脉冲标记下甘蔗13C富集及氮磷钾含量变化

¹³C示踪是精准量化植物碳源贡献土壤碳的有效途径。为建立经济适用的甘蔗¹³C脉冲标记方法,同时获得¹³C富集蔗叶,本研究采用自制全密闭标记室进行标记试验,供试甘蔗品种为桂糖58号,设置0(CK)、0.32(T1)、0.64(T2)和1.28 g·m^-3(T3)4个Na₂¹³CO₃标记浓度,每隔7 d进行6 h的¹³CO₂脉冲标记,共标记6次。于第6次脉冲标记开始及结束后采集标记室内气体,测定CO₂浓度和δ¹³C-CO₂。并于第2、第4和第6次标记7 d后破坏性采集植株,测定蔗叶和根系δ¹³C值及全碳和N、P、K含量,计算蔗叶和根系¹³C标记效率。结果表明,在密闭标记时间内,外源释放的¹³CO₂ 95%以上被甘蔗光合作用利用。蔗叶δ^...     

基于溶解无机碳中碳氧同位素及化学组分的瓶装饮用水产地真实性鉴别

为了鉴别我国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水的产地和产品类型,本试验分析了瓶装饮用水溶解无机碳(DIC)中的δ¹⁸O_DIC和δ¹³C_DIC、水中的δ¹⁸O和δ²H值、矿物元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr)含量、阴离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-)含量、pH值与电导率等水化学指标,结合费希尔判别分析(Fisher-DA)建立模型,对瓶装饮用水的类别和产地进行鉴别。结果表明,不同产地瓶装饮用水的δ¹⁸O_DIC、δ¹³C_DIC、δ¹⁸O、δ²H值均具有显著差异,而且矿物元素与阴离子的含量变化范围广,具有不同的地域性特征。产地溯源判别模型对不同产地瓶装饮用水的判别准确率高达100%,且采用水化学指标还能区分瓶装饮用水的类型。正态化重要性分析显示,对产地具有指示效应的前五项重要指标分别为K、Cl^-和δ¹³C_DIC、δ²H和pH值。综上所述,通过稳定同位素指纹信息和水化学指标的差异进行融合分析,结合多元统计模型可有效鉴别市场上瓶装饮用水的真实性,保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场公平。     

汾河下游丰水和枯水期的河流硝酸盐污染来源特征

[目的]对汾河径流丰水期和枯水期的河流硝酸盐污染来源特征进行对比分析和研究,为汾河下游氮源污染治理提供理论支持。[方法]通过研究2018年汾河下游水体硝酸盐及其氮、氧同位素不同时期的变化,分析排入河流的硝酸盐来源雨期性变化特征,并引入IsoSoure模型,定量计算各污染源对汾河下游水体硝酸盐的贡献。[结果]在丰水期和枯水期,δ~(15)N值变化范围为3.45‰～11.19‰,δ~(18)O值变化范围为-0.72‰～3.17‰,硝酸盐污染源主要为农业化肥、土壤有机氮、生活污水与粪便;硝酸盐污染源主要与汾河下游周围土地利用类型相关,丰水期临汾段与M_5采样点硝酸盐污染源主要为粪便和污水,分别占比为58%,40%,72%和58%,M_6—M_9段农业化肥贡献率最高,占比分别45.4%,62%,56.6%,56.5%。枯水期所有采样点硝酸盐污染源贡献率最高的都为粪便和污水,占比为40%～73%。[结论]汾河径流硝酸盐污染来源主要为农业化肥、土壤有机氮、生活污水与粪便,并且污染来源与土地利用类型有很强相关性,不同水期硝酸盐污染来源大多为粪便和生活污水,差别主要体现在M_6—M_9取样点,丰水期主要污染物为农业化肥,而枯水期为粪便与生活污水。     

森林转换对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为了研究林型转换对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,在安徽皖南地区蔡家桥林场选取了马尾松次生林、湿地松人工林以及杉木人工林3种森林类型,分别采集了0—10,10—30,30—50 cm的土壤,测定了土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)以及土壤理化指标,分析了林型转换后土壤活性有机碳组分变化特征及其与土壤理化因子间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)马尾松次生林转换成湿地松人工林和杉木人工林后主要对0—10 cm土壤活性有机碳组分产生影响,其中土壤SOC,POC,EOC含量均在林型转换后出现下降,DOC含量上升,而MBC在林型转换前后无显著差异。(2)林型转换后各土层POC/SOC均出现下降,DOC和EOC占SOC比例总体呈升高趋势,MBC/SOC则未表现出明显规律。(3)土壤有机碳与活性碳组分以及TN,EC,NH⁺₄-N,NO^-₃-N均呈极显著正相关,各活性碳组分之间也存在极显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。综上,马尾松次生林转换成...     

辽阳市太子河流域地下水水质评价

以辽阳市太子河流域为例,选择NH4⁺、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、TDS、Cl^-和总硬度7项评价因子,采用OWA-AHP-TOPSIS耦合模型评价12处水样点的地下水水质。结果表明:流域内水质总体处于较严重的污染现状,所选水样中Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类水占比为41.67%和58.33%,南北部水质污染情况更加恶劣,主要与当地农业化肥利用效率低、居民生活污水排放不合理等有关。     

常年淹水稻田甲烷产生潜力和产生途径的季节变化

甲烷的减排问题已成为各国政府和科研人员关注的焦点。稻田是温室气体甲烷的重要排放源,甲烷产生是排放的前提条件,主要有乙酸发酵和CO₂/H₂还原两条途径。常年淹水稻田甲烷排放量高,减排潜力大,但关于这类稻田甲烷产生途径的季节变化规律尚少见报道。于四川省资阳市的常年淹水稻田,采集水稻4个重要生育期(分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、成熟期)的新鲜土样,通过室内厌氧培养试验观测了甲烷产生潜力,并采用稳定性碳同位素方法和氟甲烷(CH₃F,2%)抑制法,量化CO₂/H₂产甲烷的碳同位素分馏系数(α(CO₂/CH₄)),从而定量评估乙酸产甲烷途径的相对贡献率(?乙酸)。结果表明：添加CH₃F显著降低甲烷产生,甲烷产生潜力在成熟期最大,变化范围为3.22～12.71μg·g^–1·d^–1;产生CH₄的δ¹³C值(δ¹³CH_...     

不同形态氮素添加下三江源区高寒草甸草场氮素分配与利用

【目的】研究三江源区高寒草甸牧草对不同形态氮素的吸收利用和残留氮素在土壤中的去向及分配,以期为制定三江源区高寒草甸草场养分科学添加方案提供理论依据。【方法】于2020年6月至2021年9月,在青海省称多县高寒草甸试验站开展¹⁵N田间微区示踪试验,试验设置3个不同氮素形态处理,分别为(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄、Ca(¹⁵NO₃)₂、CO(¹⁵NH₂)₂,各处理的氮素施用量均为N 300 kg/hm²。分析了施肥当年和次年不同形态氮素在高寒草甸牧草地上部、地下部中的含量,及在0—15、15—30 cm土层土壤中的去向及分配。【结果】1)在施肥当年,与Ca(¹⁵NO₃)₂、(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO_4<...     

环境温度和CO2浓度升高对湖北早稻氮素含量及产量的影响

采用改进后的开顶式气室（OTC）,大田原位模拟温度升高2℃和CO₂浓度增加60μL·L^-1的未来气候情景,观测其对湖北地区早稻植株全氮、土壤氮素及产量的影响。试验设置对照(CK)、增温（增2℃,IT）、增CO2 (增60μL·L^-1,IC)以及增温+CO^₂（增2℃+增60μL·L^-1,IT+IC）4个处理,3次重复,随机区组排列,对早稻各生育期植株全氮含量、土壤NH4⁺-N和NO₃--N含量以及产量构成进行监测。结果表明：（1）温度和CO^₂浓度升高以及二者同增会增加早稻生育早期（特别是分蘖期）植株体内全氮含量,分蘖期以后各处理间差异不显著,籽粒全氮含量差异亦不显著;土壤NH4⁺-N含量与植株全氮变化规律类似,在早稻生育早期,温度和CO^₂浓度升高以及二者同增会增加土壤NH4⁺-N含量,分蘖期以后各处理间差异不显著;（2）温度升高使拔节期、成熟期土壤NO₃--N含量降低,抽穗期土壤NO₃--N含量增加;CO₂浓度增加会提高拔节期、成熟期,降低抽穗期土壤NO₃-N含量;（3）CO₂浓度升高,早稻增产13.4%,与CK差异极显著（P<0.01）,而单独增温或增温+增CO₂处理早稻产量与CK差异不显著。     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥水平对麦田土壤有机碳更新的影响

依托FACE（Free air carbon dioxide enrichment）技术平台,采用稳定¹³C同位索法,通过将C₃作物小麦种植于长期单作玉米的C₄土壤上,研究了大气CO₂浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对水稻-小麦轮作制中冬小麦生长季土壤有机碳更新的影响。结果表明,种植一季小麦后土壤有机碳的δ¹³C值显著降低,小麦生长改变了土壤有机碳的组成,大气CO₂浓度增加促进作物向土壤中输入更多的碳。大气CO₂浓度升高增加了麦田土壤有机碳的更新率,使土壤有机碳的更新率由3.61%(施氮量为150 kg hm^-2,LN)～4.59%(施氮量为250 kg hm^-2,HN)提高至6.72%（LN）～8.55%（HN）,分别增加72.7%和86.1%。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高和提高氮肥用量将加快农田土壤有机碳的更新。     

盐碱草甸植被退化对土壤硝化作用强度的影响

为了解不同退化阶段盐碱草甸草原土壤硝化作用强度特征及其影响因素,采用空间代替时间的方法,以松嫩平原盐碱草甸草原植被退化过程中4种典型植物群落为对象,以未做处理为参照,设置刈割、施氮和刈割同时施氮3种处理,测定了土壤的硝化作用强度(NI)、pH值、电导率(EC)、含水量(SMC)和有效磷(OP)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)及全氮(TN)的含量。结果显示:(1)土壤NI与pH值、电导率、含水量、OP和NO^-₃-N呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01);通过逐步回归分析的方法得出土壤NI的重要影响因子,重要影响因子对土壤NI影响强弱表现为:pH值>有效磷含量>含水量>硝态氮含量,并推断土壤硝态氮含量可作为土壤NI的一个重要表征参数。(2)未作处理时,星星草群落与碱蓬群落土壤硝化作用强度分别为13.4,13.5 mg/(kg·h),显著高于羊草群落和退化羊草群落的5.0,2.5 mg/(kg·h),刈割和施氮处理分别使星星草群落土壤NI提高96.88%,253.77%,混合处理使其提高413.70%,显著高于其他3种植物群落,由此可见,在人为刈割和施氮肥的干预下,星星草群落土壤铵态氮可能更易转变为硝态氮,氮素流失的风险也更大,因此可认为星星草群落处于盐碱草甸退化过程中的关键阶段。     

退耕还林措施对滇中尖山河坡地氮磷流失的削减效应

[目的]探究滇中尖山河流域退耕还林措施下不同地类侵蚀性降雨、氮磷流失浓度、流失量的动态变化特征,对评价退耕还林生态工程对流域水体保护和面源污染的削减效应具有重要的指导意义。[方法]选择抚仙湖湖区典型流域尖山河小流域为研究区,以流域内退耕还林/坡耕地、人工林、灌木林和次生林为研究对象,对流域不同土地利用类型径流小区进行连续三年(2017—2019年)雨季(5—10月)定量监测。[结果]退耕还林后年侵蚀性降水量和年径流量分别降低37.16%和42.75%,产流量降低95.88%和94.29%。各态氮磷输出浓度分别削减：总氮34.32%、硝态氮32%、铵态氮61%、总磷73.4%和磷酸盐70.4%;各态氮磷输出量分别减少了总氮70.40 mg/m²,硝态氮41.24 mg/m²,铵态氮20.56 mg/m²,总磷162.16 mg/m²和磷酸盐107.38 mg/m²,削减率分别为：79.29%,80.48%,88.20%,95.66%和97.06%。未退耕还林前坡耕地总氮、硝态氮、...     

增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响

The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.     

硝态氮促进水稻生长和氮素吸收的生理机制

Rice is being increasingly cultivated in intermittently irrigated regious and also in aerobic soil in which Nitrate (NO₃^-) plays important role in nutrition of plant. However, there is no information regarding the influence of nitrate on the overall growth and uptake of nitrogen (N) in rice plant. Solution culture experiments were carried out to study the effects of NO₃^- on the plant growth, uptake of N, and uptake kinetics of NH₄⁺ in four typical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (conveutioual indica, conventional japonica, hybrid indica, and hybrid japonica), and on plasma membrane potential in roots of two conventional rice cultivars (indica and japonica) at the seedling stage. The results obtained indicated that a ratio of 50/50 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N increased the average biomass of rice shoots and roots by 20% when compared with that of 100/0 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N. In case of the 50/50 ratio, as compared with the 100/0 ratio, total N accumulated in shoots and roots of rice increased on an average by 42% and 57%, respectively. Conventional indica responds to NO₃^- more than any other cultivars that were tested. The NO₃^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate (V_max) of NH₄⁺ by rice but did not show any effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) value, with the average value of V_max for NH₄⁺ among the four cultivars being increased by 31.5% in comparison with those in the absence of NO₃^-. This suggested that NO₃^- significantly increased the numbers of the ammonium transporters. However, the lack of effect on the K_m value also suggested that the presence of NO₃^- had no effect on the affinity of the transporters for NH₄⁺. The plasma membrane potential in the roots of conventional indica and japonica were greatly increased by the addition of NO₃^-, suggesting that NO₃^- could improve the uptake of N by roots of the rice plant. In conclusion, the mechanisms by which NO₃^- enhances the growth and N uptake of rice plant was found by the increased value of V_max of NH₄⁺ and increased plasma membrane potential. Thus promotion of nitrification in paddy soil is of great significance for improving the production of rice.     

甘蔗集约化种植区施肥显著增加入河硝态氮污染:基于氮氧同位素的流域示踪

[目的]过量施用肥料会导致土壤养分过剩,在降雨径流冲刷下极易流失进入河湖水体,引起地表水体污染.本研究旨在阐明农区施肥与入河硝态氮污染的关系,为有效防控农业面源污染提供科学依据.[方法]选择广西集约化蔗区客兰水库水源区的那辣流域,应用双稳定同位素(δ15N-NO3–、δ18O-NO3–)示踪技术,确定流域内3个子流域(...     

Variation in soil nitrifiers and leaf nitrate reductase activity of selected tree species in a forest community

Nitrate reductase activity of green leaves of red oak, hemlock, basswood, sugar maple and beech were studied in relation to soil ammonifier and nitrifier populations and available mineral N of associated soils in a forest community near Ithaca, New York. Significant intersite, i.e. interspecific, differences were found for all plant and soil factors studied. Extractable NH⁺₄-N was higher than NO₃⁻-N under all species. Nitrate reductase activities (NRA) of the green leaves of the five dominant species were significantly correlated with soil NO₃⁻-N beneath the tree canopies (P < 0.001). Nitrosomonas and Nilrobacter counts were intercorrelated (P < 0.001), and Nitrobacter was found to be related to both soil NH⁺₄ (P < 0.05) and soil NO⁻₃ (P < 0.001). Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter counts were highest under basswood, and leaf NRA was 20–50 times higher in basswood leaves than in any of the other four species. Basswood also had the highest total leaf N, 5.02 ± 0.06%. Our data suggest that in these forest stands, green-leaf nitrate reductase activity is a reliable index of soil mineral N usage by the five species. Moreover, we believe that the data support the notion that Nitrobacter populations, and thus nitrification rates, are inhibited by the dominant tree species to result in a more ammonium-based nutrition, which on the system level ultimately has a conserving effect on the N economy of these stands.     

Inhibition of nitrate accumulation in tropical grassland soils: effect of nitrogen fertilization and soil disturbance

In acid soils in the Eastern Plains of Colombia, forage grasses planted on land prepared before the previous dry season produced 40–50% more dry matter than when land was prepared immediately before planting. Virtually no NO₃⁻ accumulated in surface (0–10 cm) soil from three native undisturbed savanna sites. Where land was ploughed before the dry season, NO₃⁻ levels increased gradually after a 2–3 month lag, and dropped at the beginning of the rains. In samples incubated for 4 weeks, more NO₃⁻ accumulated in the wet than the dry season. A similar 2–3-month lag occurred when land was ploughed after the dry season. NH₄⁺ levels were higher in ploughed than savanna soils, and rose in all soils at the beginning of the rains. More NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ accumulated on incubation in pots than in soil cores. Forage grasses inhibited NO₃⁻ accumulation in the soil, relative to plant-free plots, and legumes stimulated it. N fertilization overcame this inhibition except in the case of Brachiaria humidicola .     

嘉陵江流域输沙时空变化及归因分析

河流输沙过程变化对河流系统的功能发挥具有重要意义,因此探究嘉陵江流域输沙时空变化及其驱动因素,对嘉陵江流域进一步治理具有重要指导作用。基于嘉陵江流域实测降雨输沙资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验分析输沙时空变化特征,采用双累积曲线法定量分析了典型区间内水文站点气候变化与人类活动对输沙变化贡献率。结果表明：嘉陵江流域各子流域年代输沙模数整体呈减少趋势,2007—2015年,仅武都—碧口区间输沙模数高达3 323.48 t/(km²·a)。典型区间内北碚、武胜、罗渡溪、小河坝4站1960—2015年输沙量呈极显著下降趋势,分别以3.40×10⁶,1.80×10⁶,4.0×10⁵,3.40×10⁵t/a的速率下降,以水土保持与水利工程措施为主的人类活动减沙贡献率为75.93%～96.43%,其输沙序列分别于1990年、1990年、1988年、1984年发生极显著突变。嘉陵江流域各子流域年代输沙模数整体呈减少趋势,干流修建多座大型控制性水库对河道输沙的影...     

Using the simplified falling head technique to detect temporal changes in field-saturated hydraulic conductivity at the surface of a sandy loam soil

Determining temporal changes in field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) is important for understanding and modeling hydrological phenomena at the field scale. Little is known about temporal variability of K_fs values measured at permanent sampling points. In this investigation, the simplified falling head (SFH) technique was used for an approximately 2-year period to determine temporal changes in K_fs at 11 permanent sampling points established at the surface of a sandy loam soil. Additional K_fs measurements were obtained by the single-ring pressure infiltrometer (PI) technique to also compare the SFH and PI techniques. The lowest mean values of K_fs, M(K_fs), were detected in December and January (20.5 ≤ M(K_fs) ≤ 146.2 mm h⁻¹), whereas higher results (190.5 ≤ M(K_fs) ≤ 951.9 mm h⁻¹) were obtained in the other months of the year. The K_fs values were higher and less variable in the dry soil (θ_i ≤ 0.21 m³ m⁻³, M(K_fs) = 340.6 mm h⁻¹, CV(K_fs) = 106%) than in the wet one (θ_i > 0.21 m³ m⁻³, M(K_fs) = 78.4 mm h⁻¹, CV(K_fs) = 185%). Both wet and dry soil were less conductive at the end of the study period than at the beginning one but a more appreciable change was detected for the dry soil (K_fs decreasing by 83.4%) than for the wet one (K_fs decreasing by 63.0%). The simple SFH technique yielded K_fs results similar to the more laborious and time-consuming PI technique (i.e., mean values differing at the most by a factor of two). It was concluded that (i) the soil water content was an important factor affecting the K_fs results obtained in a relatively coarse-textured soil, (ii) the impact of time from the beginning of the experiment on the saturated hydraulic conductivity was larger for a repeated sampling of dry soil than of wet soil and (iii) the SFH technique yielded reliable K_fs results in a relatively short period of time without the need for extensive instrumentation or analytical methodology.     

基于生态足迹的澧水流域生态补偿研究

以澧水流域为研究对象,通过生态足迹的方法,实现生态系统服务价值与补偿量之间的转化,结合地区社会经济发展水平,测算了研究区域的生态补偿额度。研究表明:（1）从2001—2013年澧水流域各县（市、区）生态系统服务价值变化率来看,降幅最大的是澧县,其次是临澧县;增幅最大的是武陵源区,其次是桑植县。（2）2013年澧水流域的人均生态足迹为3.203 6 hm²,而实际生态承载力为0.600 0 hm²,人均可利用生态承载力为0.528 0 hm²,则人均生态赤字为-2.675 6 hm²。（3）计算出了澧水流域各县（市、区）的生态补偿标准,其中澧县需要支付的生态补偿量最高,为26.97亿元;其次是石门县和临澧县,分别为8.87亿元和6.44亿元。研究结果将为澧水流域生态补偿机制的建立提供参考。