外源水杨酸对锰污染红壤中玉米的生长与抗氧化酶活性的调节作用

采用盆栽实验方法研究了外源水杨酸（SA）对锰污染红壤中玉米的生长、脂质过氧化程度、活性氧水平以及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,过量锰明显降低玉米植株干重,显著提高了茎叶和根中锰的含量。SA促进锰胁迫下玉米的生长,但对植株中锰的含量与分布无影响。过量锰处理下,玉米叶片超氧阴离子（O.2-）和过氧化氢积累显著增加,脂质过氧化、电解质渗透率和脯氨酸含量显著升高;而SA和过量锰复合处理下,这些指标则显著降低。过量锰诱导超氧化物歧化酶（SOD,EC1.15.1.1）、过氧化物酶（POD,EC1.11.1.7）活性升高,抑制过氧化氢酶（CAT,EC1.11.1.6）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX,1.11.1.11）活性;SA处理促进锰胁迫下SOD和POD活性进一步升高,减小CAT和APX活性下降的程度。这些结果提示,SA调节抗氧化酶活性,保护组织细胞免遭氧化损伤,是SA缓解过量锰对玉米毒害作用的重要生理原因。     

DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF TWO OLIVE CULTIVARS TO EXCESS MANGANESE

The response of three-month-old rooted cuttings of the olive cultivars ‘Picual’ and ‘Koroneiki’ grown in black plastic bags containing perlite as a substrate to excess manganese (Mn) (640 μM) was studied. The rooted cuttings were irrigated with 50% modified Hoagland nutrient solution. At the end of the experimental period, which lasted 130 days, the total fresh and dry weights, as well as the shoot elongation of ‘Picual’ plants were significantly reduced under excess Mn (640 μM), compared to the control plants (2 μM), whereas the growth of ‘Koroneiki’ plants was similar in both Mn treatments. The tolerance index, which is derived from the ratios between the plant growth data of different treatments and the control one, of ‘Picual’ plants to excess Mn was about half of this of ‘Koroneiki’ plants. In both cultivars, the concentrations of Mn in various plant parts (root, basal stem, top stem, basal leaves, top leaves) were significantly increased as Mn concentration in the nutrient solution increased. Furthermore, in the 640 μM Mn treatment, 2 to 2.5-fold greater Mn concentrations were recorded in almost all plant parts of ‘Koroneiki’, than those of ‘Picual’. Similar results were recorded with regard to the total Mn content per plant (‘Koroneiki’ absorbed much more Mn from the nutrient solution than ‘Picual’). On the other hand, excess Mn negatively affected the absorption of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and boron (B), depending on the olive cultivar. In both cultivars, while the Mn use efficiency was significantly decreased under excess Mn conditions, the nutrient use efficiencies of P, Ca, and Fe were significantly increased, compared to the control plants (2 μM Mn). It was also found that excess Mn resulted in a significant increase of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of both cultivars, whereas the photosynthetic rate was significantly increased only in ‘Koroneiki’. In ‘Picual’, similar photosynthetic rates were recorded in both Mn treatments. The measurement of the various chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, F_v/F_m and F_v/F₀ ratios, revealed that the functional integrity of photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthesis was not affected due to excess Mn, irrespectively of the cultivar. In conclusion, although ‘Koroneiki’ tissues had much higher Mn concentrations than those of ‘Picual’, the parameters related to the growth and photosynthetic performance of plants indicates that the internal tolerance of ‘Koroneiki’ tissues to excess Mn was higher than this of ‘Picual’.     

Effects of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Physiological Characteristics of Peanut Seedlings under Iron-Deficiency Stress

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by adopting the hydroponic experiment. Iron deficiency caused serious chlorosis, inhibited plant growth and dramatically decreased the concentration of Fe in the roots. Furthermore, it decreased the active Fe content and chlorophyll content, and disturbed ionic homeostasis. In addition, Fe deficiency significantly increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the superoxide anion (O₂^??) generation rate. Addition of SA increased Fe concentration in the shoots and roots, active Fe content, chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. Moreover, SA supplementation alleviated the excess absorption of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) induced by Fe deficiency. In addition, the chlorosis symptom was alleviated and the plant growth was improved. Meanwhile, addition of SA increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and decreased the content of MDA and the O₂^?? generation rate. These results suggest that exogenous SA can alleviate Fe-deficiency induced chlorosis by promoting the plant growth, improving the efficiency of Fe uptake, translocation and utilization, protecting antioxidant enzymes system, and stimulating mineral element maintenance.     

Mechanism of manganese toxictty and tolerance of plants VII. effect of light intensity on manganese‐induced chlorosis

Effect of light intensity on Mn‐induced chlorosiss was investigated with bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. The seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Mn in enclosures which transmitted different percentages of the total solar radiation. At high levels of Mn in nutrient solution, the increase in light intensity increased the Mn uptake by the plant and resulted in a decrease in the chlorophyll content of the leaves. Even at similar levels of Mn concentrations within the leaves, high light intensity increased the severity of Mn‐induced chlorosis.

Photobleaching experiments were carried out with isolated chloroplasts suspended in media containing 0, 10^‐4 , 10^‐3,10^‐2 and 10^‐1 M Mn²⁺. Addition of Mn²⁺ to the medium decreased the extent of photobleacing of chlorophyll with increaing Mn²⁺ concentration up to 10^‐3 M . In concentrations of Mn²⁺ higher than 10^‐3 M, the extent of bleaching was increased again, accompanied by precipitation of oxidized manganese in the medium.

It is suggested that high light intensity stimulates not only the Mn uptake by the plant but also the destruction of chlorophyll when Mn in excess.     

花后干旱胁迫对不同持绿型玉米叶片衰老的影响

[目的]探讨不同持绿型玉米抗旱的生理机制差异,为促进作物持绿性状的应用,指导作物抗旱改良工作提供理论依据。[方法]利用盆栽试验,以正常灌水为对照,对持绿型玉米自交系齐319和早衰型玉米自交系B73在开花后进行1周的干旱胁迫处理,测定与抗旱相关的生理生化指标及叶片衰老特性。[结果]在干旱胁迫下,与早衰型玉米B73相比,持绿型玉米齐319叶片POD和SOD活性均较高。齐319叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性较对照分别增加了32.53%和18.84%,B73较对照分别增加了12.79%和10.82%。干旱胁迫使两玉米自交系的叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量较对照都有显著增加,齐319较对照增加了14.23%,B73较对照增加了37.43%。与对照相比,齐319叶片脯氨酸含量增加了57.95%,B73叶片脯氨酸含量增加了43.67%。且在干旱胁迫下,持绿型玉米齐319具有相对较高的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),绿叶面积、叶片保绿度、光合色素含量均高于早衰型玉米B73,而蛋白水解酶活性以及叶绿素水解酶活性均低于早衰型玉米B73。[结论]持绿型玉米齐319在干旱胁迫条件下表现出较强的抗旱性。     

KClO3诱导东魁杨梅成花的生理效应

研究不同KClO3浓度对6年生东魁杨梅成花过程生理生化的影响,结果表明:喷施KClO3后东魁杨梅叶片细胞受到伤害处于胁迫状态,丙二醛含量和电解质渗漏率显著增加.KClO3浓度低于1 500 mg·L-1时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量均显著增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,导致叶片光合能力显著上升;生理分化期叶片蛋白质含量明显上升,可溶性糖含量降低;而形态分化期蛋白质含量下降,可溶性糖含量显著上升,可溶性糖/蛋白质比值显著增加,从而促进东魁杨梅的花芽分化.KClO3浓度高于1 500 mg·L-1时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均降低;SOD、POD和CAT活性降低;导致叶片光合能力、可溶性糖含量以及可溶性糖/蛋白质比值显著下降,从而抑制东魁杨梅的花芽分化.结论是喷施1 000～ 1 500 mg·L-1 KClO3可显著提高东魁杨梅的成花率.     

长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对夏玉米叶片光合特性的影响

采用2 种不同夏玉米基因型（陕单9号,抗旱品种;陕单911,不抗旱品种）的盆栽试验,研究了长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对各生育期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量的影响,旨在从光合生理特性揭示这些因子的抗旱机理。结果表明,长期水分胁迫下叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度（除成熟期）和叶绿素含量显著降低,不抗旱品种降幅更甚。抗旱品种的净光合速率和叶绿素含量大于不抗旱品种,而蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度则相反。两品种苗期光合作用较弱,净光合速率和叶绿素含量均较低,抽雄期达到高峰。施氮能不同程度降低水分胁迫下玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,增加叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率,从而减缓水分胁迫对光合作用的伤害。随氮肥用量增加,不抗旱品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著升高,蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显降低,两种氮肥用量间有显著差异;抗旱品种在低氮用量时效果显著,但高低氮用量间无显著区别。钾对受水分胁迫的玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。相反,在适量供水条件下,氮钾肥的作用明显下降。以上结果表明,适当用量的氮、钾肥,可以有效地改善水分胁迫下作物叶片的光合特性,从而增强作物的抗旱性。     

锑胁迫对玉米生物量、光合特性及锑积累的影响

为了探讨锑污染对经济作物玉米的生长及光合生理的影响,以高产多抗玉米品种滑玉14为材料,通过盆栽试验的方法研究了不同浓度[0(CK)、50、250、500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)]重金属锑(Sb)胁迫对玉米生物量、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及锑积累特征的影响。结果表明,随着生长介质中Sb浓度的增加,玉米生物量、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)和PSⅡ最大光能交换效率(Fv/Fm)均呈下降趋势,瞬时水分利用效率(i WUE)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势。高浓度Sb(1 000 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下,玉米的生物量,叶绿素含量、净光合速率和Fv/Fm显著减少(P0.05),分别比CK下降了47.90%、34.22%、52.70%和7.84%;iWUE和MDA显著升高(P0.05),分别比CK升高66.71%和34.02%。随着生长介质中Sb浓度的增加,玉米地下及地上部分锑含量均呈现增加的趋势,各处理之间的差异均达到显著水平(P0.05),转运系数也呈现逐渐增加的趋势,然而其值(在0.52~0.82之间)均小于1,表明高产多抗玉米品种滑玉14向地上部位转运锑相对较少,这可能有利于保护该玉米品种叶片的光合机构,增强植株对锑的耐受能力。本研究结果为经济作物玉米应用于重金属污染土壤修复提供了一定的参考依据。     

Significance of sulfur in heat stressed cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) genotypes: responses of growth,sugar and antioxidative metabolism

A sand culture experiment was carried out to study the effects of sulfur deprivation on heat stress tolerance of two cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) cultivars (GC-1 and Pusa Nau Bahar (PNB)). Three weeks old sulfur-starved and sulfur-supplemented plants were subjected to heat stress (45°C/35°C) treatment for 24 h. Total dry weight, chlorophyll content, Chlorophyll a:b ratio, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, H₂O₂ content, sugar, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), ascorbate and glutathione concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) were monitored, at the end of the heat stress treatment. Heat stress enhanced and sulfur starvation depleted the contents of sugar metabolites, but the accumulation of sugar, G-6-P and F-6-P were not related with heat stress tolerance. Antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were influenced significantly more by sulfur starvation than heat stress. The results showed that under heat stress, the addition of sulfur helps to mitigate the oxidative damage in both the cultivars. However, GC-1 was more heat tolerant as it was characterized by significantly higher total dry weight, chlorophyll content, ascorbate and glutathione content and lower H₂O₂, MDA, electrolyte leakage than PNB.     

深色有隔内生真菌柱孢顶囊壳对玉米幼苗生长、光合作用及耐铅能力的影响

Dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi are ubiquitous and cosmopolitan,and occur widely in association with plants in heavy metal stress environment.However,little is known about the effect of inoculation with DSE fungi on the host plant under heavy metal stress.In this study,Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus,which was isolated from Pb-Zn mine tailings in China and had been proven to have high Pb tolerance,was inoculated onto the roots of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to study the effect of DSE on plant growth,photosynthesis,and the translocation and accumulation of Pb in plant under stress of different Pb concentrations.The growth indicators (height,basal diameter,root length,and biomass) of maize were detected.Chlorophyll content,photosynthetic characteristics (net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,stomatal conductance,and intercellular CO2 concentration),and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of the inoculated and non-inoculated maize were also determined.Inoculation with G.cylindrosporus significantly increased height,basal diameter,root length,and biomass of maize seedlings under Pb stress.Colonization of G.cylindrosporus improved the efficiency of photosynthesis and altered the translocation and accumulation of Pb in the plants.Although inoculation with G.cylindrosporus increased Pb accumulation in host plants in comparison to non-inoculated plants,the translocation factor of Pb in plant body was significantly decreased.The results indicated that Pb was accumulated mainly in the root system of maize and the phytotoxicity of Pb to the aerial part of the plant was alleviated.The improvement of efficiency of photosynthesis and the decrease of translocation factor of Pb,caused by DSE fungal colonization,were efficient strategies to improve Pb tolerance of host plants.     

Changes in peroxidase activity and lignin content of cultured tea cells in response to excess manganese

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to identify the effects of manganese (Mn) on the activity of peroxidase (PO) and the amount of ascorbic acid (AsA) and lignin, as well as the cell viability of suspension-cultured tea cells (Camellia sinensis L. cv. Yabukita). Cells were grown in B5 medium (containing 0.06 mmol L^?1 Mn) and cultured for 24 h in medium with a Mn concentration of 0.9 mmol L^?1 as an excess treatment. No significant difference was observed between cellular growth and the viability of the cultured tea cells after treatment with excess Mn compared with cells grown under control conditions, although the content of Mn in cells in the excess Mn treatment was 12-fold higher than that of the control cells. The amount of total AsA was also not affected by the Mn treatment. The activity of ionically wall-bound peroxidase (IPO) increased in the presence of excess Mn, unlike the content of lignin. Conversely, the activities of soluble PO and covalently wall-bound PO decreased with excess Mn. These findings suggested that IPO might contribute to Mn tolerance in tea cells. However, its role in the mechanism(s) of Mn tolerance has not been elucidated.     

秸秆生物炭和鸡粪对铅胁迫下玉米生长和生理特性的影响

通过盆栽模拟铅(Pb)胁迫试验,研究了不同秸秆生物炭添加量(20,40g/kg土壤)、不同鸡粪添加量(20,40g/kg土壤)、秸秆生物炭和鸡粪等量复配(各20g/kg土壤)处理对Pb胁迫下玉米生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭和鸡粪不同处理均显著增加铅胁迫下玉米的株高、鲜重、光合色素含量、光合性能和抗氧化酶活性。生物炭和鸡粪等量复配处理较对照提高鲜重69.9%、株高50.0%、叶绿素b含量50.0%、净光合速率(P_n)97.9%、蒸腾速率(T_r)126.5%、气孔导度(G_s)132.6%、超氧化物歧化酶活性(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)68.4%、过氧化物酶活性(Peroxidase,POD)69.4%、过氧化氢酶活性(Catalase,CAT)115.3%、脯氨酸含量88.6%、可溶性糖含量48.6%。生物炭和鸡粪等量复配处理对促进铅胁迫下玉米的生长,提高叶片的光合能力和抗氧化能力效果最佳,为改善重金属铅污染的土壤质量和作物生长提供了经济有效的途径。     

Effect of Free Manganese Activity on Yield and Uptake of Micronutrient Cations by Barley and Oat grown in Chelator-buffered Nutrient Solution

The uptake of micronutrient cations in relation to varying activities of Mn²⁺ was studied for barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Thule) and oat (Avena sativa L. var. Biri) grown in chelator buffered nutrient solution. Free activities of Mn²⁺ were calculated by using the chemical speciation programme GEOCHEM-PC. Manganese deficient conditions induced elevated concentrations of Zn and Fe in shoots of both species. The corresponding antagonistic relationship between Mn and Cu could only be seen in barley. The observed antagonistic relationships were only valid as long as the plant growth was limited by Mn deficiency. The Mn concentration in both plant species increased significantly with increasing Mn²⁺ activity in the nutrient solution. The concentration of Mn in the shoots of oat was higher than for barley except under severe Mn deficiency where it was found equal for both species. Manganese was accumulated in the roots of barley at high Mn²⁺ activity. The different shoot concentrations of Mn between barley and oat are therefore attributed to the extent of Mn translocation from roots to shoots. Manganese deficiency induced a significant increase in the shoot to root ratio in both species.     

Effects of excess manganese and metal chelators on micronutrient concentrations in the xylem sap of iron-deficient barley plants

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse for 14 d under Fe-deficient conditions before treatment for 3 h with excess Mn (25 µM) and equimolar amounts of plant-borne (phytosiderophores, PS) or synthetic (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA) metal chelators. The xylem sap was collected for 3 h and analyzed for PS, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and citrate concentrations. Excess Mn in the feeding medium decreased the concentrations of PS, Fe, Zn, and Cu in the xylem sap. Addition of 25 µM Mn and an equimolar amount of PS to the feeding medium increased the concentrations of PS, Fe, and Cu in the xylem sap, while EDTA decreased the concentrations of PS and the above nutrients. Excess Mn in the feeding medium increased the Mn concentration in the xylem sap and this increase was more pronounced with the addition of PS to the feeding medium, while EDTA had a depressing effect. These findings suggested that the roots of Fe-deficient barley plants can enhance the absorption and/or translocation of both Mn²⁺ and a PS-Mn complex. Addition of excess Mn to the feeding medium, irrespective of chelators, did not affect the xylem citrate concentration, indicating that citrate may not contribute to the translocation of metal micronutrients. In the xylem sap of Fe-deficient barley plants, the concentrations of metal micronutrients were positively correlated with the concentrations of PSG     

Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Flue-cured Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.) under Selenate-Se Stress

Selenate is chemically similar to sulfate and can be taken up and assimilated by plants. Although selenium (Se) has not been shown to be essential for higher plants, Se is toxic to many crops in excess. To obtain better insights into the effects of the possible mechanism of how plants alleviates the toxicity of selenate-Se stress, the growth, Se subcellular distribution of fresh leaves, antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic traits of flue-cured tobacco (FCT) through a hydroponic experiment were studied. Results revealed that the growth of FCT reduced remarkably, meanwhile the content of proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) enhanced significantly with selenate-Se stress. Selenium was mainly stored in the cytoplasm and the cell wall in fresh leaves. Cell membrane of lipid peroxidation was aggravated, and it stimulated the improvement of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduced the activity of peroxidase (POD) with the selenate-Se stress. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (T_r), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of FCT were significantly reduced with selenate-Se treatments; whereas chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents (chlorophyll a + b) were not significantly difference between the treatments. The above declared that it had inhibitory effect on physiological characteristics and photosynthesis of FCT with selenate-Se stress. It was inferred that the reasons of photosynthesis reduction were the main limiting factors of stomatal closure and supplying of CO₂ deterioration of FCT with selenate-Se stress. Meanwhile, synthesized protein or/and amino acids storage in cytoplasm and fixed by cell wall of Se were the important methods to alleviate the toxicity and enhance the tolerance of selenate-Se stress to FCT.     

Metal micronutrients relationships in crop,soil, and common weeds of two maize (Zea mays L.) fields

Deficiencies of metal micronutrients are common in some calcareous soils. Samples of aerial parts of maize and five common weeds and also soil beneath these plants were collected and analyzed to investigate the status and relationships of metal micronutrients in soil, crop, and common weeds of maize field trials at two sites. Results showed that Fe concentration in five studied weeds was higher than that of maize; the highest Fe concentration was found in Convolvolus arvensis and Echinochloa crus-galli (first site) and in Convolvolus arvensis tissues (second site). At both sites, the highest Mn concentration was observed in aboveground parts of Echinochloa crus-galli. The concentration of Mn (both sites) and Fe and Cu (second site) were remarkably higher in Echinochloa crus-galli tissues in comparison with maize. Also the concentrations of Fe (both sites) and Cu (second site) were considerably higher in Convolvolus arvensis tissues in comparison with maize. Available Fe was the highest in the soil beneath Convolvolus arvensis and Portulaca oleracea (first site) and beneath Convolvolus arvensis and Cenopodium album (second site). The high value of available Fe in the soil beneath Convolvolus arvensis may explain why Fe concentration was the highest in aerial parts of this weed species.     

氮素对菠菜衰老生理指标的影响

田间小区试验研究了氮素与菠菜衰老的关系。结果表明,菠菜生长前期,植株根系活力增强,叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率及SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性升高,但生长后期均持续降低;而叶片电解质渗漏及丙二醛(MDA)含量在全生育期内则持续增加。在施氮量低于600.kg/hm2条件下,增施氮素可显著降低菠菜叶片的电解质渗透率及MDA含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶活性及根系活力,提高叶绿素含量及光合速率,延缓菠菜衰老,进而提高菠菜产量。菠菜收获时,氮素用量600.kg/hm2处理的叶片电解质渗透率和MDA含量分别比对照(不施氮)降低50.9%、67.2%,SOD、POD和CAT活性及根系活力分别高59.2%、478.4%、290.9%和131.3%;叶绿素含量及光合速率分别高59.6%、131.3%,增产率达88.0%。施氮量达900.kg/hm2时则发生负效应,虽然产量比对照增产75.3%,但比600.kg/hm2施氮量减产6.7%。     

Some interactions of cadmium with other elements in plants

Abstract

Cadmium in solution culture at 10^‐4 M decreased Mn concentrations in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) at both low and high concentrations of Mn (noncompetitive inhibition). When Mn was decreased, the concentrations of Fe and several other ions were simultaneously increased, particularly in leaves and roots. Toxicity due to the 10^‐6 M Cd and the 10^‐4 M Mn was additive in the experiment. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Atlas57)was grown in amended soil, 15μg Fe as DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) per g soil resulted in increased uptake of Cd and in somewhat greater yield depression for soil pH of 3.9, 6. 0, and 7.6. Acidification of soil without DTPA also increased Cd uptake to high levels with associated yield decrease. The Cd decreased the uptake of Mn and Cu most when CaCO₃ had also been added to the soil. When salts were added to soil with Cd before bush beans were grown, KCl (200 μg K/g soil), and equivalent KH₂PO₄ increased Cd concentrations of leaves while CaSO₄ and KCl did so for roots. In bush beans with different levels of Cd and Zn, there were no yield interactions, but some interactions of Cd on Zn concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots at the high Zn level.     

Tolerance of seven tropical pasture grasses to excess manganese

Abstract

Setaria and paspalum were found to be very tolerant of excess Mn. Green panic and sorghum were somewhat less tolerant with foliar symptoms due to excess Mn being exhibited in plants containing 1000 ppm Mn and yield reductions occurring in plants containing Mn concentrations of the order of 2000 ppm. Excess Mn did not effect the early seedling growth of sabi grass but regrowth was severely depressed. Rhodes grass and buffel grass were severely effected by excess manganese. Regrowth of these two species was more adversely effected than initial seedling growth indicating that these species probably would not survive to maintain a stable pasture in Mn toxic situations.

Accumulation of excess Mn was accompanied by a linear decline in Ca concentrations in all species.     

Tolerance of Two Hydroponically Grown Salix Genotypes to Excess Zinc

Woody cuttings from two Salix genotypes (genotype I—clone LUC-31, Salix alba and genotype II- clone STOTT, Salix viminalis) were grown hydroponically for 14 days at increasing concentrations of Zn: control, 50, 100 or 150 μ M Zn. Genotype tolerance to excess zinc (Zn) was evaluated using a root elongation test. The changes in growth, Zn, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations as well as photosynthetic performance were used as additional evaluation criteria. Photosynthetic pigments concentrations in Zn-exposed cuttings of genotype II decreased as compared with genotype I, which corresponded well with the higher leaf Zn accumulation, decreased Fe concentrations as well as lowered photosynthetic rate. Based on the indicators used, genotype I (Salix alba) was classified as more tolerant to excess Zn than genotype II (Salix viminalis).