~(137)Cs不同污染水平在大亚湾、秦山、北京土壤植物系统的转移

采用我国大亚湾、秦山和北京土壤 ,模拟核裂变产物137Cs在 0Bq kg土、3 3×1 0 4 Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 5Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 6 Bq kg土污染水平时 ,研究土壤 -小麦系统的污染影响与137Cs核素的转移规律。结果表明 :在本试验条件下小麦生长发育处于正常状态 ,未发现对小麦有不良影响 ;小麦分别在 3个污染水平下从试验用的 3种土壤中吸收137Cs的趋势是一致的 ;小麦植株中137Cs的比活度随137Cs施入量相应以数量级增加 ,两者间呈十分显著的正相关 ;137Cs在土壤 -小麦系统中的转移系数随土壤的性质不同而变化 ,在同一污染水平下转移系数在n× 1 0 - 2 ～n× 1 0 0 范围变化 ;在同一种土壤中 ,随土壤污染水平的提高 ,转移系数亦有所提高 ,但变化范围不大 ,对北京土转移系数为 2 2× 1 0 - 2 ～ 5 4× 1 0 - 2 ,大亚湾土转移系数为 1 0 4～ 2 0 9,均在同一数量级内变化 ;对秦山土转移系数为 0 51～ 1 2 1。     

盆栽-自然土生长试验研究小麦对土壤中~(137)Cs的吸收

利用环境放射性示踪剂盆栽模拟试验研究了2种小麦对不同活度水平的纯自然江西红壤中137Cs的吸收规律。结果表明,除林地土壤基本不含137Cs外,小麦植株中137Cs均有一定程度的积累,且小麦对137Cs的浓集能力(用转移系数TF表示)随土壤活度水平的提高而增强,大致为扬麦12号:草地(116.36)>水稻旱(47.22)>旱耕(27.33)>林地(几乎没有);扬麦158号:草地(194.92)>水稻旱(16.54)>旱耕(13.41)>林地(几乎没有)。小麦植株各组成部分137Cs积累量大致为:根>茎秆和籽粒外壳>籽粒。小麦吸收的137Cs对估算土壤侵蚀量有很大影响,可为今后示踪模型的修正提供依据。     

某放射性污染区盐生植物对~(137)Cs的吸收研究

植物修复技术适用于大面积、低活度的放射性污染治理,在一些大面积放射性污染区具有潜在的应用前景。本研究在某放射性典型污染区域取样,测量了该区域盐生植物及其生长土壤的137Cs含量,以生物富集系数(BC值)为指标,分析了不同核素土壤分布、K元素含量等因素对BC值的影响。研究结果表明,污染区植物对137Cs的吸收BC值在10-5~10-2数量级之间,多数区域由于核素分布不均匀而引起BC值下降,均匀分布则有利于核素的吸收。另外,BC值还与土壤K元素含量呈负相关。     

~(137)Cs在土壤中的污染行为与钾盐的防治效果

本研究结果表明 ,在污染水平相同的情况下 ,不同土壤对春小麦吸收137Cs有很大影响 ,植株中137Cs的比活度相差几十倍。在同一种土壤、不同污染水平下 ,春小麦对137Cs的吸收与土壤中137Cs的污染水平呈正相关。在137Cs污染的土壤上施用钾盐可以降低春小麦植株对137Cs的吸收。防治效果与钾盐施用量有关 ,本试验结果为土壤阳离子代换量 1 / 3 0的量施用效果最好 ,使植株中的137Cs比活度降低 84 74%～88 89% ,与不施钾盐的对照组的差异十分显著     

水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收和~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配

试验表明,水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,孕穗期吸收速率最快;土壤理化性质不同,吸附~(134)Cs的能力有差异;不同生育期灌溉~(134)Cs溶液,水稻对其吸收量不同,离成熟期近,吸收得多;灌溉次数多和灌溉水中~(134)Cs活度高,水稻吸收的~(134)Cs也多。糙米经精白加工后,可使~(134)Cs的污染减少22.6—45.6％;~(134)CS在水稻各部位比活度大小的顺序为糠>根>稻草>谷壳>精白米;活度以稻草中最高,占水稻植株总活度的51.4％,糙米、根和谷壳分别占28.4％。11.8％和8.4％:~(134)Cs在土壤中移动很少,有95.1％集中在0—2.5cm的表土层内;~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配为6.1％:93.9％;K~+抑制水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,K~+浓度与水稻中~(134)Cs比活度之间呈指数回归形式。     

基于土壤~(137)Cs监测的土壤侵蚀与有机质流失——以密云水库为例

本文运用137Cs核素示踪技术,研究北京重要的水源供应地密云水库周边地区及白河上游地区土壤侵蚀状况与有机质流失状况及其相互之间的量变关系。试验结果表明:0～20cm土层中山坡上137Cs含量低于坡中、坡下,但若山顶具有缓坡或山角下具有陡坡则137Cs含量变化规律相反。根据水利部标准与土壤137Cs监测结果,密云水库周边大部分地区基本属于轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀,部分地区侵蚀情况严重,达到了剧烈侵蚀的程度。不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质分布有很大影响,有机质含量分布为灌丛>林地>果园>农田;上游地区有机质含量高于水库周边地区土壤,表明人为活动加剧了土壤侵蚀和有机质的流失。对于景观单一,地域较小的采样区进行三次曲线数学模拟,其相关系数高达0.9左右,表明在监测土壤137Cs、210Pb含量变化的同时,可以利用小区域数学模型直接预报预测土壤有机质含量的变化。     

镇江地区不同地类土壤侵蚀~(137)Cs法初步研究

选择江苏镇江地区作为研究区,采集仑山水库附近的12个土壤剖面共116个土壤样品,运用137Cs示踪方法,探讨了撂荒地、油菜地、茶园、林草地、林地、水稻田6种地类的137Cs含量及其侵蚀模数。研究表明:该区土壤中的137Cs背景值为1760.48Bq/m2。在0—50cm深度范围内,137Cs含量平均值为844.03Bq/m2,土壤侵蚀模数平均值为2642.89t/(km2.a)。不同地类按137Cs含量的大小排序,非耕作土为林草地>撂荒地>林地,耕作土为水稻田>油菜地>茶园;按土壤侵蚀模数的大小排序,非耕作土为林地>撂荒地>林草地,耕作土为茶园>油菜地>水稻田。非耕作土为轻度侵蚀,耕作土多为中度到强烈侵蚀。     

宁南黄土高原土壤137Cs分布与相关影响因子研究

利用137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域纵断面土壤137Cs分布及相关影响因子进行了初步研究。结果表明:流域纵断面137Cs面积活度随坡面海拔和水平距离的变化,表现为一种不规则的波动振荡趋势。随海拔降低,纵断面上、中部137Cs面积活度逐步下降,有明显的土壤侵蚀发生;坡面下部137Cs面积活度最高,泥沙沉积的再分布现象明显。流域内林草地剖面土壤137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地、梯田137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布,其分布模式与各土地类型土壤有机质的分布状态完全一致。相关分析表明,两者在P<0.01水平达到极显著相关(r2=0.336,n=417)。土壤137Cs的损失和土壤有机质的移动具有相同的物理路径和运移机制;农耕坡地土壤137Cs面积活度随坡度增加有逐步降低的趋势;土地利用方式、坡度、耕作活动是影响纵断面土壤137Cs空间异质性的主要因素。137Cs示踪方法是研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的一种有效工具。     

氮肥对油菜在不同土壤中吸收积累Cd的影响

以三种不同程度Cd污染土壤为材料,通过盆栽试验研究NH_4Cl和(NH_4)_2SO_4两种氮肥对土壤Cd有效性及油菜吸收、转运Cd的影响,评价油菜对Cd的生物累积量,以期为油菜修复Cd污染土壤的优化施肥措施提供理论支撑。结果表明:施加NH_4Cl和(NH_4)_2SO_4均显著降低了土壤的pH,(NH_4)_2SO_4处理土壤pH低于施加NH_4Cl处理的土壤,施肥处理下生长期非根际土pH低于根际土,成熟期非根际土pH高于根际土。施加(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH4Cl均使土壤中有效态Cd含量增加。(NH_4)_2SO_4处理有效态Cd的浓度高于NH_4Cl处理。油菜成熟期土壤中有效态Cd的浓度低于生长期,生长期和成熟期整体表现出根际土中Cd的总量高于非根际土。施加(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH4Cl均增加油菜各部位Cd的含量,提高油菜的富集系数和转运系数,油菜从根到叶对Cd的转运系数最高。研究表明油菜作为Cd污染土壤的修复植物有一定安全保障。     

宁南黄土高原土壤^137Cs分布与相关影响因子研究

利用^137Cs示踪方法，对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域纵断面土壤^137Cs分布及相关影响因子进行了初步研究。结果表明：流域纵断面^137Cs面积活度随坡面海拔和水平距离的变化，表现为一种不规则的波动振荡趋势。随海拔降低，纵断面上、中部^137Cs面积活度逐步下降，有明显的土壤侵蚀发生；坡面下部^137Cs面积活度最高，泥沙沉积的再分布现象明显。流域内林草地剖面土壤^137Cs呈指数型分布，坡耕地、梯田^137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布，其分布模式与各土地类型土壤有机质的分布状态完全一致。相关分析表明，两者在P〈0．01水平达到极显著相关（r^2=0．336，n=417）。土壤^137Css的损失和土壤有机质的移动具有相同的物理路径和运移机制；农耕坡地土壤^137Cs面积活度随坡度增加有逐步降低的趋势；土地利用方式、坡度、耕作活动是影响纵断面土壤^137Cs空间异质性的主要因素。^137Cs示踪方法是研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的一种有效工具。     

Spatial Distribution of 137CS in Forest SOils of Switzerland

In the framework of the second Swiss forest soil inventory, ¹³⁷Cs-activity from 172 sites was measured systematically for the first time in the topmost soil layer (0–5 cm) and represented on a map. The spatial distribution of ¹³⁷Cs contamination was similar to the pattern observed in 1986 from dose equivalent measurements following the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Forest soils from regions with high precipitation in 1986 showed a higher ¹³⁷Cs activity than regions with low precipitation. At sites with high caesium activities it was possible to discriminate between ¹³⁷Cs originating from global fallout of the fifties and sixties and ¹³⁷Cs from the Chernobyl accident. The results indicate that radiocaesium persists in the top soil layers and is recycled in forest ecosystems.     

植物间作体系根际修复土壤多氯联苯的效应

以大豆、黑麦草和南瓜为材料,运用盆栽实验,通过3种植物的单作和间作对多氯联苯污染土壤的根际修复效应进行了研究。结果表明,植物不同种植方式均对根际土壤中PCB浓度的降解有促进作用,其中植物单作的去除率比CK提高了10.4%～17.0%,植物间作的去除率比CK提高18.4%～23.9%。南瓜-大豆体系中的大豆根的蓄积浓度显著差异高于其他处理,而与大豆南瓜间作方式下黑麦草根蓄积浓度均比其单作显著提高,大豆-南瓜和南瓜-黑麦草间作系统中的大豆和黑麦草根中PCB蓄积浓度也显著提高（P〈0.05）。各处理间根际土壤的pH、Eh、电导率的差异性规律性不大。相关分析结果表明,根际土壤PCB去除率与植物吸收量呈显著正相关,而与pH、Eh和电导率没有达到显著相关。     

铝在土壤-青菜系统中迁移分配及对微生物生态的影响

通过温室盆栽试验，研究了长江三角洲地区3种典型土壤类型中Pb在土壤-青菜系统中的转运及Pb污染对青菜Pb含量、土壤硝化细菌和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明，Pb在土壤-青菜系统中的转运是非线性的。青菜地上部Pb含量与0．43mol／LHNO3和0．05mol／LEDTA提取态Pb显著相关，青菜Pb含量与0．01mol／LCaCl2提取态Pb相关性不显著。研究认为，0．43mol／LHNO3和0．05mol／LEDTA提取态Pb可成为土壤Pb植物有效性的评价指标。青紫泥和滩潮土中添加Pb浓度为125—625mg／kg，对土壤硝化细菌数量和土壤微生物多样性影响不明显。以基于人体健康风险、国家食品卫生标准和植物毒性为依据，计算得出的总Pb临界浓度分别为：黄泥砂土140、59和12263mg／kg，青紫泥790、292和13902mg／kg，滩潮土1266、418和30422mg／kg。     

Influence of Organic Amendments on the Accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr from Contaminated Soil by Three Grass Species

Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), johnson grass (Sorghum halpense) and switchgrass (Panicum virginatum) werecompared for their ability to accumulate ¹³⁷Csand ⁹⁰Sr from three different contaminated soilsin the presence and absence of either sphagnum peator poultry litter amendments. Above-ground plantbiomass did not differ between plants that were notexposed to these radionuclides and those that wereexposed to soil containing ¹³⁷Cs or ⁹⁰Sr.After three harvests, bahia, johnson and switchgrassplants accumulated from 17.2 to 67.3% of the¹³⁷Cs and from 25.1 to 61.7% of the ⁹⁰Sradded to the soil. Poultry litter and peat mossamendments increased aboveground plant biomass,activity of ¹³⁷Cs or ⁹⁰Sr in plant tissue, %accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs or ⁹⁰Sr from soil andthe plant bioconcentration ratio at each harvestcompared to the control (no amendment) treatment. Thegreatest increases in plant biomass, and radionuclideaccumulation were observed with poultry litter foreach of the three grass species. Johnson grass hadgreater aboveground plant biomass, activity of¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in plant tissue, %accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs or ⁹⁰Sr from soil andbioconcentration ratio in each soil amendment, at eachharvest compared to bahia and switchgrass. Thegreatest accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr wasmeasured in johnson grass grown in soil that wasamended with poultry litter. These results suggestthat plant species selection and agronomic practicesmay need to be considered to maximize phytoremediationof radionuclide contaminated soils.     

松嫩平原盐碱草地主要植物群落土壤酶活性研究

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,研究了松嫩平原盐碱草地主要植物群落羊草(Leymus chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)以及盐碱荒地上土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的酶活性值以及垂直分布规律,并对3种酶活性与各理化因子之间进行了相关分析。结果表明:羊草群落的磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性值均为最高,芦苇、虎尾草群落土壤的酶活性值也较高,碱茅群落的土壤酶活性较低,而碱蓬群落土壤酶活性值最低,接近于盐碱荒地上土壤酶活性值。各植物群落的土壤酶活性垂直分布多表现为随着土壤深度的加深而呈现依次递减的规律,且表层(0～10 cm)土壤酶活性在所有根层总酶活性中所占的比例最大,占根层(0～40 cm)土壤酶活性的50%以上。土壤酶与土壤理化因子相关分析表明,土壤的土壤酶活性大多与EC、pH值显著负相关,对土壤酶活性影响较大;土壤酶活性与土壤养分正相关,脲酶与其相关性较大,蔗糖酶与养分的相关关系不是很明显。     

Vertical distribution and bioavailability of 137Cs in organic and mineral soils

The vertical distribution and bioavailability of ¹³⁷Cs in Histosols and mineral soils with different physicochemical properties from the southeast of Bavaria (Germany) more than ten years after the Chernobyl accident were the focus of this study. The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs was low in the investigated soils. About 85–98 % of the total ¹³⁷Cs was located in the upper 10 cm of the mineral soils. Slightly higher ¹³⁷Cs percentages were observed in deeper soil layers of the peat soils. Although the organic matter is assumed to enhance ¹³⁷Cs mobility in soils, ¹³⁷Cs was also located in the upper 10 cm of the peat soils (73–85 %). The highest ¹³⁷Cs‐activities were found in the humus layers of forest soils, where 45–93 % of the total ¹³⁷Cs soil inventories were observed. To determine the bioavailability of radiocesium, the soil‐to‐plant transfer of ¹³⁷Cs and additionally added ¹³⁴Cs was investigated under controlled conditions. The results revealed that the ^134+137Cs soil‐to‐plant transfer factors as well as the percentages of NH₄‐exchangeable ^134+137Cs were much higher for the peat soils and humus layers than for the mineral soils. Nevertheless, the migration of ¹³⁷Cs from the humus layers to the underlying soils was low. Considering the high bioavailability and low migration of radiocesium in the humus layers, it is suggested that radiocesium is involved in a shortcut element cycle in the system humus layer‐plant uptake‐litter. Furthermore, the organic matter has to be taken into account for radiocesium immobilization.     

Transfer of radiocesium from hydroponic medium to potherb mustard and tomato plants

Abstract

Potherb mustard (Brassica rapa var. nipposinica) and tomato plants (scion, ‘CF Momotaro haruka’; rootstock, ‘Dokutar K’; Solanum lycopersicum) were cultured in hydroponic medium containing cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) at three different concentrations (0.03, 0.13 and 1.03 Bq L^?1), and uptake of ¹³⁷C into the plants was determined. When the ¹³⁷Cs radioactivity concentration in the medium was 1.03 Bq L^?1, the ¹³⁷Cs radioactivity concentrations in the edible portions of the plants were 4.80 Bq kg^?1 fresh weight for the potherb mustard plants and 3.60 Bq kg^?1 fresh weight for the tomato plants. In both species, the ¹³⁷Cs radioactivity concentration in the edible portions decreased with decreasing ¹³⁷Cs radioactivity concentration in the culture medium. When the ¹³⁷Cs radioactivity concentration in the medium was 0.03 Bq L^?1, a concentration observed in many streams and in tap water in Fukushima Prefecture after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, the ¹³⁷Cs radioactivity concentrations in the edible portions of the plants were 0.50 and 0.15 Bq kg^?1 fresh weight for potherb mustard and tomato plants, respectively. These values are less than the Japanese allowable limit for radiocesium in food. For both species, the transfer factors for ¹³⁷Cs uptake from the culture media to the edible portions and the average transfer rates over the cultivation period were calculated.