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1.
滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失影响因素探析   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
对滇池流域沿湖15个乡镇农田地表径流N、P流失状况及其影响因素研究结果表明,该区农田地表径流N、P污染负荷很高,年均流失量差异较大,总N为5 .0 7~113.16kg/ hm2 ,总P为0 .15~10 .14kg/ hm2 。高强度施用化肥是造成农田径流N、P流失量大的主要原因,同时也与土地利用和水肥管理方式及种植制度有关;不同坡度农田径流N、P输出量不同,6°~12°坡度N、P流失急剧增大,12°坡度以后流失量增加减缓;1次降雨或作物生长周期内径流N、P流失速率均表现出随时间参数递减的趋势;不同施肥处理N、P流失量存在一定差异,其中尿素与普钙配施可减少N、P流失,并获得较高白菜产量  相似文献   

2.
济源市蟒河流域农田、林地连续2 a的地表降雨径流水质监测数据表明:该地区农田地表降雨径流氮、磷流失远远大于林地,且农田地表径流氮污染负荷较磷高;2 a间,氮和磷流失量分别为7 773 g和963 g,氮、磷年际流失量差异较大;施用化肥是造成农田径流氮、磷流失量大的主要原因.农林地表径流氮磷流失的研究,对蟒河流域造成的水...  相似文献   

3.
河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
为了解河南省淮河流域农业面源污染特征,根据河南省淮河流域的地形地貌、降雨量、土地利用类型等因素,选择区域内有代表性的土地类型和试验点位,建立径流小区,通过测试连续2年的氮磷流失,分析不同土地利用类型径流水中氮磷浓度差异、氮磷流失量差异,并分析氮磷流失量与径流量和径流泥沙量的相关性。结果表明:土地利用类型不同氮磷流失存在明显差异,5种土地类型中种植蔬菜的土地氮的流失量最大,达10.21kg/hm2,种植花卉的土地磷的流失量最大,达3.98kg/hm2;地表径流中氮流失以溶解态氮为主要形式,磷的流失以吸附态磷为主要形式;氮磷流失量与径流量和径流泥沙量存在明显相关性。  相似文献   

4.
为探索太湖流域水网地区农田土壤氮素通过地表径流与耕层渗漏的流失特征及其影响因素,在浙江省嘉兴市、上海市的松江县和青浦县,选择稻田、种植年限短的菜地、种植年限长的菜地3种类型农田,采用原位模拟降雨,研究渗漏与地表径流方式下的农田氮素流失量、流失形态特征,以及土壤养分含量对氮素流失的影响。结果表明,3种农田在地表径流方式下农田总氮流失量差异不显著;渗漏方式下种植年限长的菜地和种植年限短的菜地总氮流失量差异也不显著。渗漏方式下总氮流失量显著高于地表径流方式。农田0—5、0—20 cm土壤硝态氮含量分别为31.24~72.9和33.21~71.1 mg/kg时,与渗漏液硝态氮、水溶性总氮、总氮的流失量、流失浓度呈极显著正相关。  相似文献   

5.
江汉平原棉田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
2008年和2009年连续2年设置田间试验,采用径流池收集对照与农民习惯施肥2种处理的地表径流,研究江汉平原区棉花种植模式下地表径流产生规律,氮、磷流失规律,肥料氮、磷流失系数及其影响因素。结果表明,江汉平原地区地表径流主要发生在3-8月降雨比较集中的时期,径流产生量随产流时段降雨量的增加而增加,年降雨产流系数平均为26.0%。2008年和2009年农民习惯施肥处理的氮流失量分别是36.14,89.52kg/hm2,磷流失量分别是0.42,10.07kg/hm2,氮、磷流失量的年际间差异较大。氮流失的主要形态是硝态氮,其2008年和2009年的流失量分别占氮流失量的92.8%和64.2%,其次是颗粒态氮,以铵态氮形式流失的只是极小一部分;磷主要以颗粒态磷形式流失,其次是可溶性磷,尤其在产流时段降雨量大的年份,颗粒态磷的流失量占到总磷的90%以上。综合2008-2009年的结果,肥料氮、磷的流失率分别为5.4%和3.1%。氮、磷的流失量主要受施肥、产流时段降雨量和作物覆盖率影响,施肥导致氮、磷养分流失量增加,产流时段降雨量越大,作物覆盖率越低,则氮、磷养分流失量越大。  相似文献   

6.
基于GIS的福建农田氮磷地表径流流失与污染风险评估   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
为了掌握福建省农田氮磷地表径流流失特征,以福建省的9个地级市为研究边界,通过对其辖区1985—2016年间农田氮、磷化肥施用量的调查,计算农田化肥氮磷的地表径流流失量,并在耦合农田化肥地表径流流失量、降雨和河网密度3个因素的基础上,分析福建省各地级行政区域农田化肥氮磷的污染风险等级,应用地理信息系统(GIS)分析其氮、磷污染的空间分布。结果表明:32年间福建省化肥施用量由4.911×105 t增加到1.239×106t,年均增长3.03%;漳州市氮肥和磷肥的施用强度最大,分别达880.40 kg×hm~(-2)和429.21 kg×hm~(-2);氮磷地表流失量较高的区域主要集中在漳州市,其氮、磷地表流失强度分别达8.71kg×hm~(-2)和1.99kg×hm~(-2)。从氮、磷污染风险等级看,南平市氮、磷肥的流失风险值均最高,分别达63.19%和63.37%,属于高氮磷污染风险区域;厦门市氮、磷肥的流失风险值均最低,分别为0.53%和0.53%,属于低污染风险区域;其他市处于两者之间。可见,漳州市农业发展中应注重氮、磷肥的减量化;南平市则注重对农田氮、磷地表径流流失的风险防范;全省应加大力度发展生态农业,以助力福建省生态文明先行示范区、生态文明试验区的建设。  相似文献   

7.
基于淮北平原自然降雨条件下2个连续汛期观测的降雨-径流试验数据,分析不同试验处理下农田地表产流规律和氮磷浓度及其构成,探讨地表径流氮磷浓度和流失量的时间变化过程及其分布差异。结果表明,当地农田地表径流氮磷浓度构成分别以颗粒态氮和可溶性磷为主,而可溶性氮中又以溶解性有机氮为主,且硝态氮是农田地表径流无机氮流失的主要成分。汛初7月不同土地利用方式下农田地表径流量及铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性氮磷和颗粒态氮磷的浓度及流失量间的差异相对较小,但8月期间的差异却明显增加,低秆高密度作物种植模式下的相应流失量最低。在淮北平原夏季种植黄豆、棉花等矮秆高密度作物,可起到有效减少地表径流氮磷流失量的作用,减缓因农业非点源污染对地表水体富营养化产生的潜在威胁。  相似文献   

8.
采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区王家沟小流域旱坡地不同坡度土壤氮素的流失特征。结果表明:①旱坡地不同坡度小区土壤氮素流失量总体不大,单场降雨侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量最大值为189.06 mg/m2,而在地表径流中仅为28.12 mg/m2,侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量明显高于地表径流氮素流失量,最大差异达到16.8倍,差值随着坡度的增大有减少的趋势;坡度越大,地表径流氮素和侵蚀泥沙氮素的流失量也越大,呈现出小区17°>9°>4°的趋势;铵态氮流失量明显低于硝态氮流失量,4°、9°、17°小区地表径流硝态氮流失量较铵态氮流失量分别高出3.2、3.6、4.0倍,说明硝态氮较铵态氮更易于流失,且随着坡度的增大差异增大。②不同坡度小区地表径流量、侵蚀泥沙流失量与降雨量均存在显著的线性正相关(P<0.05),且随着坡度的增大地表径流量与降雨量的相关系数在增大,侵蚀泥沙流失量表现则相反,这可能与土壤母质、作物生长等情况有关。  相似文献   

9.
选取典型黄绵土种植区域,通过自然降雨径流小区田间实测方法,研究了不同种植模式及施肥量下地表径流的氮、磷流失特征及玉米产量,结果表明:横坡平作的产流量和产流系数高于垄作,平作不利于遏制坡耕地地表径流;施肥增加了地表径流中氮、磷的质量浓度,优化施肥的4个处理地表径流中流失的总氮和总磷的平均质量浓度为12.421和0.253 5 mg/L,较对照分别增加38.52%和102.80%;优化施肥的4个处理中优化施肥+全膜双垄沟+免耕(OPT+TR+FM+NT)处理总氮、总磷流失量最小,分别为2.756 3和0.051 3 kg/hm2,氮、磷流失系数也最小,分别为0.229 4%和0.028 1%;OPT+TR+FM+NT处理玉米产量最高,达到6 907.78 kg/hm2,较对照增产19.53%。综合考虑,陡坡地种植稀播作物的最佳模式为OPT+TR+FM+NT。  相似文献   

10.
研究了佛山的湿地松林地表径流及可溶解性氮和磷流失的特点.结果表明,湿地松林的年径流量为16.7 mm,集中在夏季.林分的地表径流量和降雨量的关系按照二项式方程变化.地表径流中氮浓度与径流量之间存在着对数关系.湿地松林的地表径流中可溶解性氮输出量为221g/(hm2·a),春季和夏季为氮流失高峰期,占可溶解性氮年流失量的80%以上.湿地松林地表径流中可溶解性磷流失量为7.0g/(hm2·a),2008年5月和6月为湿地松林的地表径流中可溶解性磷流失高峰,占该年流失量的59%.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

17.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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