长期施肥对农田黑土微生物活力与群落结构的影响

以黑土长期肥料定位站CK、N、P、NP、MN(有机肥+氮)、MP(有机肥+磷)、MNP(有机肥+氮+磷)等处理为供试土样,研究氮、磷及有机肥不同配施条件下土壤基本理化性质、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、中性磷脂脂肪酸(NLFA)、酸(碱)性磷酸酶、微生物量碳或氮(SMB-C或N)等变化规律。结果表明,26年有机肥-化肥配施明显提高土壤有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)以及速效氮、磷、钾等养分含量,其SMB-C或N、SMB-C/OM比值、磷酸酶活力以及各菌群PLFA含量显著高于CK和各化肥处理。长期N处理微生物活力明显低于CK,而P处理对微生物活力与结构影响最小。NLFA在各菌体相对含量与活体生物标识物变化趋势相反,表明养分充足的有机肥处理中各菌群休眠体或贮存物质积累有限。PLFA、NLFA与NLFA/PLFA主成分分析表明,有机肥与化肥处理微生物群落结构显著不同。个别PLFA或NLFA载荷值分析表明,真菌C18∶2ω6,9受有机肥施用影响显著;而G+菌iC15∶0、iC17∶0、iC16∶0等更易受化肥施用影响。与PLFA或NLFA相比,NLFA/PLFA比值PC分析能更有效地区分不同施肥处理。     

硝化抑制剂和秸秆对潮棕壤碳氮转化和微生物群落特征的短期影响

氮是植物和微生物生长繁殖的必需营养元素,而氮矿化表征了土壤供氮能力。通过盆栽实验,采用同位素稀释法和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法,研究了添加硝化抑制剂和秸秆条件下,潮棕壤碳氮矿化和微生物群落组成变化特征。结果表明,与施氮量N 0.1 g·kg~(-1)的单施氮肥处理(NF)相比,氮肥配施1%硝化抑制剂(NFI)的土壤铵态氮提高32%,而硝态氮降低53%。氮肥与施用量为5 g·kg~(-1)的秸秆配施(NS),土壤氮素总矿化速率增加36%,微生物生物量碳提高51%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性提高36%,同时显著增加了土壤总PLFA以及细菌、真菌、真菌/细菌和革兰式阴性菌(P0.05),土壤呼吸熵降低50%。与氮肥配施秸秆处理(NS)相比,氮肥、秸秆和硝化抑制剂配施处理(NSI),土壤铵态氮提高33%,硝态氮下降47%。综上所述,氮肥和秸秆配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量,改变土壤微生物群落组成,配施1%(N)硝化抑制剂后降低土壤硝化速率,增加土壤供氮能力。     

放牧与围栏内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮变化及微生物群落结构PLFA分析

以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原为研究对象,采用氯仿熏蒸法和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析方法研究了放牧与围栏条件下内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征的变化情况。研究表明放牧与围栏草地土壤微生物生物量和群落结构差异显著。氯仿熏蒸法分析结果表明内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳的含量介于166.6-703.5mg·kg^-1之间,微生物生物量氮含量介于30.34-92.15mg·kg^-1之间,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮最高,大针茅草原次之,克氏针茅草原则最低。放牧条件下,贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著低于围栏草地,克氏针茅草原则无显著变化。PLFA分析结果显示,内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落PLFAs种类、含量丰富,共检测出28种PLFA生物标记磷脂脂肪酸,并且以直链饱和脂肪酸和支链饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占总量的2/3左右,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物含量最丰富,其围栏样地土壤的PLFA含量达到27.3nmol·g-1,大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原依次降低。围栏条件下,各类型草原土壤细菌脂肪酸与总PLFA含量均显著高于放牧草地,真菌脂肪酸含量则因草原类型不同各有差异;放牧导致各类型草原革兰氏阳性细菌PLFAs/革兰氏阴性细菌PLFAs（GPPLFAs/GNPLFAs）比值显著降低,而除了克氏针茅草原,细菌PLFAs/真菌PLFAs比值则显著升高。PLFAs主成分分析表明,放牧和围栏处理对内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构产生影响,且围栏处理的影响程度大于放牧处理。经相关分析表明,氯仿熏蒸法和PLFA分析方法之间有很好的一致性,且土壤微生物PLFAs与土壤有机质、全磷、硝态氮显著相关。     

水分条件对水稻土微生物群落多样性及活性的影响

采用BIOLOG碳素利用法、磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）法和土壤酶活性测定等方法比较了三种水分条件（淹育、淹育晾干、非淹育）对水稻土微生物群落多样性及活性的影响。结果表明，淹育处理水稻土的脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性明显高于淹育晾干和非淹育处理，并导致该土壤的基础呼吸升高。BIOLOG碳素利用法表明，非淹育处理的微生物群落平均吸光值（AWCD）显著低于淹育和淹育晾干处理。磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）实验发现，淹育水稻土的真菌特征脂肪酸（18：2w6，9c）所占比例减少，真菌特征脂肪酸（18：2w6，9c）与细菌特征脂肪酸（15：0i＋15：0a＋16：0i＋16：1w5c＋17：0i＋17：0a＋17：0cy＋17：0＋18：1w7c＋19：0cy）的比值下降；水分条件变化没有改变土壤微生物环丙基脂肪酸19：0cy的相对丰度，但非淹育处理的环丙基脂肪酸17：0cy相对丰度明显高于另外二种处理。BIOLOG碳素利用法的群落水平生理剖面（CLPP）和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）测定结果经聚类分析后，发现淹育和淹育晾干处理的土壤微生物多样性在较低的距离尺度可聚成一类，且与非淹育土壤具有明显差异。淹育水稻土与淹育晾干相比，尽管土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性有一定的相似性，但微生物的种群组成和活性仍发生了较大的变化。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤性水稻土微生物群落结构的变化

以位于江西省红壤研究所内长期定位试验的水稻土(始于1981年)为研究对象,运用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)和BIOLOG分析技术研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)及有机肥与化肥混施(NPKM)三种施肥方式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:长期施化肥和有机肥与化肥混施处理的PLFA总量均高于未施肥处理,两者分别较未施肥处理高91%和309%;PLFA主成分分析(PCA)显示施肥促进了土壤微生物群落结构的变化,其中NPKM处理增加了革兰氏阴性细菌(G-细菌)、真菌、放线菌和原生动物的数量,NPK处理增加了革兰氏阳性细菌(G+细菌)的数量,不施肥处理较施肥处理提高了真菌/细菌比例,CK和NPK处理的微生物群落结构更为相似;各施肥处理间土壤的AWCD值(平均每孔颜色变化率,average well color development,AWCD)表明,NPKM处理能够促进土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用能力,进而增加土壤中微生物的整体活性,而NPK处理减弱了土壤微生物的活性。代谢功能多样性分析同时表明,NPKM处理增加了微生物群落的多样性,而NPK处理使土壤微生物的多样性降低;土壤PLFA与土壤养分的相关性分析显示,土壤总PLFA量与土壤有机质和全氮呈极显著相关(p0.01),与速效养分相关性不大。     

改变凋落物和根系输入对米槠天然林土壤微生物群落的影响

伴随气候变化下亚热带地区米槠天然林净初级生产力变化,凋落物以及植物根系输入亦会发生改变,这将显著影响土壤微生物群落。于2019年7月在设置7年的米槠天然林植物残体添加和去除试验（the detritus input and removal treatments,DIRT）样地采集不同处理（对照、去除地上凋落物、去除地下根系、无凋落物输入、添加双倍地上凋落物）的2个土层土壤（0—10,10—20 cm）,测定微生物磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）含量,计算各微生物群落比值以及多样性,进一步揭示凋落物和植物根系输入对亚热带米槠天然林土壤微生物群落组成和多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）不同处理下0—10 cm土层微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量约为10—20 cm土层的2倍;（2）地上凋落物变化均使得革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌及放线菌等细菌含量出现不同程度的下降,但不会对丛枝菌根等真菌含量产生影响,而去除根系处理显著降低丛枝菌根真菌含量;（3）微生物群落Shannon-wiener、Simpson多样性指数不受凋落物输入的影响,凋落物去除降低表层土壤微生物群落的Margalef丰富度,提高Pielou均匀度,表明0—10 cm土层微生物群落含量与分布状况受凋落物输入变化影响较大;（4）地下植物根系存在可提高真菌（如丛枝菌根真菌）含量,而地上凋落物输入主要改变细菌丰度以及群落结构。可溶性有机碳以及矿质氮是影响不同处理土壤微生物群落组成和多样性的主要因素。可见,凋落物和根系输入通过土壤理化性质的变化而影响了微生物群落,研究结果可为全面认识植物、土壤与微生物间的相互作用对森林生产力的影响提供科学依据。     

绿肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物群落被认为是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,指示着土壤质量的变化。本研究利用 3 年定位试验,通过测定磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)的含量,分析了连年绿肥和化肥配施对植烟土壤微生物群落结构的影响。研究结果表明：施肥明显地提高了土壤中 PLFAs 的种类和总量;在绿肥和化肥配施处理中,当翻压 15 000 kg/hm2 绿肥的基础上施用大于 85% 常规化肥时,明显提高了土壤中细菌、AM 真菌及微生物总的 PLFAs 含量;而当化肥的施用量减至常规施肥 70% 时,对土壤细菌、真菌及微生物总 PLFAs 含量的积累产生不利影响。从不同处理的主成分分析和聚类分析的结果可知,不同绿肥和化肥配施比例对土壤微生物群落结构变化有明显影响。经相关性分析表明,PLFA 分析方法和氯仿熏蒸法之间具有很好的一致性,且土壤速效钾和速效磷含量与革兰氏阴性菌的 PLFAs 含量呈显著相关,而与土壤真菌PLFAs 含量则无明显的相关性。     

地膜覆盖对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站地膜覆盖条件下土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸图谱及群落结构。结果表明:在玉米苗期,长期施氮肥处理土壤覆膜后大部分脂肪酸含量都有所提高;施有机肥处理的土壤覆膜后脂肪酸的含量有降低的趋势;有机无机肥配合施用处理的土壤覆膜会增加真菌的含量,但却降低了其他脂肪酸的含量;在不施肥处理的土壤中,覆膜会使一些支链脂肪酸的含量降低。抽雄期,施有机肥的土壤覆膜后除单饱和脂肪酸含量有所下降外,其他脂肪酸都会提高;不施肥土壤覆膜处理双不饱和支链脂肪酸及放线菌标志性脂肪酸10Me18:0的含量会有所提高。成熟期,施氮肥的土壤覆膜处理大部分脂肪酸的含量降低;有机肥处理土壤中各种脂肪酸如:15∶0,a17∶0,i17∶0,i19∶0,18∶0,10Me18∶0含量覆膜高于裸地;有机无机配施处理土壤中17∶0,br17∶0,18∶0,18∶2w6,10Me18∶0含量覆膜处理高于裸地;对照土壤中i15∶0,16∶0,17∶0,a17∶0,18∶0,18∶2w6,19∶0含量覆膜高于裸地。另外,从脂肪酸的变化看出,覆膜处理土壤微生物群落整体结构发生了改变,没有表现出明显的种群优势。但是,尽管土壤的施肥处理不同,覆膜处理土壤微生物群落结构有一致化发展的趋势。     

两种施肥处理下不同有机质含量农田黑土微生物群落结构PLFA分析

土壤有机质含量和施肥是影响黑土微生物群落结构的重要因素,但是受气候影响,很难单独明确有机质含量或施肥对土壤微生物群落的影响。本研究利用黑土生产力长期定位试验,将有机质含量不同的5个黑土(SOM1.7、SOM3、SOM5、SOM6、SOM11)置于相同气候条件下,通过分析磷脂脂肪酸,系统地研究了施肥与有机质含量对农田黑土微生物群落结构的影响。研究结果表明,5个有机质含量农田黑土中,土壤磷脂脂肪酸总量为10.6~31.5 nmol·g^-1,细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量为6.23~18.4 nmol·g^-1,真菌磷脂脂肪酸总量为1.78~4.57 nmol·g^-1。土壤有机质含量升高和施肥会显著提高土壤中总微生物量、细菌生物量和真菌生物量,但施肥和有机质含量对真菌/细菌比值无显著影响。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)分析表明,有机质含量和施肥是导致微生物群落结构差异的重要因素,但施肥可能会遮蔽有机质含量对微生物群落的影响。     

根结线虫病土引入秸秆碳源对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

【目的】微生物生物量及群落结构对农业管理措施极为敏感,土壤微生物数量和多样性的大小是土壤肥力状况的重要生物学指标,秸秆还田影响着土壤微生物的种群和数量。由于不合理的耕作,引起严重的根结线病虫害,尤以连作的番茄土壤十分普遍,研究连作条件下添加秸秆碳源对根结线虫（Meloidogyne spp.）病害严重土壤中土壤微生物生物量和群落结构的影响,探讨添加秸秆碳源加入量与土壤微生物量、群落结构及其真菌/细菌比值的相互关系、变化规律,可为病土的生态修复奠定一定的理论基础。【方法】本试验采用室内盆栽方法,试验设置4个小麦秸秆添加量0、 2.08、 4.16和8.32 g/kg,分别记为S0、 S1、 S2和S3,供试作物为番茄。采用磷脂脂肪酸法（PLFA）估算真菌生物量、细菌生物量和微生物生物总量。【结果】与不加秸秆的对照相比,秸秆碳源的施入显著增加了土壤微生物总生物量（MTB）、细菌生物量（MB）、真菌生物量（FB）。S3、 S2和S1处理的MTB、 MB、 FB分别为30.17、 28.42和22.72 nmol/g; 24.27、 23.12和22.97 nmol/g; 5.90、 5.30和4.93 nmol/g; 不同秸秆添加量处理之间,微生物总生物量和细菌生物量之间差异不显著,但真菌生物量差异达显著水平。添加秸秆处理使土壤中微生物群落结构发生了变化,真菌/总生物量（FB/MTB）、真菌/细菌（F/B）比值显著提高。S3、 S2和S1处理的FB/MTB和F/B分别为19.56%、 18.65%和17.78%; 24.34%、 22.94%和21.68%;S3和S2的比值之间差异不显著,两个处理的比值与S1处理之间差异显著。秸秆的添加对细菌生物量在微生物总量中的比例有降低作用,细菌在微生物总量中占据绝大比例,在S0、 S1、 S2、 S3个处理中分别为83.10%、 82.22%、 81.35%和80.44%,F/B比值分别为20.30%、 21.68%、 22.94%和24.34%。【结论】随着秸秆施入量的的增加,微生物总生物量、细菌和真菌生物量和F/B比值均有升高的趋势,特别是有利于F/B比值增加,说明秸秆碳源的施入改变F/B比值,从而改善病土食物网结构和土壤生态系统食物网营养结构。秸秆添加量以4.16和8.32 g/kg更为有效。     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

不同林龄杉木根际与非根际土壤微生物群落特征

为探究中亚热带杉木土壤微生物群落随林龄变化特征,以中亚热带7,24,34 a生杉木人工林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析其根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和群落结构及驱动土壤微生物变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:随着杉木林龄的增长,非根际土壤各类微生物数量不断减少,根际土壤微生物数量不断增加,34 a生杉木人工林细菌含量、革兰氏阴性菌含量、Cy:MONO根际土壤显著高于非根际土壤,而其他各类微生物在根际和非根际土壤间均没有显著差异。相关分析和冗余分析结果表明:土壤环境因子对杉木土壤微生物群落有显著影响,其中有效磷和铵态氮含量对土壤微生物群落的影响较大,有效磷含量与土壤微生物群落呈正相关,土壤铵态氮含量与其呈负相关。因此,在杉木人工林管理过程中,可适当增加磷的输入,以增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤质量,促进杉木的生长。     

Drying and rewetting effects on soil microbial community composition and nutrient leaching

The effects of a dry-rewetting event (D/RW) on soil microbial properties and nutrient release by leaching from two soils taken from adjacent grasslands with different histories of management intensity were studied. These were a low-productivity grassland, with no history of fertilizer application and a high-productivity grassland with a history of high fertilizer application, referred to as unimproved and improved grassland, respectively. The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) revealed that the soil of the unimproved grassland had a significantly greater microbial biomass, and a greater abundance of fungi relative to bacteria than did the improved grassland. Soils from both grasslands were maintained at 55% water holding capacity (WHC) or dried to 10% WHC and rewetted to 55% WHC, and then sampled on days 1, 3, 9, 16, 30 and 50 after rewetting. The D/RW stress significantly reduced microbial biomass carbon (C), fungal PLFA and the ratio of fungal-to-bacterial PLFA in both soils. In contrast, D/RW increased microbial activity, but had no effect on total PLFA and bacterial PLFA in either soil. Microbial biomass nitrogen (N) was reduced significantly by D/RW in both soils, but especially in those of the improved grassland. In terms of nutrient leaching, the D/RW stress significantly increased concentrations of dissolved organic C and dissolved organic N in leachates taken from the improved soil only. This treatment increased the concentration of dissolved inorganic N in leachate of both soils, but this effect was most pronounced in the improved soil. Overall, our data show that D/RW stress leads to greater nutrient leaching from improved than from unimproved grassland soils, which have a greater microbial biomass and abundance of fungi relative to bacteria. This finding supports the notion that soils with more fungal-rich communities are better able to retain nutrients under D/RW than are their intensively managed counterparts with lower fungal to bacterial ratios, and that D/RW can enhance nutrient leaching with potential implications for water quality.     

Changes in the soil microbial community structure with latitude in eastern China, based on phospholipid fatty acid analysis

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were measured in soils from 14 sites in eastern China representing typical geographic zones of varying latitude from north (47.4°N) to south (21.4°N). Amounts of soil microbial biomass, measured as total amounts of PLFAs, showed no regular trend with latitude, but were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, the concentration of humic acid and amorphous iron oxide. Soil microbial community structure showed some biogeographical distribution trends and was separated into three groups in a cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis of log transformed PLFA concentrations (mol%). Soils in the first group came from northern China with medium mean annual temperature (1.2–15.7 °C) and rainfall (550–1021 mm). Soils in the second group originated from southern China with a relatively higher mean annual temperature (15.7–21.2 °C) and rainfall (1021–1690 mm). Soils clustered in the third group originated from the most southerly region. The northern soils contained relatively more bacteria and Gram-negative PLFAs, while the southern soils had more fungi and pressure indexed PLFAs. These differences in soil microbial community structure were largely explained by soil pH, while other site and soil characteristics were less important.     

施肥对中国农田土壤微生物群落结构与酶活性影响的整合分析

【目的】 施肥能直接或间接改变农田生态系统的养分平衡,从而影响土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性。本研究探讨不同种植制度和土壤条件下施肥对农田土壤生物学特性的影响程度,为合理施肥和土壤肥力提升提供科学依据。 【方法】 通过收集近10年 (2008—2018年) 来发表的文献,建立了包含185组微生物量及群落结构等相关内容的数据库。采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),定量分析了施肥对土壤微生物量、群落结构以及酶活性的影响。 【结果】 与不施肥相比,施肥显著提高了土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸 (PLFA) 和微生物量碳、氮含量,提高幅度分别为28.5%、30.9%和41.6%。施用 (单施或配施) 有机物料对土壤微生物总PLFA含量及微生物量碳、氮含量的提高幅度分别为47.3%、50.4%和58.7%,相当于施用化肥的2.8、2.4和3.9倍。与不施肥相比,施肥均能增加各类微生物菌群PLFA含量,对细菌、真菌及放线菌的提高幅度为23.8%～30.4%,对革兰氏阴性菌(G–)和革兰氏阳性菌 (G+) 的提高幅度为37.8%～43.2%,且施用有机物料处理对各类微生物菌群PLFA含量的提高幅度显著高于施化肥处理。施用化肥对土壤微生物总PLFA含量的提高幅度在一年两熟制区为17.9%,在水田和水旱轮作条件下为18.3%～27.6%,而在一年一熟制区及旱地条件下对土壤微生物总PLFA含量无显著影响。在不同pH的土壤中,施用有机物料对微生物总PLFA的提高幅度均显著高于施化肥处理。在pH < 6与pH > 8的土壤上施用化肥对微生物总PLFA含量无明显影响。施肥显著提高了与土壤有机质分解相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶(42.4%)和乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(174.5%)的活性,对与氮循环相关的亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性无显著影响。统计分析还表明,施肥并未改变土壤微生物的真菌细菌比(F∶B)和革兰氏阳性菌革兰氏阴性菌比(G +∶G–)。 【结论】 在不同种植制度、土地利用类型和土壤pH下,施肥显著改变了土壤微生物量和与有机质分解相关的酶活性,但未改变土壤微生物的真菌细菌比(F∶B)和革兰氏阳性菌革兰氏阴性菌比(G+∶G–)。单施或配施有机物料均有利于提高农田土壤微生物总量及各类菌群的生物量,效果显著好于单施化肥。      

Low importance for a fungal based food web in arable soils under mineral and organic fertilization indicated by Collembola grazers

We investigated the Collembola community at an arable field where mineral and organic fertilizers have been applied at low and high rates for 27 years. As food resources for Collembola, the soil microbial community was analyzed using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). A special focus was put on AM fungi, which were estimated by the marker 16:1ω5 in PLFA (viable hyphae) and neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA – storage fat in spores) fractions. Additionally, whole cellular lipids in crop plant tissues and manure were assessed. Greater Collembola species richness occurred in plots where mineral fertilizer was added. In contrast, soil microbial biomass including AM fungal hyphae increased with addition of organic fertilizer, while the amount of AM fungal spores and biomass of saprotrophic fungi were not affected by fertilizer type. The lipid pattern in wheat roots was altered by fertilizer type, application rate and their interaction, indicating different rhizosphere communities. In sum, the availability and composition of food resources for Collembola changed considerably due to farm management practice. The major diet of three dominant Collembola species, Isotoma viridis, Willemia anophthalma and Polyacanthella schäffer was determined by lipid profiling. Multivariate analysis demonstrated species specific lipid patterns, suggesting greater importance of species than management practice on the diet choice. Nevertheless, feeding strategy was affected by fertilizer type and availability of resources, as trophic biomarker fatty acids indicated feeding on wheat roots (and to some extent saprotrophic fungi) with mineral and a shift to soil organic matter (litter, detritus) with organic fertilization. Although AM fungi dominated the soil fungal community, the AMF marker 16:1ω5 was not detected in Collembola lipids, indicating that these were not consumed. The very low amount of saprotrophic fungi in the soil and the fact that Collembola as major fungal grazers did not feed on AM fungi indicates that the fungal energy channel in the investigated arable field is of little importance to the faunal food web.     

Use of C-labelled plant materials and ergosterol, PLFA and NLFA analyses to investigate organic matter decomposition in Antarctic soil

The relationship between organic matter decomposition and changes in microbial community structure were investigated in Antarctic soils using ¹³C-labelled plant materials. Soils with and without labelled Deschampsia antarctica (a native Antarctic grass) were incubated for 42 days and sampled at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days. Changes in microbial community structure were assessed using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and an analysis of the fatty acids associated with the neutral lipid fraction (NLFA). These studies showed that there were no significant changes in PLFA or NLFA profiles over time suggesting no change in microbial community structure during residue decomposition. There was a marked increase however, in ergosterol levels in these soils indicative of growth of the fungal biomass. Analysis of this ergosterol using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the transformation of the plant residue by showing the incorporation of ¹³C-plant C into the ergosterol. This incorporation of ¹³C into the ergosterol increased over the incubation period. Importantly, these changes associated with fungal growth were not evident in the analysis of either the PLFA or NLFA fractions thus questioning the reliability of such approaches for studying changes in microbial communities associated with the decomposition of plant residues.     

蘑菇生长过程中覆土内微生物群落结构的变化特征

The culturable bacterial population and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile of casing soil were investigated at different mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cropping stages. The change in soil bacterial PLFAs was always accompanied by a change in the soil culturable bacterial population in the first flush. Comparatively higher culturable bacterial population and bacterial PLFAs were found in the casing soil at the primordia formation stage of the first flush. There was a significant increase in the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs during mushroom growth. Multivariate analysis of PLFA data demonstrated that the mushroom cropping stage could considerably affect the microbial community structure of the casing soil. The bacterial population increased significantly from casing soil application to the primordia formation stage of the first flush. Casing soil application resulted in an increase in the ratio of gram-negative bacterial PLFAs to gram-positive bacterial PLFAs, suggesting that some gram-negative bacteria might play an important role in mushroom sporophore initiation.