亏缺灌溉对中国西北干旱区棉花生长、水分利用特征和产量的影响

Water shortage is a key constraint to sustainable agricultural production in Xinjiang, Northwest China. To enhance the use efficiency of valuable irrigation water resources, a 2-year experiment(2010–2011) was conducted to quantify the response of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield to different degrees of deficit irrigation(DI) regimes; to determine the effects of DI on the characteristics of water use for cotton, seasonal water use, available soil water in the root zone, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration(ET)-based water use efficiency and irrigation-based water use efficiency, and to determine the best DI regime for optimal water-saving and yield output. The plots were irrigated at 100%(100ET), 85%(85ET), 70%(70ET), 55%(55ET) and 45%(45ET) of the regional ET of cotton in northern Xinjiang. The effect of DI irrigation on water use characteristics was evaluated by analyzing available soil water and soil water depletion in the root zone along with water use efficiencies of cotton. The study showed that the growth, water use characteristics and yield of cotton varied with irrigation regime. Seasonal ET and seed cotton yield were linearly correlated with irrigation amount. The second-order polynomial equation best approximated water-yield relationship of cotton in the study area.Cotton yield response factor was 0.65, suggesting limited water conditions were suitable for cotton cultivation. Economic evaluation of DI treatments confirmed that the yield loss was less than 10% under 70 ET and 85 ET, which was acceptable for greater sustainability.The results suggested that proper DI schemes were necessary for sustainable cotton production in the region. While irrigation at 85 ET was safe for high cotton yield, irrigation at 70 ET was a viable alternative under limited irrigation water availability.     

水稻间歇灌溉研究: Ⅱ. 作物反应

Effect of intermittent irrigation on the production of paddy rice was studied in a well-puddled paddy field with four treatments and 2 replicates:continuou flooding irrigation(CFI),and intermittent irrigation Ⅱ-0，Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2,in which plants were re-irrigated when the soil water potential fell below 0,-10,and -20 to about -10 or -20 kPa did not significantly affect the number of grains and the percentage of ripened grains .While,a lower crop growth rate(CGR) resulted from a decrease in the net assimilation rate (NAR) during intermittent irrigation Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2,and there was also a reduction in the leaf area index (LAI) durin indtermittent irrigation Ⅱ-2.Senescence of lower leaves on stems was promoted in treatments Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2 at the ripening stage .Early senescence at ripening stage and water stress around midday decreased the rate of photosynthesis in leaves,causing the lower NAR,These physiological responses of the plants were responsible for the reduction in the dry matter production and grain yield in the intermmittent irrigation treatments.     

秸秆覆盖条件下夏玉米田蒸散、水分利用效率和作物系数研究

Maize （Zea mays L.）, a staple crop grown from June to September during the rainy season on the North China Plain, is usually inter-planted in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） fields about one week before harvesting of the winter wheat. In order to improve irrigation efficiency in this region of serious water shortage, field studies in 1999 and 2001, two dry seasons with less than average seasonal rainfall, were conducted with up to five irrigation applications to determine evapotranspiration, calculate the crop coefficient, and optimize the irrigation schedule with maize under mulch, as well as to establish the effects of irrigation timing and the number of applications on grain yield and water use efficiency （WUE） of maize. Results showed that with grain production at about 8 000 kg ha^-1 the total evapotranspiration and WUE of irrigated maize under mulch were about 380-400 mm and 2.0-2.2 kg m^-3, respectively. Also in 2001 WUE of maize with mulch for the treatment with three irrigations was 11.8% better than that without mulch. In the 1999 and 2001 seasons, maize yield significantly improved （P = 0.05） with four irrigation applications, however, further increases were not significant. At the same time there were no significant differences for WUE with two to four irrigation applications. In the 2001 season mulch lead to a decrease of 50 mm in the total soil evaporation, and the maize crop coefficient under mulch varied between 0.3-1.3 with a seasonal average of 1.0.     

利用作物水盐生产函数和土壤水盐动态模型制定咸水灌溉制度

Using a crop-water-salinity production function and a soil-water-salinity dynamic model, optimal irrigation scheduling was developed to maximize net return per irrigated area. Plot and field experiments were used to obtain the crop water sensitivity index, the salinity sensitivity index, and other parameters. Using data collected during 35 years to calculate the 10-day mean precipitation and evaporation, the variation in soil salinity concentrations and in the yields of winter wheat and cotton were simulated for 49 irrigation scheduling that were combined from 7 irrigation schemes over 3 irrigation dates and 7 salinity concentrations of saline irrigation water （fresh water and 6 levels of saline water）. Comparison of predicted results with irrigation data obtained from a large area of the field showed that the model was valid and reliable. Based on the analysis of the investment cost of the irrigation that employed deep tube wells or shallow tube wells, a saline water irrigation schedule and a corresponding strategy for groundwater development and utilization were proposed. For wheat or cotton, if the salinity concentration was higher than 7.0 g L^-1 in groundwater, irrigation was needed with only fresh water; if about 5.0 g L^-1, irrigation was required twice with fresh water and once with saline water; and if not higher than 3.0 g L^-1, irrigation could be solely with saline water.     

作物水分敏感指数降尺度的单调分段三次插值方法

Crop-water production functions quantitatively describe the relationship between crop yield and field evapotranspiration.The crop water sensitivity indexes of crop-water production functions,a key factor for optimizing irrigation scheduling in case of water scarcity,are usually obtained from field experiments or other sources for crop growth stages,while their values in shorter intervals are preferred for practical irrigation scheduling.We proposed a method to downscale the sensitivity index from growth stages to shorter intervals by monotone piecewise cubic interpolation of the cumulative sensitivity index curve.This method was used to estimate sensitivity indexes in irrigation intervals of about 10 d for corn and wheat in central Shanxi Province of China.Results showed that the downscaled sensitivity index could reflect the impact of water stress on crop growth both at diferent growth stages and within each stage.Scenario analysis of water stress at a single growth stage of wheat showed the rationality of downscaling water sensitivity index from growth stages to shorter intervals through interpolation of cumulative sensitivity index,and this proposed downscaling method was superior to the traditional linear downscaling method.     

苏打盐碱水灌溉的土壤添加石膏肥和有机肥后水溶性碳和微生物碳研究

Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), a small fraction of soil organic matter, has a rapid turnover rate and is a reservoir of labile nutrients. The water-extractable carbon pools provide a fairly good estimate of labile C present in soil and can be easily quantified. Changes in soil MBC and water-extractable organic carbon pools were studied in a 14-year long-term experiment in plots of rice-wheat rotation irrigated with canal water (CW), sodic water (SW, 10-12.5 mmol c L-1 residual sodium carbonate), and SW amended with gypsum with or without application of organic amendments including farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), and wheat straw (WS). Irrigation with SW increased soil exchangeable sodium percentage by more than 13 times compared to irrigation with CW. Sodic water irrigation significantly decreased hot water-extractable organic carbon (HWOC) from 330 to 286 mg kg-1 soil and cold water-extractable organic carbon (CWOC) from 53 to 22 mg kg-1 soil in the top 0-7.5 cm soil layer. In the lower soil layer (7.5-15 cm), reduction in HWOC was not significant. Application of gypsum alone resulted in a decrease in HWOC in the SW plots, whereas an increase was recorded in the SW plots with application of both gypsum and organic amendments in both the soil layers. Nevertheless, application of gypsum and organic amendments increased the mean CWOC as compared with application of gypsum alone. CWOC was significantly correlated with MBC but did not truly reflect the changes in MBC in the treatments with gypsum and organic amendments applied. For the treatments without organic amendments, HWOC was negatively correlated with MBC (r = 0.57*) in the 0-7.5 cm soil layer, whereas for the treatments with organic amendments, both were positively correlated. Irrigation with SW significantly reduced the rice yield by 3 t ha-1 and the yield of rice and wheat by 5 t ha-1 as compared to irrigation with canal water. Application of amendments significantly increased rice and wheat yields. Both the rice yield and the yield of rice and wheat were significantly correlated with MBC (r = 0.49**-0.56**, n = 60). HWOC did not exhibit any relation with the crop yields under the treatments without organic amendments; however, CWOC showed a positive but weak correlation with the crop yields. Therefore, we found that under sodic water irrigation, HWOC or CWOC in the soils was not related to MBC.     

半干旱地区土壤水分和养分对玉米生长和产量的耦合影响

Interaction between soil water and nutrients plays an important role in sustainable crop management in semi-arid environments.On the basis of a field experiment conducted from 2000 to 2003,this study examined the coupled effects of irrigation and fertilizers on maize growth and yield in a semi-arid region of northeastern China.In terms of plant productivity,nitrogen fertilizer had the most significant effect followed by irrigation and phosphate levels.The combined application of nutrients and irrigation exerted a synergistic effect on the grain yield of maize plants.Regression analysis indicated that optimal levels of nitrogen and phosphate,in addition to adequate irrigation,could greatly improve the efficiency of grain production.Similarly,optimization of soil nutrient availability substantially increased water use efficiency.These suggested that for the most efficient and sustainable crop production,irrigation and nutrient management should be based on a quantitative understanding of water/nutrients interaction,particularly in semi-arid and arid regions.     

镁(Ⅱ): 水溶态镁在中国粘土上的吸附及复合物形成的稳定常数

Techniques for measurement of the N status of rice can be an aid to making manaement decisions with economic and environmental implications.A field experiment was conuced to identify spectral variables most sensitive to N deficiency detection in rice canopy with the possibiliy for their use as a management tool. Spectral and agronomic measurements were collected in the evaluation experiment of N status from rice canopy under vive N treatments in a silt loam soil ,Nitroen fertilization effects were seen across the entire wavelength measured .Red refectance decreased and near infrared reflectance increased with increasing N fertilizer application.Spectral differences between treatments were seen throughout the test period.The naer infrared refectnce/red reflectance ration (RVI) differed mored between treatment than between single bands.Variations in canopy reflectances due to other environmental factors were reduced by the use of RVI.In the spectral variables examined ,the RVI separated the treatments most effectively,and three or four treatments can be separated.Differences in spetral responses betwenn the treatments were attributable to leaf area index ,leaf chlorophyll concentration and phtomass,wich all changed with N fertilization.     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

Effects of Waxy Maize Relay Intercropping and Residue Retention on Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Vegetable Yield in a Continuous Cropping System

Intercropping and residue retention contribute to high yield and quality of crops. However, their coupled effects on rhizospheric microbial communities under a continuous vegetable cropping system have not been adequately addressed. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects on soil microbial community and yields of waxy maize(Zea mays L.) intercropped with or without residue retention in a continuous broccoli(Brassica oleracea L.) cropping system, i.e., relay intercropping of broccoli and waxy maize(B/M-B), relay intercropping of broccoli and waxy maize with residue retention(B/MR-B), and broccoli monoculture(B-B). The biomass yields of spring and autumn vegetables in B/MR-B were 16.3%–32.5% and 30.1%–46.1% higher than those of B-B,respectively. Autumn vegetable economic yields of B/MR-B were 28.2%–40.3% higher than B-B. The average well color development followed the order: B/MR-B B/M-B B-B. The Shannon index, Simpson index, and Mc Intosh index were higher in B/MR-B than under monoculture. A principal component analysis showed that microbial communities of B/MR-B soils differed from those of B/M-B and B-B soils. Carbon(C) sources utilized by the rhizosphere microorganisms were mainly carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amino acids, and polymers; however, the C sources for the soil microbial community differed between intercropping and monoculture. The communities from B/MR-B preferred amino acids and polymers. Available nitrogen(N), potassium(K), and phosphorus(P) had an obvious impact on soil microbial community. Additionally, the C source utilization by microorganisms was significantly affected by p H and available K and P. Cropping system diversification through relay intercropping and residue retention effectively improved the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities and increased the yields of vegetables.     

施肥对冬小麦的水分调亏灌溉效应的影响

为了研究冬小麦在不同施肥条件下的调亏灌溉效应,通过小区试验设置了不施肥(F0)、单施复合肥(F1)和复合肥+有机肥配施(F2)三种施肥处理,并在返青-拔节期对冬小麦进行了适当的水分亏缺处理。结果表明,与F0和F1处理相比,F2处理的小麦,在水分亏缺期间光合速率没有受到显著影响,但复水后光合速率表现超补偿效应。到花期时,F2处理的调亏灌溉下小麦的叶面积、株高、每茎干质量和成穗数与未调亏灌溉时没有显著差别。抽穗后,在充分供水条件下,返青-拔节期水分亏缺对F2处理小麦的产量没有显著影响,但对F0和F1处理小麦的产量有显著负效应;在自然干旱条件下,水分亏缺对F2处理小麦的产量有显著的正效应。F2处理下,小麦的稳产性显著高于F0和F1处理。可见,在3种施肥处理条件下,复合肥与有机肥配施处理时冬小麦的调亏灌溉效应最好。     

灌溉频率对冬小麦产量及叶片水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨中国北方冬小麦高效节水灌溉模式,采用了3种灌溉处理:在拔节期一次灌溉120mm,在拔节期和抽穗期各灌溉60mm及在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期各灌溉40mm,研究了在总灌溉量为120mm的情况下,灌溉频率对冬小麦产量及叶片水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,在冬小麦的拔节期和抽穗期各灌溉60mm,显著提高乳熟期和蜡熟期旗叶...     

灌水量和时期对宽幅精播冬小麦籽粒产量及品质特性的影响

为探讨中国北方地区宽幅精播麦田的节水灌溉模式,2010-2011年,在山东农业大学农学试验站,以济麦22为试验材料,采用宽幅精播和常规种植两种种植模式,每种种植模式设3种灌溉处理,研究了宽幅精播和灌溉对籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量以及相关主要品质特性的影响。结果表明,宽幅精播显著提高冬小麦产量,增产的原因在于显著增加了产量构成因素中的穗数,且以灌拔节水和抽穗水条件下增产潜力最大。常规播种提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,但籽粒蛋白质产量仍以宽幅精播最高。宽幅精播灌两水处理提高了湿面筋含量和面筋指数。综合考虑冬小麦产量和品质,以宽幅精播条件下于拔节期和抽穗期各灌溉60mm为宜。该研究可为中国北方冬小麦的节水灌溉及高产优质栽培提供理论依据和技术支持。     

不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 变化特征及产量分析

冬小麦不同株型品种和灌溉类型是影响产量遥感估测的重要因素, 对二者的实时监测可以提高产量的估测精度。结合遥感数据(MODIS 数据)与非遥感数据(GPS 数据和外业调查资料), 研究了不同株型品种冬小麦在水、旱地条件下归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的动态变化特征, 分析了不同生育时期NDVI 与产量之间的关系。结果表明: 冬小麦不同株型品种间NDVI 随生育时期的变化具有明显一致性, 呈“小-大-小”变化趋势; 拔节期至孕穗期不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 差异显著, 披散型品种高于紧凑型品种, 该时期为准确识别冬小麦株型的最佳时期。水、旱地同一种株型的冬小麦品种在整个生育时期NDVI 均值差异较显著, 均表现为水地冬小麦高于旱地冬小麦, 尤以抽穗初期最为明显。水旱地冬小麦不同生育时期NDVI 与产量相关性均以抽穗初期为最高, 但用抽穗初期和灌浆期NDVI 与产量的复合回归方程进行产量预测比用抽穗初期NDVI 与产量的回归方程效果好, 旱地冬小麦尤为明显。     

有限供水条件下旱地春小麦水分的高效利用

全球气候变化最令人担忧的问题是干旱,而水分又是影响小麦产量的重要因素之一,农田水分的管理与有效利用已经受到人们的高度重视。作者以春小麦为实验材料,采用盆栽和小区试验相结合的方法,针对黄土高原半干旱地区的有限水分环境,研究了有限供水的高效利用问题。盆栽条件下,采用3种肥力水平与拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期有限供水组合处理。对生长发育、产量构成和水分利用效率等指标测定的结果表明,施肥可以显著增大叶面积,促进根系生长,提高子粒产量;而施肥条件下,拔节期有限供水能够显著增加穗粒数和粒重。小区试验结果表明,满足春小麦最大产量所需的灌水量约为200mm,获得作物水分利用效率最高时的适宜灌水量约为100mm,而拔节期60mm的灌水量可以使灌水利用效率接近最大值。拔节期60mm灌水条件下,耗水量、作物水分利用效率和灌水利用效率同步增长,同时土壤的贮存水也得到了有效利用。根据以上结果可得出:在黄土高原缺水地区,春小麦有限灌溉的适宜灌水量下限应不低于60mm,一次性补充灌溉的最佳时期为拔节期     

土下覆膜与适宜灌水提高冬小麦水分利用率

为缓解河北平原区水资源匮乏与小麦生产水分高耗的特征性矛盾,该文采用大田试验方法,设置土下微膜覆盖结合拔节期灌水75 mm、抽穗期灌水75 mm、灌浆期灌水75 mm、雨养,露地条件下雨养和常规生产(CK)共6个处理,定位研究了连续3个生长季的土下微膜覆盖与不同时期灌水对冬小麦用水与产量形成的效果。结果表明,采用土下微膜覆盖种植小麦,基本苗数和有效穗数较CK分别降低了8.6%~12.0%和7.4%~11.7%,拔节至抽穗期75 mm灌水保证了覆盖下小麦生物产量形成及穗粒数、粒重的提高。土下微膜覆盖并适时灌水75 mm,开花后营养器官干物质向籽粒转运量比CK提高37.2%~57.3%,对籽粒贡献率提高4.7%~10.1%。土下微膜覆盖结合抽穗前一次灌水,全生育期田间耗水减少99.9~118.9 mm,用占CK 3/4的耗水量生产了与其相当的籽粒产量,水分利用效率提高26.1%~34.5%。回归分析表明,土下微膜覆盖下拔节-抽穗田间耗水118 mm可获得最高的生物产量,抽穗-灌浆耗水78 mm可获得15个以上的结实小穗数和灌浆期不小于5的叶面积指数,从而籽粒产量得以有效维持。2 m土体贮水随小麦生育进程和种植年限的推进而呈现亏损态势,而且趋近地表土壤水分亏损就越多。从第2季开始,持续干旱导致覆盖下灌浆期灌水对提高产量已不具有作用,反而增加耗水,灌溉时间前移可增加产量并提高水分利用效率。播种时土壤贮水较上季小麦收获时大幅增加,播种-拔节期间土壤贮水保蓄是小麦节水生产的关键,土下微膜覆盖则可实现麦田土壤贮水的秋冬保蓄、春季供应的跨季节调用。在河北省小麦产区,土下微膜覆盖结合春季适时少量灌水是有效降低小麦耗水、提高水分利用效率和维持小麦产量的新型种植方法。     

微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分平衡与作物产量的影响

河北低平原淡水资源短缺,微咸水资源丰富,合理开发利用微咸水已经成为缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要途径之一。本研究于2011—2015年在河北省沧州市中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行,以冬小麦和夏玉米一年两熟种植体系为研究对象,开展了河北低平原区实施微咸水灌溉对冬小麦及下茬作物夏玉米产量及灌溉对土壤盐分周年平衡的影响。2013—2014年冬小麦灌溉处理设雨养旱作处理(CK)、拔节期淡水灌溉1水(F1)、拔节期用2 g·L~(-1)、3 g·L~(-1)、4 g·L~(-1)、5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉1次(B21、B31、B41、B51)、拔节期和灌浆期用淡水灌溉(F2)、拔节期用3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水+灌浆期用淡水灌溉(B31F1)、拔节期用淡水+灌浆期用3 g·L~(-1)微咸水灌溉(F1B31)、拔节期和灌浆期都用3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉(B32)、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期都用淡水灌溉(F3)。2014—2015年根据上年度的试验结果对试验处理进行了精简,冬小麦灌溉处理设CK、F1、B31、B41、B51、B42(拔节期和灌浆期都用4 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉)。结果表明,一般年型下冬小麦生育期灌溉2水就能获得高产和稳产,平均产量为6 593.4 kg·hm~(-2)。利用小于5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉,与淡水灌溉相比,不会造成冬小麦产量降低,灌溉1次微咸水比雨养旱作处理增产10%~30%,可用微咸水替代1次淡水。微咸水灌溉条件下冬小麦收获时土壤盐分有所积累,表层土壤含盐量大于1 g·L~(-1),影响下茬玉米的出苗和生长,但夏玉米播种后用675~750 m3·hm-2淡水灌溉可满足耕层淋盐需求,达到玉米生长的安全阈值,与淡水灌溉处理的玉米产量相比不减产。利用夏季降雨,可使土壤盐分得到淋洗,当夏季降雨量大于300 mm时,冬小麦微咸水灌溉下土壤盐分达到周年平衡。沧州地区73%以上的年份,夏季降雨量大于300 mm,为土壤淋盐创造了条件,保证了微咸水替代一次淡水灌溉的安全性。     

春小麦与玉米、向日葵间作套种对土壤水分的影响

在河套灌区以春小麦、玉米、向日葵单作为对照,测定并分析了春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种作物生长季0—120cm土层土壤水分及作物产量。结果表明,春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种生长季的土壤水分蒸散强度为双峰曲线,春小麦、玉米、向日葵单作为单峰曲线。春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种的土壤水分蒸散量高于春小麦、玉米、向日葵单作。春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种提高了作物产量,提高了土地当量比,但降低了作物生长期、作物生长季及灌溉水的水分利用效率和水分当量比。建议河套灌区减少间作套种面积,或间作套种时在不同作物之间修建土埂隔挡,根据不同作物对水分的需求分别灌溉。     

土壤水变动对冬小麦生长产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用盆栽和管栽试验，研究土壤水变动对冬小麦地上部生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：株高对水分胁迫的发生时期较敏感，叶面积对水分胁迫的持续时间更敏感，与其他水分胁迫处理相比，分蘖至拔节阶段水分胁迫处理的株高最小，分蘖至孕穗阶段水分胁迫处理的叶面积最小。冠重主要受胁迫持续时间的影响，分蘖至孕穗阶段水分胁迫处理的冠重最小。水分胁迫对冬小麦穗数和WUE的影响基本上表现为正效应，而对每穗粒数、千粒重及产量的影响则全部为负效应。在各水分胁迫处理中，拔节至孕穗阶段经中度水分胁迫后抽穗期复水的处理，产量最高，达到充分供水对照的62%；分蘖至拔节阶段经中度水分胁迫后孕穗期复水的处理，WUE最大。试验结果表明，冬小麦株高、叶面积及各产量要素对土壤水变动的响应存在差异。     

秋闲期秸秆覆盖与氮肥减施对旱地冬小麦干物质积累、结实特性和产量的影响

  【目的】  研究秋闲期秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦播前土壤墒情和小麦生产特性的影响以及减少氮肥用量的可行性,为四川旱地小麦高产高效管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2016―2018年在四川省仁寿县四川农业大学试验基地开展冬小麦–夏玉米轮作田间定位试验,供试作物为冬小麦。试验采用裂区设计,主区为夏玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NM);裂区为氮肥用量,设不施氮(N0)、减氮(120 kg/hm2,N120)和常规施氮(180 kg/hm2,N180) 3个水平。测定了小麦播前0―100 cm土层土壤储水量和墒情、生育期叶面积指数、干物质积累与转运、花后叶绿素含量、开花结实率、产量及其构成因素。  【结果】  与NM处理相比,SM处理在0—10 cm土层有显著增墒效应,其2016—2017年土壤储水量提高了8.0 mm,2017—2018年提高了6.7 mm;2016—2017和2017—2018年0—100 cm土层储水量分别提高20.2和9.1 mm。SM处理较NM处理显著提高了小麦花前各生育时期的叶面积指数和花后小麦旗叶、倒2叶、倒3叶叶绿素含量,并有效减缓了上层叶片叶绿素降解;SM处理显著提高了花前干物质积累量、转运量和花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率,并降低花前干物质对籽粒的贡献。SM处理可显著提高小麦总小穗数、有效小穗数、总小花数、可育小花数和总结实率;冬小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和产量的两年均值分别较NM提高31.8%、44.4%和92.9%。与常规施氮量相比,减氮对小麦叶面积指数、花后上层叶片叶绿素含量、干物质积累量、穗粒数和产量均有一定降低作用,但秸秆覆盖的效应大于施氮效应,秸秆覆盖后减氮对产量降低作用不明显。  【结论】  秋闲期秸秆覆盖可提高冬小麦播前0—10 cm土层储水量,利于冬小麦营养生长并延缓花后叶片衰老,从而促进干物质积累和改善开花结实特性。减少氮肥投入不利于冬小麦生长和干物质积累,但秋闲期秸秆覆盖下良好的保水效应可有效抵消减氮对小麦生长的不利影响。因此,在四川旱地冬小麦产区,建议采用秋闲期玉米秸秆覆盖结合120 kg/hm2施氮量的技术模式,以促进冬小麦减氮和增产增效。