草覆盖影响了沙地土壤的水文物理学参数和水流的异质性

Vegetation cover has a major effect on water flow in soils.Two sites,separated by distance of about 50 m,were selected to quantify the influence of grass cover on hydrophysical parameters and heterogeneity of water flow in a sandy soil emerging during a heavy rain following a long hot,dry period.A control soil(pure sand)with limited impact of vegetation or organic matter was obtained by sampling at 50 cm depth beneath a glade area,and a grassland soil was covered in a 10 cm thick humic layer and colonised by grasses.The persistence of water repellency was measured using the water drop penetration time test,sorptivity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using a mini disk infiltrometer, and saturated hydraulic conductivity using a double-ring infiltrometer.Dye tracer experiments were used to assess the heterogeneity of water flow,and both the modified method for estimating effective cross section and an original method for assessing the degree of preferential flow were used to quantify this heterogeneity from the images of dyed soil profiles.Most hydrophysical parameters were substantially different between the two surfaces.The grassland soil had an index of water repellency about 10 times that of pure sand and the persistence of water repellency almost 350 times that of pure sand. Water and ethanol sorptivities in the grassland soil were 7% and 43%,respectively,of those of the pure sand.Hydraulic conductivity and saturated hydraulic conductivities in the grassland soil were 5% and 16%of those of the pure sand, respectively.Dye tracer experiments revealed a stable flow with"air-draining"condition in pure sand and well-developed preferential flow in grassland soil,corresponding to individual grass tussocks and small micro-depressions.The grassland soil was substantially more water repellent and had 3 times the degree of preferential flow compared to pure sand.The results of this study reinforce our view that the consequences of any change in climate,which will ultimately influence hydrology,will be markedly different between grasslands and bare soils.     

单环压力渗透仪两个积水深度程序的数值模拟及试验验证

The two-ponding depth （TPD） analysis procedure of single-ring infiltrometer data can yield invalid results, i.e., negative values of the field-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity or the matric flux potential, denoting failure of the two-level run. The objective of this study was to test the performance of the TPD procedure in analyzing the single-ring infiltrometer data of different types of soils. A field investigation carried out in western Sici]y, Italy, yielded higher failure rates （40%） in two clay loam soils than in a sandy loam soil （25%）. A similar result, i.e., fine-textured soils yielding higher failure rates than the coarse-textured one, was obtained using numerically simulated infiltration rates. Soil heterogeneity and reading errors were suggested to be factors determining invalid results in the field. With the numerical data, allowing a less generic definition of soil heterogeneity, invalid TPD results were occasionally obtained with the simultaneous occurrence of a high random variation （standard deviation ≥ 0.5） and a well developed structural correlation for saturated hydraulic conductivity （correlation length 〉 20 cm）. It was concluded that a larger number of replicated runs should be planned to characterize fine-textured soils, where the risk to obtain invalid results is relatively high. Large rings should be used since they appeared more appropriate than the small ones to capture and average soil heterogeneity. Numerical simulation appeared suitable for developing improved strategies of soil characterization for an area of interest, which should also take into account macropore effects.     

Field-scale spatial variability of soil calcium in a semi-arid region: Implications for soil erosion and site-specific management

Excess calcium(Ca) in soils of semi-arid and arid regions has negative effects on soil structure and chemical properties, which limits the crop root growth as well as the availability of soil water and nutrients. Quantifying the spatial variability of soil Ca contents may reveal factors influencing soil erosion and provide a basis for site-specific soil and crop management in semi-arid regions. This study sought to assess the spatial variability of soil Ca in relation to topography, hydraulic attributes, and soil types for precision soil and crop management in a 194-ha production field in the Southern High Plains of Texas,USA. Soils at four depth increments(0–2, 0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm) were sampled at 232 points in the spring of 2017. The Ca content of each sample was determined with a DP-6000 Delta Premium portable X-ray fluorescence(PXRF) spectrometer. Elevation data was obtained using a real-time kinematic GPS receiver with centimeter-level accuracy. A digital elevation model(DEM) was derived from the elevation data, and topographic and hydraulic attributes were generated from this DEM. A generalized least-squares model was then developed to assess the relationship between soil Ca contents of the four layers and the topographic and hydraulic attributes. Results showed that topographic attributes, especially slope and elevation, had a significant effect on soil Ca content at different depths(P 0.01). In addition, hydraulic attributes, especially flow length and sediment transport index(STI), had a significant effect on the spatial distribution of soil Ca. Spatial variability of soil Ca and its relationships with topographic and hydraulic attributes and soil types indicated that surface soil loss may occur due to water or wind erosion, especially on susceptible soils with high slopes. Therefore, this study suggests that the application of PXRF in assessing soil Ca content can potentially facilitate a new method for soil erosion evaluation in semi-arid lands. The results of this study provide valuable information for site-specific soil conservation and crop management.     

测量土壤含水率的频域方法改进

For many years a soil water content sensor with low cost, reliability and sufficient accuracy has been desirable. Thus, an improved measurement method based on the frequency domain （FD） principle for determining soil water content was considered. Unlike other measurement principles, a new measurable index, η, which was independent of the output impedance and the amplitude of the oscillator while relying on the electrical impedance of a multi-pin probe, was proposed. Moreover, a model for processing the impedance of the multi-pin soil probe was developed, and several important electrical parameters for establishing their operating ranges applicable to this probe were evaluated. In order to confirm the theoretical analysis, an experiment was conducted with a 4-pin probe. Using the developed model, the relationship between the proposed index η and soil volumetric water content was shown to be linear （R^2 = 0.9921）. Thus, as the measurable index, η seemed satisfactory.     

作物根系层土壤水分模拟的经验-机理模型

To predict soil water variation in the crop root zone,a general exponential recession (GER) model was developed to depict the recession process of soil water storage.Incorporating the GER model into the mass balance model for soil water,a GER-based physicoempirical (PE-GER) model was proposed for simulating soil water variation in the crop root zone.The PE-GER model was calibrated and validated with experimental data of winter wheat in North China.Simulation results agreed well with the field experiment results,as well as were consistent with the simulation results from a more thoroughly developed soil water balance model which required more detailed parameters and inputs.Compared with a previously developed simple exponential recession (SER) based physicoempirical (PE-SER) model,PE-GER was more suitable for application in a broad range of soil texture,from light soil to heavy soil.Practical application of PE-GER showed that PE-GER could provide a convenient way to simulate and predict the variation of soil water storage in the crop root zone,especially in case of insufficient data for conceptual or hydrodynamic models.     

含水量对黑土光谱特征影响的定量分析

Several studies have demonstrated that soil reflectance decreases with increasing soil moisture content, or increases when the soil moisture reaches a certain content; however, there are few analyses on the quantitative relationship between soil reflectance and its moisture, especially in the case of black soils in northeast China. A new moisture adjusting method was developed to obtain soil reflectance with a smaller moisture interval to describe the quantitative relationship between soil reflectance and moisture. For the soil samples with moisture contents ranging from air-dry to saturated, the changes in soil reflectance with soil moisture can be depicted using a cubic equation. Both moisture threshold (MT) and moisture inflexion (MI) of soil reflectance can also be determined by the equation. When the moisture range was smaller than MT, soil reflectance can be simulated with a linear model. However, for samples with different soil organic matter (OM), the parameters of the linear model varied regularly with the OM content. Based on their relationship, the soil moisture can be estimated from soil reflectance in the black soil region.     

基于地形属性使用回归, 克里格和人工神经网络方法估算饱和导水率空间分布

Several methods,including stepwise regression,ordinary kriging,cokriging,kriging with external drift,kriging with varying local means,regression-kriging,ordinary artificial neural networks,and kriging combined with artificial neural networks,were compared to predict spatial variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity from environmental covariates.All methods except ordinary kriging allow for inclusion of secondary variables.The secondary spatial information used was terrain attributes including elevation,slope gradient,slope aspect,profile curvature and contour curvature.A multiple jackknifing procedure was used as a validation method.Root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were used as the validation indices,with the mean RMSE and mean MAE used to judge the prediction quality.Prediction performance by ordinary kriging was poor,indicating that prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity can be improved by incorporating ancillary data such as terrain variables.Kriging combined with artificial neural networks performed best.These prediction models made better use of ancillary information in predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity compared with the competing models.The combination of geostatistical predictors with neural computing techniques offers more capability for incorporating ancillary information in predictive soil mapping.There is great potential for further research and development of hybrid methods for digital soil mapping.     

自动土壤图基于知识的分类

A machine-learning approach was developed for automated building of knowledge bases for soil resources mapping by using a classification tree to generate knowledge from training data. With this method, building a knowledge base for automated soil mapping was easier than using the conventional knowledge acquisition approach. The knowledge base built by classification tree was used by the knowledge classifier to perform the soil type classification of Longyou County, Zhejiang Province, China using Landsat TM bi-temporal images and GIS data. To evaluate the performance of the resultant knowledge bases, the classification results were compared to existing soil map based on a field survey. The accuracy assessment mad maalysis of the resultant soil maps suggested that the knowledge bases built by the machine-learning method was of good quality for mapping distribution model of soll classes over the study area.     

土壤污染物优势流的数学模拟

A simple modeling approach was suggested to simulate preferential transport of water and contaminants in soil.After saturated hydraulic conductivity was interpolated by means of Krige interpolation method or scaling method,and then zoned,the locations where saturated hydraulic conductivity was larger represented regions where preferential flow occurred ,because heterogeneity of soil,one of the mechanisms resulting in prefeential flow,could be reflected through the difference in saturated hydraulic conductivity,The modeling approach was validatd through numerical simulation of contaminant tansport in a two-dimensional hypothetical soil profle.The results of the numerical simulation showed that the approach suggested in this study was feasible.     

Determination of Soil Aggregate Porosity Using the Modified Water Saturation Method

The need to find a simple method for measuring soil aggregate porosity(φ) is justified by the growing interest of researchers in this important parameter of soil physical status. The aim of this study was to present a simple method(AM) for estimating the totalφ of a single soil aggregate. In this case, soil aggregate φ was calculated as the quotient between the pore volume, estimated from the weight of the aggregate saturated with ethanol, and the total volume(V_T) of aggregate, calculated from the particle density and dry aggregate weight. The V_T estimated with AM was compared with the corresponding volume measured with the photogrammetry(PHM) technique using soil aggregates of 8–16 mm in diameter and collected from three different tillage systems: conventional tillage(CT), reduced tillage(RT), and no tillage(NT). Next, the AM was used to study the effects of the tillage system on soil aggregateφ. Although a strong relationship(R~2= 0.99, P 0.000 1) between aggregate V_T measured with PHM and that estimated with AM was obtained, AM tended to underestimate aggregate V_T with an average deviation of 2.85%. This difference may be due to ethanol evaporation during the first 10 s before the ethanol-saturated aggregate was weighed. The use of AM to determine the effects of different tillage systems on aggregate φ showed that this method was sensitive to detect significant differences among the tillage treatments.The results showed that AM could be an accurate, simple, and inexpensive alternative to estimate φ of a single soil aggregate.     

盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率的两种新方法

应用盘式吸渗仪测定田间土壤导水率具有快速简单的优点，但是测定结果的计算处理比较繁琐，寻求简单的计算方法是广泛应用盘式吸渗仪的关键问题。该文改变盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率的三维入渗过程为一维入渗过程，简化了测定结果的计算处理。结果显示：两种不同的一维入渗过程达到的稳定入渗率和导水率之间有很好的线性关系，但是三维过程计算的导水率大于一维过程。双套盘吸渗仪一维过程计算导水率与稳定入渗率一致性较好，但是和三维稳态、瞬态方法计算结果之间差异明显，因此在应用这些方法时需要适当调整参数，建议使用双套盘吸渗仪快速测定田间土壤导水率。     

用自动盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率

盘式吸渗仪已成为测定田间土壤水力参数的重要工具之一，自动监测装置的应用将进一步提高试验的精确度并加快试验进程。该文介绍了一种试验装置，通过连接在储水管上下两端的传感器实时压差监测，以此确定入渗水量的变化过程，并通过一系列试验，对试验装置的可靠性进行了验证，将试验装置应用到实际测定土壤水力参数中。试验结果表明：自动监测装置通过测定储水管的压差，并通过相应关系代换为储水管水位变化来采集试验数据的方法是可靠的。通过与人工读数方法测定的结果对比表明，其精度可以达到试验要求；对于本试验土壤，用自动监测装置采集的数据来确定吸渗率的时间可以控制在30 s～4 min之间。     

利用圆盘入渗仪推求含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度(英)

在模拟土柱中，利用圆盘入渗仪对碎石对土壤饱和水力传导度的影响进行了分析。结果表明：含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度可以通过对不同负压下土壤稳定入渗速率进行非线性回归获得。含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度与去除碎石后的土壤饱和水力传导度及碎石形状指数密切相关。试验中含碎石土壤的饱和水力传导度随碎石含量的增加而呈指数降低趋势。     

不同含盐土壤圆盘入渗特征试验

不同含盐土壤水分入渗特征是获得准确的土壤水力参数的基础。该文通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个（-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm）负水头下的入渗特征。结果表明,随着水头的减小,4种土壤的吸湿率线性减小,稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率呈不同程度减小。随土壤含盐量增加稳定入渗率和导水率呈增大规律。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。     

祁连山区不同尺寸双环入渗仪对比试验

设计7组不同内外径的双环入渗仪,在位于祁连山区的黑河上游平坦草地开展多次野外土壤入渗试验,对比分析双环入渗仪内外环尺寸对土壤入渗率和饱和导水率的影响。结果表明,双环入渗仪内径相同时,外径越大则稳定入渗率和饱和导水率越小;外径相同时,内径越小则稳定入渗率和饱和导水率越小。初始入渗率与双环入渗仪尺寸关系不显著,但稳定入渗率和饱和导水率与入渗仪缓冲指数呈显著负相关。综合考虑安装简便,用水条件,试验可靠等多方面因素,推荐山区使用内径20cm,外径40cm的双环入渗仪。     

田间测定土壤导水率的方法研究进展

 土壤导水率是决定坡地降水入渗与径流比例的关键,也是水分循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,国内外对相关理论与方法进行了大量研究。综述田间测定土壤导水参数的几种方法的原理及应用,并对各种方法的优缺点进行对比分析。人们趋向于应用简单快速的测定仪器,降水头方法因为用水少,测定快速,有很大发展空间。盘式入渗仪是一种既简便又可以获得较多信息的测定仪器,可以应用于坡地土壤导水率的测定,应当广泛开展相关研究。     

Regional pattern of the mobile water fraction in soils as determined by disc infiltrometer experiments

In order to characterize the partitioning of solutes into the mobile and the immobile fraction of pore water at the soil surface, field measurements of infiltration in unsaturated loamy sands were carried out using a disc infiltrometer in a region of about 10 km² at the Lüneburger Heide, Germany. The aims of these measurements were to obtain the mobile water fraction and the hydraulic properties of the soil, to relate them to other measured soil properties like the soil texture, and to assess their spatial variability in the region. From the infiltration results we obtained the hydraulic conductivity K₀ and the sorptivity S₀ using a three-dimensional infiltration analysis and the two-term infiltration equation, respectively. The mobile water fraction θ_m/θ of the soil was estimated from the infiltration results of a second disc infiltrometer filled with bromide solution. The estimated values of K₀ and S₀ were in good agreement with those reported in the literature as typical for loamy sands. The average value of θ_m/θ was calculated to be 71 % under the experimental conditions. Neither the horizontal spatial distribution of water and bromide concentration beneath the disc infiltrometer nor the change of the infiltrometer during the experiment had a notable influence on the experimental results. The spatial variability of the data was analyzed by means of variograms. All variograms were spatially structured and indicated a high small scale variation of the variables. In conclusion, the technique applied is suitable for the estimation of the hydraulic and solute transport properties of soils, especially at larger scales.     

利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同土地利用类型土壤吸渗率

探讨利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同利用类型土壤吸渗率的适用性,该文选用盘径分别为10和20 cm的圆盘入渗仪对3种利用土壤(菜地、草地和茶园)在0、-3、-6、-9 cm 4个压力水头下的吸渗过程进行测定。研究以Vandervaere法为参考方法,对Philip法、Haverkamp三维吸渗法、Haverkamp三维吸渗改进法的适用性进行比较分析。结果表明:吸渗率的不同计算公式所适应的吸渗过程时间尺度不同,且Haverkamp三维吸渗法所得吸渗率值与参考方法最接近。盘径对吸渗率测定差异的影响不显著。除0 cm压力水头外,不同利用类型土壤吸渗率差异显著,且不同压力水头下测得3种土壤吸渗率大小排序不同。当压力水头为-9和-6 cm时,菜地吸渗率(0.0104和0.0119 cm/s0.5)显著高于茶园(0.0017和0.0025 cm/s0.5)(P0.05);当压力水头为-3 cm时,茶园吸渗率(0.0370 cm/s0.5)显著高于菜地和草地(0.0147和0.0132 cm/s0.5)(P0.05)。该研究可为南方丘陵区土壤水力参数的测定提供理论依据。     

室内基于土壤水分再分布过程推求紫色土导水参数

选择三峡库区3种不同质地的紫色土,室内通过土壤水分再分布试验,探讨基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数对于紫色土的适用性.结果显示,结合土壤水分垂直和水平再分布过程推求的紫色土水分扩散率与实测值具有很好的一致性,但推求的非饱和导水率偏差较大.然而,选用单一的土壤水分再分布过程结合实测水分特征曲线推求的紫色土非饱和导水率与实测值具有良好的一致性.湿润锋湿度与湿润剖面平均湿度不同函数关系对推求非饱和导水率和水分扩散率差异不明显.此外,基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数方法比较适合低湿土壤的非饱和导水参数推求.     

Spatial variability of physico-chemical properties and hydraulic characteristics of a gravelly calcareous soil

Due to the existence of gravelly soils and the lack of sufficient research on such soils, this study was carried out on a gravelly calcareous soil. Selected physico–chemical and hydraulic soil attributes were determined at 69 points on a nested-sampling design. Hydraulic characteristics including unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K _ψ) and sorptivity coefficient (S) at six applied tensions of 0 to 0.2 m, and sorptive number (α) and macroscopic capillary length (λ) at five applied tensions of 0.03 to 0.2 m were determined using a tension disc infiltrometer. Hydraulic and chemical soil attributes were the highest and the lowest variants, respectively. The maximum and minimum values for the coefficient of variation (CV) in all the measured physico-chemical and hydraulic soil attributes were obtained for α_0.2 and soil pH, respectively. Minimum, maximum, mean and variance values of K _ψ, S and α decreased as applied tension increased. Although the pattern was reversed for λ. The majority of soil attributes showed the spatial structure with dominant spherical and exponential models for physico-chemical and hydraulic attributes, respectively. Range values of semi-variograms were obtained between 4.6 m (for α_0.03) and 211 m (for clay, gravel content and soluble Mg). In general, range values were 99.60, 82.05 and 40.2 m for physical, chemical and hydraulic soil attributes, respectively, indicating that the physical soil attributes influenced neighboring values over greater distances than the other soil attributes. This enables soil scientists to use measured soil physical data over greater distances to estimate attributes in the unsampled locations.