油菜籽脱壳与仁壳分离设备研究

油菜籽是我国最主要的油料作物之一,油菜籽脱壳制油新技术的推广应用,将改变我国油菜籽加工的单一模式,提高菜油和菜籽饼粕的经济价值和使用价值.介绍了该新技术的关键设备:油菜籽脱壳与仁壳分离设备的研究情况.生产实践证明,YTPG型机组是一种高效的油菜籽脱壳机组:脱壳率高达98%以上,仁中含壳率与壳中含仁率均小2%,前处理与后处理简单,生产成本低,便于推广应用.     

振动上吸式破壳油菜籽分选机性能试验

为优化破壳油菜籽分选机有关参数，以提高其分选性能。利用研制的振动上吸式破壳油菜籽分选机进行了三因素五水平的二次正交旋转回归试验，研究了喂入量、前风道风速和后风道风速对壳中含仁率和仁中含壳率的影响。结果表明影响壳中含仁率和仁中含壳率的因素主次顺序为：前风道风速、喂入量、后风道风速；较优参数：喂入量为650～750 kg/h、前风道风速为1.5 m/s、后风道风速为5.14 m/s。研究结果为破壳油菜籽分选机设计与性能改进提供基础资料。     

油茶籽脱壳机的研制与应用

采用挤压和碾磨原理以及风筛复合分离原理设计开发出了油茶籽脱壳机。油茶籽含水率和辊筒线速度是影响脱壳分离效果的主要因素。适宜的脱壳工艺条件为油茶籽含水率5%～20%，辊筒线速度8.90～10.00 m/s，在此工艺条件下，油茶籽脱壳率≥98.5%，仁中含壳≤4%、壳中含仁≤1%。油茶籽脱壳机成功投入了生产实践应用，获得了质量优良的油茶籽油和脱壳油茶籽饼粕，提高了油茶籽加工的经济效益。     

夹持式鲜菱角脱壳机设计与试验

针对鲜菱角手工脱壳率低、菱仁损伤率高等问题,该研究以湖北省浠水县两角菱为对象,设计了一种夹持式鲜菱角脱壳机。对鲜菱角外形尺寸和力学性能参数进行了测量,确定采用夹持板与链条夹持输送、圆形齿刀横切菱角两侧弯角、对辊挤压碾搓脱壳的技术方案。对夹持板、弹性压紧装置、横切刀片和脱壳装置等主要部件结构进行设计和分析,确定了结构和运动参数。运用ANSYS Explicit Dynamics模块对横切过程进行仿真,根据理论分析和仿真结果试制了脱壳样机,开展了横切试验和脱壳试验。横切试验表明,成熟度、输送速度和刀片转速均对切壳率影响显著（P<0.05）,对菱仁损失率影响不显著（P>0.05）。运用Design Expert 12优化得横切装置最优工作参数为：脆熟菱角、输送速度0.1 m/s、刀片转速1 000 r/min,该参数下的平均切壳率为79.41%,平均菱仁损失率为9.82%。采用Box-Benhnken试验设计开展三因素二次回归正交组合试验,优化得到脱壳装置最优工作参数为：脆熟菱角、慢辊转速59 r/min,线速比1.5,验证试验的平均脱壳率为66.52%,平均菱仁破损率为12.83%。研究结果可为鲜菱角脱壳装备的研发提供参考。     

荞麦剥壳机分离装置的改进试验

针对传统的荞麦剥壳机配用的上端吸风式分离器存在气流与物料混合不均匀，荞壳、荞仁分离不彻底等问题，为了进一步提高荞麦剥壳过程中荞壳、荞仁的分离率，试验在测得脱出物各自悬浮速度的基础上，对吸风式分离装置进行了改进设计，并对吸风口气流速度、匀料板的数量、通风网的放置位置进行了优化试验。得出试验因素的最优组合为：吸风口气流速度为8.0 m/s，通风网位置为中部，匀料板数量为3个。研究结果表明：经过优化改进后的侧吸风式分离器分离率达到99.3%，损失率为0.35%，证明对传统的剥壳机进行改进设计是有效的，达到了提高分离率和降低损失率的目的。     

沙棘籽脱壳方法及装置的试验研究

沙棘籽脱壳困难，采用多种方法研究了沙棘籽脱壳问题，找到了一种简单易行的脱壳方法——平磨法，并设计制造了试验装置，对影响脱壳的试验参数进行了研究，得出了试验规律，找出了参数的最优组合。该装置的脱壳率可达到９９．７％，籽仁破碎率在１０％以下，最小为２．２％，保证了籽仁的完整，有利于籽壳与籽仁的分离，生产上有应用前景。     

滚筒-栅条式银杏脱壳机结构参数的优化

为了提高银杏果脱壳品质和效率,研制了一种滚筒-栅条式银杏脱壳装置,通过对不同含水率银杏果的脱壳对比试验,发现脱壳率和破仁率主要取决于转子转速、滚筒直径、栅条间隙。采用中心组合试验设计方法进行了银杏脱壳试验,建立了银杏脱壳率和破仁率与转子转速、滚筒直径、栅条间隙之间的数学模型,并采用响应面优化分析和多目标优化法,得到了滚筒-栅条式银杏脱壳装置的最佳工作参数。结果表明:当转子转速为180r/min,滚筒直径为182mm,栅条间隙为10.5mm,含水率为12.6%时,银杏脱壳率为92.80%,破仁率为8.10%。该装置设计为银杏果脱壳生产提供了新的方法。     

核桃分级破壳取仁及壳仁分离关键技术与装置研究进展

中国是世界核桃种植面积和产量第一大国，高营养和经济附加值的核桃精深加工产品需求量日益增加，因而核桃具有广阔的综合开发利用前景。核桃分级、破壳取仁和壳仁分离是初加工流程中最为关键的3个环节，而且是核桃精深加工必备的前道工序。然而传统的手工作业方式及功能简单的核桃初加工装置无法满足食品工业对核桃高品质及批量化要求，严重制约核桃产业的发展。因此，加大核桃初加工关键技术及装置的研发力度势在必行。对于核桃分级，以尺寸特征为基础，锥辊式、栅条式、筛网式、视觉成像式是分级装置的4种原理。基于分级原理，分类总结分级装置现状及其应用特点；不同类型装置的多因素性能试验可得到各自优化参数组合。对于重点环节破壳取仁，核桃相应物理特性是破壳装置设计的重要依据，如球度、壳厚、含水率等直接影响核桃壳、仁的机械性能，分类总结表征不同物理特性的参数值范围。基于物理特性，挤压式、碰撞式、气爆式是核桃破壳的3种主要原理，分类总结核心破壳机构特征及其应用，并重点介绍了3种创新型破壳装置与工作原理。多因素性能试验可优化各类型装置主要影响因素的参数组合。对于壳仁分离，风选式是目前相关装置的主要应用原理，核桃混合壳仁形态特征及物理参数是设置风速和风向的主要依据；在风选式壳仁分离机理的基础上，分类总结多种壳仁分离装置及各自多因素性能试验下的优化参数组合。该研究通过对核桃初加工3个关键环节各自对应的核桃物理特性、工作机理、装置及其性能优化试验进行系统性总结和综述，期望加深对核桃初加工过程的理解，为提升核桃加工水平提供理论依据与技术支持。     

基于有限元分析的核桃脱壳技术研究

核桃破壳是核桃深加工的第一步，必须首先解决。经实测发现核桃形状不规则、壳仁间隙小。试验证明核桃壳完全破裂所需的变形量大于壳仁间隙，用一般的机械挤压方法破壳必将造成大量的碎仁。该文采用结构静力分析的有限单元法，通过所建核桃的几何模型和破壳的有限元模型，对核桃在几种载荷作用下的应力分布规律进行了分析，找出了核桃壳变形量不大且产生局部裂纹点多、裂纹点易扩展的最佳的施力方式。设计了导向机构。试验表明，核桃导向装置基本实现了使核桃的椭圆长轴与破壳辊轴线平行，使核桃以滚动方式挤压扩展裂纹提高了露仁率。     

芡实机械脱壳中的摩擦特性试验研究

为给芡实脱壳后的分离工艺和机械设计提供相关的物料性能数据,利用剪切仪、自制的斜面仪、休止角测定装置等设备,对不同成熟度、不同粒径大小的芡实颗粒的内摩擦系数、静滚动稳定角、休止角等摩擦特性进行了测定。结果表明,芡实颗粒越小、成熟度越低、接触表面粗糙度越大,则颗粒之间的摩擦力越大、颗粒与接触材料的摩擦力越大,其内摩擦系数、静滚动稳定角、休止角越大;利用斜度14.7～21.5°的斜面仪能够分离出芡壳,但不能对芡仁和带壳芡实整粒进行有效分离;采用橡胶板分离芡壳、芡仁效果最好。研究结果可为芡实脱壳、分离等相关机械的研发提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分，因此，各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中，在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究，而植物中则相对缓慢，但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成，以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。