探讨盐胁迫对油菜幼苗生物量、 光合作用、 离子含量等的效应。结果表明: 非盐胁迫条件下的硝态氮处理的植株生物量和叶片光合参数均显著高于其它处理; 在盐胁迫条件下,两种供氮形态处理油菜的生长和光合均受到明显抑制,其中铵态氮处理表现的抑制效应较显著,且其光合抑制主要来自气孔限制。在两种供氮条件下,盐胁迫使得植株Na+浓度均显著增加,其中铵态氮处理的叶片和叶柄中Na+浓度的增幅大于硝态氮处理,而其根中Na+浓度则小于硝态氮处理。盐胁迫导致两种供氮形态下整株和叶柄中K+浓度均显著降低,而在根中,则只造成硝态氮处理的K+浓度的显著降低。在整株水平上,盐胁迫下铵态氮处理的K+ 、 Na+的选择性比率（SK,Na）要显著低于硝态氮处理。综上,在盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮处理对K+吸收维持较高的相对选择性是其耐盐性高于铵态氮处理的重要原因。     

不同氮素形态对茅苍术光合特性和光合氮素利用效率的影响

研究不同氮素形态对茅苍术光合特性和氮素吸收的影响,为其栽培氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。以一年生茅苍术为材料,研究不施氮肥、施用硝态氮、铵态氮和酰胺态氮对茅苍术叶片光响应曲线和光合氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可不同程度改善叶片光合特性,其中硝态氮处理的叶绿素含量、表观光量子效率、最大净光合速率,光饱和点、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均最高,但其光补偿点和胞间二氧化碳浓度显著低于铵态氮和酰胺态氮处理。同时,硝态氮处理能显著增大叶面积、降低比叶重,促进植株生长,使得其整株生物量比铵态氮和酰胺态氮处理提高6.89%和17.05%。此外,硝态氮处理还增加叶片氮素含量,提高光合氮素利用效率,分别比铵态氮和酰胺态氮处理提高2.43%和6.76%。可见,茅苍术光合特性对硝态氮更敏感,施用硝态氮肥能改善光能特性,促进氮素高效利用。     

氮饥饿水稻利用不同形态氮素的差异及其生理机制

通过水培试验，研究了氮饥饿7d后，恢复供应不同形态氮源对水稻氮吸收和积累及氮同化中关键酶活性和光合色素的影响。结果表明，缺氮促进根系生长，增加根冠比。恢复供氮4d显著增加地上部生物量。铵硝混合营养促进了水稻对氮的吸收和转运，叶片和根系中全氮及叶片中铵态氮的含量以硝酸铵处理最高。与单一铵或硝营养相比，铵硝混合营养增强了根系的谷氨酰胺合成酶和叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性，提高了水稻同化和利用氮的能力。另外，与纯硝营养相比，供应铵态氮显著增加了叶片中总叶绿素，尤其是叶绿素a的含量。因此，改善水肥管理、平衡对水稻供氮的铵硝配比将提高水稻氮素的吸收和利用效率。     

高CO2浓度对不同氮素供给形态下水稻叶片光合作用的影响

为探究水稻叶片光合作用对高CO_2浓度([CO_2])的响应是否与氮素供给形态有关,利用人工气候生长箱,以粳稻(武运粳23号和淮稻5号)、籼稻(扬稻6号)和杂交稻(Y-两优6号)为试验材料,设置主处理:大气[CO_2]和高[CO_2]处理(+200μmol/mol),副处理:硝态氮和铵态氮处理,测定水稻新展开完全叶片的光合作用。试验结果表明:高[CO_2]会增加硝态氮处理下粳稻和杂交稻叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、铵态氮处理下粳稻武运粳23号叶片P_n以及各氮素供给形态下水稻叶片胞间[CO_2](C_i)和水分利用效率(WUE),其中在硝态氮处理下P_n和WUE的响应要高于铵态氮处理;高[CO_2]会降低水稻叶片的气孔导度(g_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),其中在硝态氮处理下粳稻g_s和T_r的响应要高于籼稻,而在铵态氮处理下高[CO_2]对杂交稻g_s和T_r的影响要高于粳稻和籼稻。可见,不同的氮素供给形态会影响水稻叶片的光合作用对高[CO_2]的响应,且这种影响在水稻品种间存在很大差异。     

EFFECT OF NITRATE NUTRITION ON GROWTH AND NITROGEN ASSIMILATION OF PEARL MILLET EXPOSED TO SODIUM CHLORIDE STRESS

Influence of nitrate concentration on growth and nitrogen assimilation in salinity-stressed pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoids L.) was studied. The plants were grown in perlite and irrigated with nutrient solution containing 0, 25, 50, or 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) in the presence of 2 or 10 mM NO₃ ^?. Salinity decreased leaf dry weight and soluble proteins, as well as total chlorophyll. Free amino acid content, including proline, was higher in salt-stressed plants compared to controls. The activities of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamate synthase were reduced, but the glutamine synthetase activity was less affected. High nitrate (10 mM) in the irrigation solution partially restored activities of the above enzymes and increased the soluble protein content despite the high NaCl concentration. The retarded growth of pearl millet due to salinity stress was partially restored in the presence of high nitrate concentration in the irrigation solution.     

Correlation of antioxidant capacities to oxygen radical scavenging enzyme activities in blackberry

The activities of the oxygen radical scavenging enzymes [glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD)], hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle [ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR)], the nonenzyme components [ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHAsA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)], and their antioxidant capacity [oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)] were measured in the juice of six different thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars. The 'Hull Thornless' cultivar contained the highest levels, whereas 'Black Satin' consistently had the lowest activities for all the enzymes tested in this study. ORAC values were also the highest in 'Hull Thornless' and lowest in 'Black Satin'. The highest levels of AsA and DHAsA were in the juice of 'Hull Thornless' blackberries with 1. 09 and 0.15 micromol/g fresh wt, respectively. 'Hull Thornless' also had the highest ratio of AsA/DHAsA among the six blackberry cultivars studied. The 'Smoothstem' cultivar contained the lowest amounts of AsA and DHAsA. 'Hull Thornless' had the highest GSH content with 78.7 nmol/g fresh wt, while 'Chester Thornless' contained the largest amount of GSSG. The highest GSH/GSSG ratio was 4.90 which was seen in the 'Hull Thornless' cultivar. The correlation coefficient between ORAC values and AsA/DHAsA ratios was as high as 0.972. A correlation (r = 0.901) was also detected between ORAC values and GSH content. The antioxidant activity in blackberry juice was positively correlated to the activities of most antioxidant enzymes (r = 0.902 with SOD; r = 0.858 with GSH-POD; r = 0.896 with ASA-POD; and r = 0.862 with GR).     

增铵对小白菜生长和叶绿素含量的影响

在营养液中添加一定量的铵态氮能提高作物生物量和叶绿素含量。为研究增铵对植物生长及叶绿素含量的影响机理,采用了6个NO3-∶NH4 浓度比为5·0∶0·0、5·0∶2·5、5·0∶5·0、5·0∶7·5、5·0∶10·0和0·0∶5·0的处理对小白菜进行培养试验。结果表明,在5mmolL-1硝态氮存在时,适当添加一定量的铵态氮(2·5mmolL-1)小白菜生物量和叶面积分别增加39·6%和16·3%,叶面积与生物量显著相关(r=0·941,p<0·01)。营养液中铵态氮浓度与叶片SPAD值、活性铁及叶绿体蛋白质含量均显著相关,相关系数r分别为0·914、0·954和0·964。适当提高铵态氮浓度增加小白菜产量的机制在于其促进了叶片扩展,提高了总光合面积,其原因可能是适当提高铵态氮浓度促进了叶片细胞分裂。进一步研究表明,提高铵态氮浓度提高叶绿素含量的原因,可能在于其促进了小白菜体内全铁的再利用,从而提高了叶片活性铁含量和叶绿体蛋白质含量。     

La（Ⅲ）对UV—B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光氧化作用的影响

采用水培实验法研究了稀土La（Ⅲ）对紫外辐射（UV—B：0．15Wm^-2，0．45Wm^-2）胁迫下大豆（Glycinemax）幼苗体内O2^-和H2O2积累、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA—POD）活性变化和叶绿素（chl）光氧化降解的影响。实验结果表明：La（Ⅲ）可降低大豆幼苗体内的O2^-和H2O2含量、提高AsA—POD的活性，从而减轻光氧化作用对大豆幼苗chl的降解及对植株的伤害。     

硅对黄瓜白粉病抗性的影响及其生理机制

以黄瓜感病品种为材料,研究了施硅和诱导接种白粉菌对抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性与酚类物质含量变化的影响。结果表明:诱导接种后,营养液中加硅酸盐显著降低黄瓜白粉病病情指数,显著提高了黄瓜叶片中AsA-POD、PPO的活性,而DR、PAL活性低于不施硅处理,但差异不显著。施硅处理的酚类物质含量较高,并显著降低病情指数。     

Various Types of Nitrogen and Light Levels on Brassica chinensis Yield and Quality Parameters under Water Stress

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen, light, and water interaction on the biomass of cabbage the experiment was performed at three light intensities, three water stresses, and four nitrogen levels for four replicates using hydroponic technique in green house. The results showed that the biomass of the edible parts of cabbage at H1L3 was significantly higher than in weak light intensity and water stress treatments under the same nitrogen supply. An optimal yield was reached at 60% of the traditional nitrogen application in the presence of adequate high light intensity and normal water content. Decreased nitrate reductase and low capacity of nitrogen assimilation were observed when the nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃-N) levels were increased from N2 to N4 with normal water content. Under severe water stress (H3), the plants have a high content of soluble sugars and a low content of amino acids in low NO₃^? levels (N1 to N3). Modulating the relationship between water stresses, light intensity, and nitrogen supply levels could increase the biomass and may promote the quality of a certain plant.     

钙对镉胁迫下玉米生长及生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养试验 ,研究不同的钙和镉处理对玉米植株生长、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和ATPase酶活性以及叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统活性的影响。结果表明 ,根部未供钙或叶面喷施CaCl2时 ,加镉处理玉米根、地上部生物量降低 ,根冠比加大 ;而根部供钙 ,植株生长较好 ,生物量较高 ,根冠比相对较小。营养液中加镉 ,玉米植株中镉浓度显著增加 ,根部镉浓度明显比地上部高 ,根中镉约占 65%～ 78% ,地上部镉占到 22%～35%左右。根部供钙比未供钙处理 ,根中镉含量虽没有显著性差别 ,但地上部镉浓度明显较低。叶片喷施CaCl2 4次比喷施 2次处理 ,地上部镉浓度增加。供钙明显增加了玉米植株中钙浓度。未供钙的玉米叶片叶绿素含量下降 ,但叶绿素a/叶绿素b比基本不变 ;加镉处理 ,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量下降更甚 ,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比升高 ;叶面喷施CaCl2 ,叶绿素含量也较低。前期和后期根部供钙处理 ,叶绿素下降程度有所缓解。而根部一直供钙 ,玉米叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量明显提高。镉抑制了玉米植株叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性 ;根中ATPase活性以及活性氧清除酶系统超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶 (Gua POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (AsA POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)受镉的诱导而增加，叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高。与未供应钙加镉处理相比，根部供钙加镉处理的玉米叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性显著增加，也明显减轻了镉对根中ATPase活性、叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统SOD，POD，CAT 活性的诱导效应。间隔供钙，在一定程度上缓解了镉的毒害，但是叶片喷施CaCl2，对减轻镉毒害无明显效果。因此在本试验条件下，根部供钙对缓解玉米镉毒害有重要作用。关键词:钙；镉；玉米；生理特性     

不同氮素水平下CO2倍增对大豆叶片荧光诱导动力学参数的影响

本文研究了在不同氮素水平下，CCO2倍增对大豆叶片单位鲜重叶绿素（Chl）和类胡萝卜素（Car）含量，以及荧光诱导动力学参数的影响。结果表明，在正常大气下增施氮肥，对叶片Chl含量的提高作用相当于CO2倍增的作用，但是增施氮肥又可进一步强化CO2倍增的作用。CO2倍增和增施氮肥均有改善大豆光合功能的作用，提高大豆的PSⅡ活性和光合作用潜在量子转化效率，提高PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例，降低非辐射能量的耗散，使大豆能更充分地利用所捕获的光能用于光合作用，结果促进PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量的提高。增施氮肥同样表现出可增强CO2倍增对光合功能的改善作用。表明要使高浓度的CO2对C3植物光合作用起更好的作用，增施氮肥是必要的。     

氯化胆碱与高效硝铵复合肥对玉米和水稻某些生理性状和产量的影响

玉米、水稻经叶面喷施氯化胆碱(CC)和高效硝铵复合肥(硝饺肥)后,叶片叶绿素含量,比叶重,硝酸还原酶(NR),ATP酶,以及玉米的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)和苹果酸酶等的活性均有不同程度的提高。从而促进了光合作用,使产量有所提高。CC和硝铵肥混合使用时,效果更好。     

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND AMMONIUM: NITRATE RATIO ON GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, FATTY ACID AND THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN CANOLA

The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0 and 200 mM) and ammonium (NH₄):nitrate (NO₃) ratios (100:0, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) on growth, photosynthesis, fatty acids and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in canola plants. Leaf area and fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly reduced by the salinity. The reduction in vegetative characteristics varied in both salinized and unsalinized plants according to the NH₄:NO₃ ratios so that the lowest reduction was observed with the 50:50 (NH₄:NO₃) ratio. Increased NH₄ up to 50 percent (50:50) of total N, promotes the yield at both salinized and unsalinized plants. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the increased NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced the photosynthetic (Pn) rate and stomatal conductance; however, the reduction in Pn rate was severely impaired at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the 75:25 ratio had the lowest potassium (K) and sodium (Na) content; however, the K/Na ratio was the highest in 50:50 ratio. An increase of NH₄ in the solution led to a significant increase in NH₄ content in both salinized and unsalinized plants. Salinity increased NH₄ content so that the salinized plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ content in the leaves. The activity of nitrate reductase was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. The activities of antioxidative enzymes increased in salinized plants regardless of the NH₄:NO₃ ratios. In salinized plants, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were increased by 44.4 % and 97.5%, respectively. Within salinized and unsalinized treatments, the highest activities of all antioxidant were observed in 75:25 ratio, while they remained unchanged for all NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The increased NH₄ content in the solution increased the oil content and the maximum oil content in both salinized and unsalinized plant was obtained in both 50:50 and 75:25 ratios. The percentage of oleic acid was affected by both salinity and NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The ratios of NH₄:NO₃ had no effect on the protein content; however, salinity reduced the protein content by 20%.