黄土高原不同降雨强度下生物土壤结皮对坡面流水动力参数的影响

[目的]明确不同降雨强度下生物土壤结皮对坡面流水动力参数的影响,进一步评估生物结皮的水土保持功能。[方法]以黄土高原典型藻结皮和苔藓结皮为研究对象,系统研究了60,90,120,150,200 mm/h雨强下生物土壤结皮对坡面流水动力参数的影响。[结果](1)所有雨强下藻结皮和苔藓结皮坡面流流型均为层流,除200 mm/h雨强下苔藓结皮坡面流为急流外,所有雨强下藻结皮和苔藓结皮流态均为急流;(2)藻结皮在90,120,150,200 mm/h雨强下流速、径流量和径流系数分别是60 mm/h雨强的1.76～3.9,4.89～9.26,3.91～4.13倍,苔藓结皮则为1.34～2.56,5.86～13.81,2.46～4.26倍,流速和径流量均随雨强呈线性函数增加(R²≥0.85,p<0.01),径流系数呈幂函数增加(R²≥0.49,p<0.05);(3) 60,90,120,150,200 mm/h雨强下藻结皮阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数变化范围分别为0.15～0.74,0.01～0.03,苔藓结皮则为0.82～3.02,0.03～0....     

黄土高原典型生物结皮对坡面产流产沙过程的影响

[目的] 明确不同类型生物结皮坡面产流产沙过程及其影响因素，为评价生物结皮的水土保持功能提供理论依据。[方法] 选取黄土高原常见藻结皮和苔藓结皮为研究对象，系统研究降雨条件下结皮类型及破坏前后对坡面产流产沙的影响。[结果] ①生物结皮可显著增强土壤黏结力，藻结皮和苔藓结皮土壤黏结力是裸地（4.53 kPa）的1.52倍和1.25倍，结皮破坏后其土壤黏结力仍高于裸地，分别是裸地的1.22，1.10倍；②生物结皮可以增加坡面产流，抑制坡面产沙。藻结皮和苔藓结皮产流量分别增加了21.64%和55.75%，产沙量分别减少了94.06%和89.24%。结皮破坏后，产流量分别增加了58.76%和59.66%，产沙量分别减少了16.18%和29.45%，仍可促进产流，抑制产沙；③随累积径流量的增加，累积产沙量增长速度由大到小依次为：裸地 > 藻结皮去除 > 苔藓结皮去除 > 苔藓结皮覆盖 > 藻结皮覆盖。黏结力是表征生物结皮抑制土壤侵蚀的有效指标。随黏结力的增大，产沙量呈线性降低（R²=0.66）。[结论] 增加生物结皮覆盖并有效防止生物结皮被破坏，可最大程度发挥其水土保持功能。     

毛乌素沙地人为干扰苔藓结皮的土壤水分和风蚀效应

[目的]为了探讨在毛乌素沙地人为干扰生物结皮的必要性与可行性,并为该区生物结皮的高效利用提供实验依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙地东南缘设置裸沙、苔藓结皮、干扰苔藓结皮、沙蒿、沙蒿+苔藓结皮以及沙蒿+干扰苔藓结皮6个处理小区,通过动态监测各小区土壤水分及风蚀变化过程,分析人为干扰苔藓结皮对土壤水分及风蚀过程的影响。[结果](1)沙地苔藓结皮能够显著提高浅层土壤含水量,降低深层土壤含水量。(2)人为干扰苔藓结皮会引起浅层土壤含水量的降低和降雨入渗深度的增加。(3)与裸沙对照相比,几种处理的减蚀效率大小顺序为:沙蒿+苔藓结皮(97.01%)沙蒿+干扰苔藓结皮(90.87%)苔藓结皮(89.63%)干扰苔藓结皮(69.50%)沙蒿(64.62%)。[结论]植被覆盖度较高时,对苔藓结皮进行适当破坏,能够在不加剧土壤风蚀的前提下,一定程度上改善土壤水分状况。而在无植被或低植被覆盖的地块,要禁止对苔藓结皮的干扰破坏。     

模拟氮沉降对白羊草地群落特征及其坡面流水动力特性的影响

大气氮沉降的增加可能会通过草地群落进而影响坡面流水动力特性。选取黄土高原典型地带性草本白羊草为研究对象,通过设置不同施氮处理(0,2.5,5,10 g/(m2·a),以N计,下同)模拟氮沉降,采用人工模拟降雨,探究土壤有效氮升高对白羊草群落季节变化及坡面流水动力特征的影响。结果表明,一定程度的施氮可有效增加白羊草盖度,促进藻结皮的生长,但会抑制苔藓结皮的发育。施氮使Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别降低了68.6%～71.5%和44.7%～47.4%;平均流速加快了32.0%～44.0%,径流深减小了25.1%～28.7%,同时,使径流剪切力和水流功率显著增加,过水断面单位能减少。随着季节变化,9月白羊草群落坡面Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别较6—8月显著增加了220.2%～496.9%和79.5%～139.4%,平均流速减缓了23.5%～29.7%,径流深增加了36.4%～66.9%,径流剪切力和水流功率均显著降低,过水断面单位能增加。降雨强度对坡面流特征也存在显著影响。随着降雨强度的增大,坡面流阻力减小,进而导致流速、径流深及水流功率增加。草地具有良好的调控坡面流的作用,然而大气氮沉降的增加可能会加剧草地群落坡面土壤侵蚀。     

丹江口库区典型小流域生物结皮驱动土壤性质变化及分离响应

为探究生物结皮发育驱动下土壤水蚀特征及机理,选取苔藓发育为优势种的退耕样地,设计5个盖度等级(1%～20%,20%～40%,40%～60%,60%～80%,80%～100%),以裸地为对照,在不同水流剪切力(6.12～19.64 Pa)下进行冲刷试验。结果表明：结皮发育显著影响土壤养分含量,且高盖度结皮覆盖下养分表聚效应更加明显。生物结皮发育显著影响土壤分离能力,裸地土壤分离能力[1.465 6 kg/(m²·s)]为生物结皮[0.004 2～0.468 2 kg/(m²·s)]的3.58～348.95倍,裸地细沟可蚀性(0.293 5 s/m)为生物结皮(0.001 0～0.082 2 s/m)的3.57～293.50倍。相对土壤分离能力及细沟可蚀性均随结皮盖度增加呈指数函数衰减,结皮冲破时间随结皮盖度增加呈指数函数增长;非线性回归分析表明,土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、生物结皮盖度和土壤黏结力进行模拟(NSE=0.749)。综上,生物结皮发育显著提升土壤抗侵蚀性能,研究结果可为半湿润区水土流失防治及生物结皮管理利用提供理论参考。     

土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征

为了深入探讨土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制以及两者之间的关系,以10°坡为例,在变流量(1.0,1.4,2.0,2.4和2.8 L/min)条件下进行室内冲刷试验,研究土壤结皮坡面径流水动力学特征(平均流速、平均径流深度、雷诺数、水流剪切力、水流功率、阻力系数)并分析坡面流水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明,土壤结皮对坡面流水动力学参数影响显著。土壤结皮坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流流态为层流;土壤结皮坡面具有较大坡面流流速,较小径流深度、水流剪切力和水流功率。结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量明显低于无结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量。土壤侵蚀量与坡面水动力学参数相关关系显著(相关系数R0.90),土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数呈线性正相关,与水流剪切力、水流功率的对数呈线性正相关,与阻力系数呈线性负相关。因此,在本研究中,单纯从径流冲刷侵蚀的角度土壤结皮的存在有利于减小坡面土壤侵蚀量。由于降雨因素对土壤结皮的侵蚀效应影响较大,将雨滴打击与径流冲刷相结合才能更好地研究土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制。     

三峡库区生物结皮对土壤分离过程的影响及其机制

为探明三峡库区生物结皮对土壤分离过程的影响及机制,以湖北省秭归县王家桥小流域为研究区域,选取以苔藓为优势种的生物结皮样地,以无结皮覆盖的裸地为对照,设计5个结皮盖度水平(1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%),采集原状土样,进行不同侵蚀动力条件下(水流剪切力4.89～17.99 Pa)的冲刷试验,建立生物结皮盖度与土壤分离能力、细沟可蚀性和临界剪切力间的定量关系,明确影响土壤分离过程的主要因素并阐明其作用过程。结果表明,生物结皮盖度显著影响土壤分离,裸地的土壤分离能力(0.160 kg/(m2·s))为生物结皮土壤(0.008～0.081 kg/(m2·s))的1.9倍～21.0倍,裸地的细沟可蚀性(0.018 7 s/m)为生物结皮土壤(0.009 5～0.000 9 s/m)的2.0倍～20.0倍;相对土壤分离速率和细沟可蚀性均随结皮盖度的增加呈指数衰减;通径分析显示土壤分离能力主要受结皮盖度、土壤黏结力和沙粒含量的影响,细沟可蚀性主要受结皮盖度和土壤容重的影响;非线性回归表明,土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、黏结力和结皮盖度的幂函数进行模拟(NSE=0.947)。综上,三峡库区生物结皮的发育有效增强了土壤侵蚀阻力,其抑制土壤分离主要通过地表覆盖的直接保护作用和土壤属性的间接改变作用。     

藻类与微生物添加对高陡边坡生物结皮人工恢复的影响

[目的]研究微生物与藻类对生物结皮野外恢复的影响,优化黄土高陡边坡生物结皮防护技术,为区域生态修复提供新的思路和方法。[方法]利用完全试验,研究藻类(小球藻+硅藻复合藻液)、功能性微生物(胶质芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌)两因素对人工恢复生物结皮发育状况的影响。[结果]①不同处理间发育差异明显,藻+巨大芽孢杆菌处理的生物结皮盖度中位数最大,均值为61.41%;,仅胶质芽孢杆菌处理的生物结皮厚度中位数最大,均值为2.58 mm;仅添加3 g藻处理的苔藓株高度中位数最大,均值为2.67 mm;②藻处理能够在不同添加水平下(1和3 g/m~2)显著解释(p0.05)样方间生物结皮的盖度、厚度与株密度发育差异,其添加量以2～3 g/m~2为宜;③功能性微生物对生物结皮盖度、厚度及苔藓株高度影响不明显(p=0.91/0.93/0.49),且与藻类无明显交互作用。[结论] 45°黄土边坡人工恢复生物结皮是可行的。在环境适宜的坡面喷洒藻液、接种苔藓茎段碎片,开展生物结皮恢复,能够有效构建具有一定覆盖度与厚度、发育良好的生物结皮防护层。     

科尔沁沙地生物结皮的土壤种子库特征

通过野外取样和室内分析,初步研究了科尔沁沙地两种生物结皮在干、湿两种处理下土壤种子库种类组成、密度以及物种多样性等特征。结果表明：①科尔沁沙地藻结皮和苔藓结皮土壤种子库的总密度为干旱藻结皮〈湿润藻结皮〈干旱苔藓结皮〈湿润苔藓结皮。两种结皮上种子库的数量存在显著差异,对于干、湿处理的两种结皮,苔藓结皮上种子库的总密度均大于藻结皮上种子库的总密度;②两种生物结皮在干旱、湿润两种处理中共出现了6科、15种植物,种子库的组成以一年生草本植物、中生植物为主,二者百分比均超过76%;③在干旱藻结皮、湿润藻结皮、干旱苔藓结皮和湿润苔藓结皮上,种子库物种多样性表现出湿润处理下的结皮高于干旱处理的结皮。由此表明,在半干旱的科尔沁沙地,水分是限制结皮土壤种子库中种子萌发的主要因子,而生物结皮则通过对水分入渗与再分配的调控作用影响结皮种子库中种子的萌发。     

科尔沁沙地生物结皮的土壤种子库特征

通过野外取样和室内分析,初步研究了科尔沁沙地两种生物结皮在干、湿两种处理下土壤种子库种类组成、密度以及物种多样性等特征.结果表明①科尔沁沙地藻结皮和苔藓结皮土壤种子库的总密度为干旱藻结皮＜湿润藻结皮＜干旱苔藓结皮＜湿润苔藓结皮.两种结皮上种子库的数量存在显著差异,对于干、湿处理的两种结皮,苔藓结皮上种子库的总密度均大于藻结皮上种子库的总密度;②两种生物结皮在干旱、湿润两种处理中共出现了6科、15种植物,种子库的组成以一年生草本植物、中生植物为主,二者百分比均超过76%;③在干旱藻结皮、湿润藻结皮、干旱苔藓结皮和湿润苔藓结皮上,种子库物种多样性表现出湿润处理下的结皮高于干旱处理的结皮.由此表明,在半干旱的科尔沁沙地,水分是限制结皮土壤种子库中种子萌发的主要因子,而生物结皮则通过对水分入渗与再分配的调控作用影响结皮种子库中种子的萌发.     

Wind transport of sand surfaces crusted with photoautotrophic microorganisms

Wind tunnel experiments show that while surfaces inoculated with photoautotrophic organisms are stable in winds up to 19 m s⁻¹, only filamentous cyanobacteria, especially Nostoc commune, afford considerable protection against abrasion from windborne particles. Crusts formed by the polysaccharide secreting alga Chlamydomonas acidophila break down easily under impact, the entrainment of large, low density aggregates possibly contributing to higher transport rates than would otherwise be expected for untreated sediment. Surface disintegration encompasses a suite of complex, scale dependent processes which vary with the structure, thickness and strength of the crust. Independent measurements of crust strength based on flexure testing are in good agreement with wind tunnel evaluation of crust stability. The accommodation of a relatively large amount of deformation without rupture is an important property of fibrous, photoautotrophic mats, perhaps outweighing consideration of their peak strength.     

人工降雨条件下土壤结皮的形成以及与土壤溅蚀的关系

通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀实验,测定土壤溅蚀速率,同时采样制作土壤切片,观察分析结皮的发育特征以及与土壤溅蚀的关系。结果表明,降雨过程中有两种类型结皮形成,即沉积结皮和结构结皮。土壤结皮随着土壤表面大团聚体或者大颗粒的分散而形成,并且伴随着下层大孔隙的出现。土表结皮的完善过程,也是土壤抗溅蚀能力增强的过程     

Laboratory methods for the estimation of infiltration rate of soil crusts in the Tabernas Desert badlands

Soil crusting is a crucial factor for runoff generation in the Tabernas Desert badlands; however, very few methods have been developed for the measurement of infiltration in crusts, which are often distributed on steep slopes where experimental devices are very difficult to install, making measurement difficult. We have used the trickle irrigation (TI) method and mini-disk infiltrometers (MDI) in the laboratory to measure steady infiltration rate under nearly saturated condition and tensions, respectively, in soil crust samples removed from the field. Steady infiltration rate under tensions were performed at three water pressure heads (h=−0.5, −2.0, and −6.0 cm).Steady infiltration rate of soil crusts in the Tabernas Desert badlands ranged from 21.3 to 30.7 mm h⁻¹ measured by TI method. Steady infiltration rate under tensions decreased with increasing tensions; it was 9.9–18.4 mm h⁻¹, 0.4–5.7 mm h⁻¹, and 0.2–3.3 mm h⁻¹ at −0.5-, −2.0-, and −6.0-cm pressure heads, respectively. Steady infiltration rate measured by TI method and that at a tension of 0.5 cm by the MDI is consistent with the results from the previous simulated rainfall studies in the same soil crust surfaces, suggesting that the TI and MDI methods may be potentially a useful lab measurement for approximating field infiltration rate.     

NaCl含量对风沙土盐结皮特性及其抗风蚀性能的影响

土壤盐结皮能够抑制水分蒸发，减少地表粉尘释放，在干旱区生态环境中具有十分重要的作用。为了获得干旱或半干旱区风沙土盐结皮的合理盐溶度，选取新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠东部风沙土为实验土壤，分别加入0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%、6.0%和7.0%（盐占混合物的百分比）的NaCl进行盐结皮实验，测试盐结皮的强度和韧性。利用电镜观察盐结皮微观结构，分析NaCl盐溶度对结皮抗压强度以及其抗风蚀性能的影响。实验结果表明：NaCl含量对风沙土结皮抗压强度和韧性有较大影响，随着NaCl含量的增加盐结皮的强度和韧性均呈现出先增加后降低的特殊现象；但盐结皮的抗压强度峰值和韧性峰值不同步，NaCl含量3.0%时，盐结皮韧性达到峰值；NaCl含量4.0%时，盐结皮的抗压强度才达到峰值。盐结皮表观和微观结构显示，盐含量>4.0%后结皮盐晶体出现盐斑聚集，这种盐晶体聚集导致盐结皮不均匀，进而导致盐结皮抗压强度复杂变化。     

模拟降雨条件下土壤结皮的发展和聚丙烯酰胺对黄土上结皮形成的影响

This study evaluated the morphological characteristics and dynamic variation in characteristics of soil crust and iden-tified the relationships between soil crust and splash erosion under simulated rainfall.The effect of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil aggregate stabilization and crust formation was also investigated.A laboratory rainfall simulation experiment was carried out using soil sample slices.The slices were examined under a polarized light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results revealed that the soil crusts were thin and were characterized by a greater density,higher shear strength,finer porosity,and lower saturated hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil.Two types of crusts,i.e.,structural and depositional crusts,were observed.Soil texture was determined to be the most important soil variable influ-encing surface crust formation;depositional crust formation was primarily related to the skeleton characteristics of the soil and happened when the soil contained a high level of medium and large aggregates.The crust formation processes observed were as follows:1) The fine particles on the soil surface became spattered,leached,and then rough in response to raindrop impact and 2) the fine particles were washed into the subsoil pores while a compact dense layer concurrently formed at soil surface due to the continual compaction by the raindrops.Therefore,the factors that influenced structural crust formation were a large amount of fine particles in the soil surface,continual impact of raindrops,dispersion of aggregates into fine particles,and the formation of a compact dense layer concurrently at the soil surface.It was concluded that the most important factor in the formation of soil crusts was raindrop impact.When polyacrylamide (PAM) was applied,it restored the soil structure and greatly increased soil aggregate stabilization.This effectively prevented crust formation.However,this function of PAM was not continuously effective and the crust reformed with long-term rainfall.In conclusion,this study showed that soil micromorphological studies were a useful method for evaluating soil crust formation.     

Tensile test of natural microbiotic crust

The mechanical properties of microbiotic crust are important to stabilize sandy surfaces in arid and semi-arid regions. We developed a new experimental approach to perform the tensile test of natural microbiotic crust. The modulus of elasticity, ultimate stress and one-dimensional stress–strain relation was obtained. The microbiotic crust we measured exhibits linear elastic behavior firstly and then breaks. This mechanical character was applied to the study of the rupture of microbiotic crust under the impact of one saltating grain. A very simple dimensionless variable was suggested to quantitatively assess surface stability.     

土壤结皮与降雨溅蚀的关系研究

在单雨滴和次降雨溅蚀实验的基础上 ,讨论了结皮土壤的溅蚀规律。通过与无结皮土壤的对比分析得知 ,两者的变化特征完全相同 ,但溅蚀量差异明显 ,即有结皮土壤的溅蚀量总是小于无结皮土壤 ,且两者溅蚀量的大小与坡度、前期含水率、雨滴直径、结皮厚度和降雨强度的因素有关 ,可用式 W =1.6915 S0 .1 777θ0 .4 6 6 7D0 .76 32 H- 0 .4 92 5和 W =0 .4 5 2 3 ( PI) 0 .7538S0 .1 450进行估算。     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土结皮形成的影响

采用人工模拟降雨溅蚀方法,通过采样制作土壤切片,研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土结皮形成的影响。结果表明,PAM能改善土壤结构状况,显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,从而有效地抑制土壤结皮形成;但是随着降雨历时的延长,这种抑制作用逐渐被雨滴破坏;试验筛选出PAM-1抑制土壤结皮形成效果较好。     

Properties and spatial distribution of microbiotic crusts in the Negev Desert,Israel

Playing a cardinal role in surface stabilization and in carbon and nitrogen fixation, microbiotic crusts play a crucial role in arid regions where they may serve as useful biomarkers for wind power and wetness duration. This is especially the case on relatively unstable and infertile sand dunes in the Negev Desert where high correlations between the crust chlorophyll content and the daytime wetness duration were found. Yet, only scarce data are available as to the possible link between the chlorophyll content and other physical (color, thickness, strength, crack density, surface roughness and infiltrability) and biological (protein, carbohydrate, organic matter and species composition) factors, which determine, in turn, the crust type and its effect upon geomorphological and ecological processes. No data are available on crust type distribution. These were the aims of the current research.