兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林土壤的渗透特性

[目的] 探讨不同树种组成的人工纯林和混交林在生长过程中对土壤渗透特性的改良程度,为该区域人工林营建过程中树种选择及现有林分的抚育管理提供科学依据。[方法] 采用双环渗透法对甘肃省兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林分类型（侧柏林、新疆杨林、刺槐林、侧柏+刺槐混交林和新疆杨+刺槐混交林）的土壤渗透特性（土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量）进行了研究。[结果] 随土层深度（0—80 cm）的增加,土壤渗透性逐渐降低。不同林分类型土壤渗透性均表现为：新疆杨+刺槐混交林 > 侧柏+刺槐混交林 > 刺槐林 > 侧柏林 > 新疆杨林,混交林大于纯林;通用经验方程对各林分土壤渗透性的拟合效果最好,比较适合于描述研究区5种人工林土壤水分入渗过程,Horton方程次之,Kostiakov方程最差。土壤渗透性与土壤初始含水率、总孔隙度、有机质含量、全氮、无机氮呈极显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。[结论] 在今后兰州市南北两山植被重建过程中,应营造不同树种所组成的混交林人工植被,不宜大面积营造人工纯林植被类型。     

长白山不同林型土壤水源涵养功能特征

为了研究长白山森林水源涵养功能,连续3年在长白山研究了3种主要森林类型(针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林)土壤特性和水源涵养功能。结果表明:(1)不同林型土壤密度随土层深度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,相同土层土壤密度大小基本表现为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。不同林型土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,相同土层土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度基本表现为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林;然而相同土层毛管孔隙度大小基本表现为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。(2)土壤总孔隙度和土层深度以指数函数方程拟合最好,而土壤总孔隙度土层深度以对数函数方程拟合最好,其中针阔混交林相关系数最高。(3)土壤剖面各层次的自然含水量、土壤通气性、饱和蓄水量、最大持水量、有效持水量、毛管蓄水量和非毛管蓄水量均随着土层深度的递增而逐渐降低,相同土层自然含水量、土壤通气性、饱和蓄水量、最大持水量、有效持水量、毛管蓄水量和非毛管蓄水量基本表现为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。(4)不同林型土壤稳渗速度、渗透系数(K_1,K_(10))随土层深度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,相同土层基本表现为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。(5)相关性分析表明土壤渗透性能与总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均为极显著正相关关系(p0.01),与毛管孔隙度呈极显著负相关关系(p0.01),其中,非毛管孔隙状况对土壤渗透性的影响更为显著。层次分析法显示,不同林型综合能力范围为0.714～0.956,大小排序为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。     

辽西半干旱低山丘陵区人工林地表层土壤水文效应

以荒山为对照,对辽西半干旱低山丘陵区人工林地表层土壤水文效应进行了初步研究。结果表明,林地土壤容重以荆条纯林的最小,杨树纯林的最大;林地土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度均是以荆条纯林的最大,杨树纯林的最小;林地表层土壤蓄水容量、有效蓄容、毛管持水量均高于荒山,以荆条纯林的最大,杨树的最小,其中蓄水容量位于701.8~1 328.4 t/hm2之间,有效蓄容位于41.2~411.6 t/hm2之间,毛管持水量位于660.6~916.8 t/hm2之间;林地表层土壤入渗能力较强,以荆条纯林的最大,杨树的最小,稳渗率位于0.03~6.11 mm/min之间,并与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度均呈显著正相关关系,林地表层土壤入渗速率与入渗时间存在良好的幂函数关系;林地表层土壤涵养水源和保持水土功能大小顺序为荆条纯林>山杏荆条混交林>樟子松封育纯林>华北落叶松纯林>油松荆条混交林>沙棘纯林>杨树纯林。     

秦岭北坡水源林区不同类型林分土壤水文特性

在秦岭北坡水源林区选择不同针阔混交林和落叶混交林林分,对其土壤水文物理性质进行了研究。结果表明:土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量均为针阔混交林大于落叶阔叶林,40cm土层土壤水分平均(非毛管)滞留贮存量为针阔混交林大于落叶阔叶林。针阔混交林地土壤的渗透性能较好,其平均渗透系数达到了6.93mm/min,是落叶阔叶林地的4.97倍,且同一林地内0—20cm土层的渗透系数均大于20—40cm土层。基于主成分分析,锐齿栎×油松(华山松)混交林地土壤的综合水文效应最优。     

大兴安岭不同森林植被类型水文生态功能研究

从森林植被水文生态功能的角度,对大兴安岭4种森林植被类型水源涵养功能进行研究,研究结果表明:植被类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林)0~20 cm土层最大蓄水量为1 548.91 t/hm2;类型Ⅰ(针阔混交林)0~20 cm土层最大蓄水量为1 140.82 t/hm2。土壤有效蓄水量(0~20 cm):类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林)类型Ⅱ(针叶纯林)类型Ⅰ(针阔混交林)类型Ⅲ(针叶混交林)。枯落物层有效持水量从大到小的顺序为:类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林31.49 t/hm2)类型Ⅱ(针叶纯林28.10 t/hm2)类型Ⅲ(针叶混交林27.21 t/hm2)类型Ⅰ(针阔混交林19.94 t/hm2)。在4种森林植被类型中,类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林)的初渗系数、稳渗系数都是最高的。     

豫南山区典型林地土壤入渗特征及影响因素分析

为弄清典型林地不同发育阶段表层土壤入渗性能差异规律及其影响因素,通过在豫南山区开展野外调查与室内分析,模拟和分析土壤入渗过程及特征,研究土壤理化性质、地表根系结构对土壤渗透能力的影响。结果表明:1)各个林地类型土层厚度0～10 cm层的土壤渗透能力均高于10～20 cm层;初渗率、稳渗率、前30 min入渗量在各土层深度中均表现相同的趋势,即30 a马尾松针叶林>30 a麻栎阔叶林>30 a麻栎+马尾松混交林>荆条灌丛>20 a麻栎阔叶林>20 a麻栎+马尾松混交>20 a马尾松针叶林;20 a、30 a林分中,平均稳渗率最高的林分类型分别是麻栎阔叶林和马尾松针叶林,分别为3.140和4.256 mm/min。2)土壤渗透特性指标均与土壤有机质质量分数、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、根体积密度、根表面积密度存在显著的相关关系(P<0.05);对土壤渗透能力影响最大的土壤理化性质指标和根系结构指标分别是非毛管孔隙度和根表面积密度,典型相关负荷量分别达到0.559和0.773。     

云南省元阳梯田水源区森林土壤入渗特性研究

利用双环法于2010年5—6月对云南省元阳梯田水源区几种林分的土壤入渗特性及影响因子?桤木林1(Ⅰ),桤木林2(Ⅱ),杉木林(Ⅲ),五桠果林(Ⅳ),杉木+苦栎林(Ⅴ),元江栲林(Ⅵ)?进行原位试验。结果表明:(1)土壤渗透性与土壤理化性质、枯落物持水能力等存在相关性。土壤渗透性与土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤通气度、非毛管持水量呈极显著正相关,与土壤总孔隙度、饱和持水量呈显著正相关,与土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量呈显著负相关;与土壤有机质、全N、全K、水解N呈显著正相关;与枯落物持水量呈显著正相关。(2)各林分土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率存在较大差异,土壤初始入渗率变化呈:Ⅵ>Ⅲ>Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ>荒坡;土壤稳定入渗率及平均入渗率变化趋势较为一致,呈:Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅵ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ>荒坡。说明了元阳梯田区森林土壤渗透性能较好,各林分土壤渗透性指标均大于荒坡;各林分入渗性能比较可知,杉木+苦栎林和杉木林土壤渗透性能最好。     

甘南白龙江上游高山林线过渡区地被物及土壤水文特性

以甘南白龙江上游高山林线区域为研究对象,采用样方调查和室内试验分析的方法,研究了高山林线区域地被物和土壤的持水特性,结果表明:(1)白龙江上游高山林线不同区域地被物总蓄积量在37.33~127.28t/hm~2,林线上最小,林线下最大,林线区域和林线下相差不大;地被物不同成分中枯落物分解层的蓄积量最大,占总蓄积量的一半以上;林线下地被物的最大持水量和最大持水率最大,林线上地被物的最大持水量和最大持水率最小。(2)土壤容重随着土层深度变化而增加,林线上土壤容重的变化最大,在0—10cm土壤容重最小为0.56g/cm~3,在20—40cm土壤容重最大为1.12g/cm~3,非毛管孔隙度的变化与土壤容重的变化相反,随着土层的增加非毛管孔隙度减小,林线下表层土壤非毛管孔隙度最大为8.07%,林线上表层土壤非毛管孔隙度为6.27%。(3)林线0—10cm的初渗率最大,平均入渗率也最大,林线上的初渗率最小,土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率随着土层深度的变化基本一致,土壤持水率与时间进行回归拟合,二者存在着幂函数关系,符合关系式Y=atk。     

沿坝地区3种典型林分类型枯落物层与土壤层水源涵养能力综合评价

为了研究沿坝地区3种典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水源涵养能力,利用熵权法对林分的枯落物层和土壤层的相关因子进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)枯落物层最大持水量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林;有效拦蓄量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林。(2)持水量与浸水时间的回归方程为Q=alnt+b(R~20.97),持水速率与浸水时间的回归方程为V=Kt~n(R~20.94)。(3)3种林分类型土壤总孔隙度的排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林;土壤持水能力大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;3种林分土壤层的初渗速率差距比较大,大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;林分的稳渗速率大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;入渗速率与入渗时间回归方程为:f=at~(-b)(R0.96)。(4)利用熵权法计算得出的权重大小排序为:枯落物最大持水量枯落物有效拦蓄量=土壤持水力初渗速率土壤毛管孔隙度土壤容重枯落物蓄积量=土壤非毛管孔隙度,3种林分类型综合评分排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林。针阔混交林为最优的水源涵养林,其在保持水土、涵养水源方面功能最强。     

红松水曲柳纯林与混交林土壤水分性质分析

对红松、水曲柳纯林与混交林的土壤水分物理性质进行了观测和对比分析。结果表明,红松与水曲柳混交后,无论是从各土层还是整个土层的平均值看,混交林中土壤容重较红松纯林降低。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数、有效含水量、贮水能力、渗透系数K10等均较红松纯林明显增加,就整个土层的平均值而言,分别增加19.17%,21.50%,12.17%,32.68%,24.29%,42.22%,19.72%,27.71%,12.17%和39.44%。研究结果表明,红松与水曲柳混交后土壤的孔隙状况得到了改善,混交林土壤保持水土,涵养水源的功能较红松纯林明显提高。     

Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam

Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R² = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm^?3 while the particle density decreased (R² = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm^?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R² = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm³ cm^?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm³ cm^?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.     

Role of Soil Organic Matter in Maintaining Sustainability of Cropping Systems

Soil organic matter (SOM) has long been recognized as an important indicator of soil productivity. The SOM refers to the organic fraction of the soil exclusive of undecayed plant and animal residues. It plays a crucial role in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems by improving soil physical (texture, structure, bulk density, and water-holding capacity), chemical (nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, reduced aluminum toxicity, and allelopathy), and biological (nitrogen mineralization bacteria, dinitrogen fixation, mycorrhizae fungi, and microbial biomass) properties. The preservation of SOM is crucial to ensure long-term sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Improvement/preservation of soil organic matter can be achieved by adopting appropriate soil and crop management practices. These practices include conservation tillage, crop rotation, use of organic manures, increasing cropping intensity, use of adequate rate of chemical fertilizers, incorporation of crop residues, liming acidic soils, and keeping land under pasture. Organic matter can adsorb heavy metals in the soils, which reduce toxicity of these metals to plants and reduce their escape to ground water. Similarly, SOM also adsorbs herbicides, which may inhibit contamination of surface and ground water. Furthermore, SOM also functions as a sink to organic carbon and mitigates carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas escape to the environment. Globally, soil organic matter contains about three times as much carbon as found in the world's vegetation. Hence, organic matter plays a critical role in the global carbon balance that is thought to be the major factor affecting global warming. Overall, adequate amounts of soil organic matter maintain soil quality, preserve sustainability of cropping systems, and reduce environmental pollution.     

添加矿化垃圾腐殖土对绿化土壤物理特性的影响

矿化垃圾腐殖土作为绿化基质使用可以增加土壤中有机质及养分质量分数,但同时可能会对土壤物理及水分特性造成影响。运用土壤物理及水动力学方法,通过不同矿化垃圾质量添加比(0%、25%、50%、75%)进行田间、室内对比试验,比较不同配比对土壤物理性质和水分特性的影响。结果表明:1)添加矿化垃圾腐殖土质量比为25%时,土壤物理性质(密度、孔隙度等)和水分特性均无明显变化,仅土壤砂粒体积分数增加;添加比为50%时,土壤密度、毛管孔隙度和饱和含水率均无显著变化,但土壤总孔隙度明显降低,土壤砂粒体积分数及饱和导水率显著升高;添加比为75%时,土壤物理性质和水分特性均影响显著,其中土壤砂粒体积分数升高约217%,土壤饱和含水量降低11%,毛管含水量降低26%,土壤饱和导水率增加约93%,土壤有效水含量减少24.9%;2)Gardner模型能较好地拟合不同处理土壤水分特征曲线;3)添加矿化垃圾腐殖土在作为绿化基质使用过程中,质量添加比为25%~50%较适宜。     

土壤调节剂对土壤物理性质的改善

Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM),anionic polyacrylamide(PHP),cationic polyacrylamide(PCAM),non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA),anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN)and polyethleneoxide(PEO)on the physical properties of three different soil stpes were studied.content of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.25mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners,Among the six kinds of condiftioners,non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyleneoxide(PEO)the least effective for Chao soil,red soil and yellow-brown soil.Water-stable aggregates with the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range.Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased after aplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.     

乡土树种改造豆科人工纯林对植物群落和土壤微生物学和化学属性的影响

在退化的人工林中种植乡土树种是将退化人工林恢复为多样性更高的植物群落的有效措施之一,但是此类林分改造对土壤属性的影响研究较少。以南亚热带退化的豆科树种人工林以及在退化的豆科树种人工林中种植乡土树种10 a后的混交人工林为研究对象,比较两者植物群落结构、土壤微生物学属性和化学属性的差异,旨在为该区域退化人工林改造提供依据。结果表明,种植乡土树种后的林分具有较高的植物多样性。与未种植乡土树种的马占相思（Acacia mangium;AM）林相比,种植乡土树种后的马占相思林（NM）土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、基础呼吸（BR）、呼吸熵（q_CO2）、土壤有机碳（TOC）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）显著下降;与未种植乡土树种的大叶相思（Acacia auriculiformis;AA）林相比,种植乡土树种的大叶相思林（NA）的土壤微生物学属性和化学属性无明显变化。种植乡土树种后,马占相思林和大叶相思林全氮（TN）和全磷（TP）无明显变化,但铵态氮和硝态氮均下降。这些结果表明,在退化的人工林中种植乡土树种对土壤微生物学和化学属性的影响取决于人工林类型,这一措施对土壤属性的影响仍需长期监测。     

Applications of S‐theory in the study of soil physical degradation and its consequences

The S‐theory for soil physical quality is introduced. It is shown how values of S can be determined from the water retention characteristic curve. It is also explained how, when experimental data are not available, pedotransfer functions can be used to obtain estimates of S. Although S was first introduced as an index of soil physical quality, it is being increasingly found that it is a useful numerical quantity that can be used in equations for prediction of a range of soil physical properties. Its use is illustrated with examples for hydraulic conductivity, friability, tillage, compaction, penetrometer resistance, plant‐available water, root growth and readily dispersible clay. The main merit of S derives from the fact that given values of S have the same meaning and consequences in different soils. It is described how S can be used to identify areas of land where physical degradation or amelioration are taking place, and to evaluate management practices that will give sustainable land use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重庆缙云山典型林分土壤结构分形特征

 为了解长江三峡库区森林土壤的物理性质,运用分形原理,研究重庆缙云山4种典型林分林地土壤分形特征,建立土壤结构分维与土壤性质预测模型,运用弹性分析与边际分析,探讨土壤结构分形变化与土壤性质变化的关系。研究表明:土壤机械组成分维、微团聚体组成分维和孔隙组成分维可作为评价土壤结构的指标。不同林分林地土壤颗粒机械组成分维值为2.7～2.9,土壤微团聚体组成分维为2.5～2.8,土壤孔隙组成分维为2.3～2.8。从质地、微团聚体组成和孔隙组成来看,常绿阔叶灌丛土壤结构要明显优于其他林地土壤,而楠竹林最差。不同林分及农地土壤的微团聚体组成、机械颗粒组成和孔隙组成分维与土壤性质存在较明显相关关系,相关系数都在0.5以上。由弹性系数和边际量可以看出,机械分维的影响要大于微团聚体分维和孔隙组分维。这对进一步探讨分形学在土壤结构与土壤性质的应用方面有重要的意义。     

不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤理化特性研究

通过比较不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤理化性质,分析了不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤质量的变化,并分析了各苜蓿地土壤理化性质在耕层垂直分布上的变化。结果表明,苜蓿种植时间的长短对土壤理化性质影响程度不同,总体表现是苜蓿种植时间越长,对土壤理化性质影响越大。不同种植年限苜蓿地有机质和全量养分在耕层垂直分布均无差异,而速效养分和容重等特性随苜蓿种植时间的增长,层次之间的差距愈明显     

Effect of Three Different Qualities of Biochar on Selected Soil Properties

An incubation study was conducted to determine how biochar interacts with a nitrogen fertilizer and how it reacts in the soil as well as to measure the effect of different biochars on soil chemical properties. Two Iowa soils, Nicollet surface soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) and Storden subsoil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Eutrudept), were mixed with three different qualities of biochar and a nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The biochar was created from corn stover that was pyrolized with three different amounts of atmospheric air: 0% (biochar 1), 10% (biochar 2), and 25% (biochar 3). Soil tests for pH, total nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P), extractable potassium (K), ammonium N, nitrate N, organic matter, and total carbon (C) were performed. The different biochars significantly affected the total N, total organic C, and pH in both soils at all rates of urea applied. The conditions during pyrolysis influenced how the biochar/fertilizer reacted with the soil.