干旱区重度和轻度盐碱地包气带水分运移规律

为揭示干旱区不同灌溉模式下的包气带水分运移规律,该研究综合使用原位观测、同位素示踪和数值模拟等方法,对跨流域调水背景下,克拉玛依农业开发区重度和轻度盐碱地棉田的土壤水势、土壤含水率和土壤水同位素组成特征,包气带水量平衡以及水分运移规律进行了研究。研究表明,土壤基质势调控的滴灌模式下,重度和轻度盐碱地的灌溉入渗主要影响深度是地表以下0~150 cm,土壤含水率和土壤水势对灌溉和蒸散发动态变化的响应明显,具有前期土壤水和观测期内灌溉入渗水的混合特征。深层(重度盐碱地150~260 cm;轻度盐碱地250~350 cm)受地下水毛细作用影响,土壤水势和土壤含水率对地下水埋深动态变化的响应明显,具有前期土壤水与地下水的混合特征。轻度盐碱地中间层(150~250 cm),几乎不受灌溉入渗和地下水毛细作用的影响,土壤水势和土壤含水率处于动态平衡,主要为前期土壤水的特征。HYDRUS-1D数值模拟结果表明,深层土壤水与地下水之间存在双向交换,地下水对土壤水以补给作用为主,重度和轻度盐碱地地下水补给占包气带水分来源的比例分别为7.9%和15.0%。该灌溉模式对农业开发区地下水补给有一定的抑制作用,但观测期内区域地下水位抬升幅度在50~60 cm之间,说明存在一定的土壤次生盐渍化和地下水咸化的潜在风险。     

地下水埋深和灌水频率对土壤溶质(Br-)运移的影响

通过室内均质土柱试验,以Br-为示踪剂,研究了90 mm/15 d和30 mm/5 d两种灌水频率下,1.7,1.2,0.8 m地下水埋深土壤中溶质(Br-)的运移规律。结果表明:不同地下水埋深或同一地下水埋深条件下,高、低灌水频率土壤中溶质运移快慢的趋势是变化的。地下水埋深由深变浅,高灌水频率土壤中溶质(Br-)运移由慢于低灌水频率逐渐转变为快于低灌水频率;高灌水频率土壤中Br-较集中地向下运移,低灌水频率土壤中地下水埋深越大,Br-分布越均匀分散;高灌水频率不利于土壤溶质(Br-)积聚于土表。     

地下水埋深和灌水频率对土壤溶质（Br^-）运移的影响

通过室内均质土柱试验,以Br^-为示踪剂,研究了90 mm/15 d和30 mm/5 d两种灌水频率下,1.7,1.2,0.8 m地下水埋深土壤中溶质（Br^-）的运移规律。结果表明：不同地下水埋深或同一地下水埋深条件下,高、低灌水频率土壤中溶质运移快慢的趋势是变化的。地下水埋深由深变浅,高灌水频率土壤中溶质（Br^-）运移由慢于低灌水频率逐渐转变为快于低灌水频率;高灌水频率土壤中Br^-较集中地向下运移,低灌水频率土壤中地下水埋深越大,Br^-分布越均匀分散;高灌水频率不利于土壤溶质（Br^-）积聚于土表。     

基于灰色关联分析的土壤水盐动态变化研究

根据洛惠渠灌区多年观测资料与实地调查,采用灰色关联法对灌区地下水矿化度、埋深与土壤含盐量的动态关系进行了分析。阐明了3者之间的年际动态变化规律和耦合关系,建立了灌区土壤水盐动态耦合关系模型。结果表明,地下水矿化度是影响土壤含盐量的主要因素,地下水埋深对盐分的转移也起着重要的作用,各因子之间相互作用,形成了复杂条件下的耦合关系;该灌区处于脱盐和相对稳定状态,受外界因素影响,土壤含盐量变化趋势与地下水矿化度和地下水位变化趋势不一致;基于地下水矿化度和地下水埋深的土壤水盐耦合关系模型具有较高的预测精度,能够很好地定量描述土壤水盐动态变化与其影响因子之间的响应关系。     

季节性冻土区包气带水汽热耦合运移研究进展

季节性冻土区占据中国超过一半的国土面积,冻融作用会显著改变土壤性质与包气带水、热传输过程,并且由于季节性冻土广泛分布在干旱半干旱地区,温度与气态水对于土壤水分运移影响显著,开展水汽热耦合研究不仅更符合季节性冻土区实际情况,同时对于揭示土壤水循环机制十分关键。本文综述了包气带水汽热耦合运移理论的提出与发展历程,阐述了季节性冻融作用对水汽热耦合运移研究中水力参数及水分相态转化过程的影响,探讨了水汽热耦合模型适用性,并归纳总结了温度梯度驱动下气态水运移规律及其重要性。最后,对该领域尚需加强研究的方向提出看法与建议,以期为深化包气带水汽热耦合运移理论以及解决季节性冻土区相关实际问题提供科学依据。     

不同潜水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉的水盐运移规律及模拟研究

采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水(咸水)灌溉对土壤水盐的影响,在此基础上,建立了BP神经网络水盐耦合模型。研究结果表明:土壤中盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而减小,随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而增大。在地下水埋深为2 m,3 m,4 m的地区,采用矿化度小于4 g/L的水进行灌溉,在夏玉米整个生长周期的0~100 cm土层内不会形成积盐现象;拓扑结构为8∶2∶2的BP网络模型,能模拟不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水(咸水)灌溉的水盐运移,且精度较高。     

地下水浅埋区土壤水TDS变化规律分析

土壤水的研究对农田水利、水文地质、生态与环境等具有很重要的意义,本文研究了黄河三角洲地区土壤水TDS变化规律及其影响因素。在研究区设立了3个试验点,分别观测裸地、棉花地和芦苇地包气带水分变化,并利用陶土头负压法获取各试验点不同深度的土壤水样。水样分析结果表明,土壤水的TDS主要与地表覆盖类型、包气带岩性和地下水及其埋深有关。     

不同潜水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉的水盐运移规律及模拟研究

采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水（咸水）灌溉对土壤水盐的影响,在此基础上,建立了BP神经网络水盐耦合模型。研究结果表明：土壤中盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而减小,随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而增大。在地下水埋深为2 m,3 m,4 m的地区,采用矿化度小于4 g/L的水进行灌溉,在夏玉米整个生长周期的0～100 cm土层内不会形成积盐现象;拓扑结构为8∶2∶2的BP网络模型,能模拟不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水（咸水）灌溉的水盐运移,且精度较高。     

蒸发条件下粘土层对土壤水和溶质运移影响的模拟

以土壤水和溶质运移的动力学原理为基础 ,采用数值模拟方法 ,研究了在浅层地下水和蒸发条件下含有粘土层土壤的水和Cl-的运移状况 ,重点探讨了两种粘土的层位和层厚对水和Cl-运移影响的差别及原因。研究结果表明 ,粘土层对土壤的水和溶质运移影响的程度 ,与层状土壤中该粘土及其组合土壤的水力学性质有关。本文模拟的重粘土 (简称Y粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,其基本情况为 ,随粘土层层位的升高和层厚加大 ,土壤水分蒸发和地下水补给速率降低 ,Cl-积累减少。而轻粘土 (简称R粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,由于它们的导水率曲线在压力水头h约 - 10 0 0cm处相交 ,当h低于此值时 ,R粘土的导水率就大于轻壤土的。因此 ,蒸发、补给速率和Cl-积累强度出现以顶位最高 ,甚至高于均质轻壤土 ,其次为底位 ,最低为中部层位的现象。在蒸发条件下Cl-在剖面中的积聚部位主要是土表。粘土层的存在 ,起到了阻滞作用 ,而阻滞程度则与该粘土水力学性质、层位、厚度和地下水埋深有关     

地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型及验证

以非饱和土壤水运动理论和多孔介质中溶质运移的对流－弥散理论为基础，建立了地下滴灌条件下描述地埋点源土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型。模型中对滴头边界进行了简化，并对其可行性进行了检验。模拟计算结果得到室内试验资料验证。该模型可用来描述地下滴灌土壤水、肥运动和分布规律，以便为地下滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论依据。     

石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展

土壤水流和溶质运移一直是土壤学研究的热点,溶质运移理论主要应用于地下水污染、污染物运移、土壤重金属污染研究等方面。溶质主要通过优先流和基质流进行运移,影响溶质运移因素很多,主要包括土壤结构、质地、水力传导率、体积质量、初始含水量、根系、石砾等。石砾作为土壤质地中的一个分级单位,与溶质运移关系较为复杂。本文综合介绍了石砾基本内涵以及石砾对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展;系统阐述了石砾内部参数(石砾覆盖度、含量、粒径、空间异质性等)和外部参数(根石结构、干湿冻融、耕作等),指出目前研究主要量化土壤表面及土壤表层石砾参数对水文效应、土壤侵蚀、入渗以及径流的影响,然而石砾参数对溶质运移影响研究不够系统,石砾参数与溶质运移关系研究尚处于初步阶段,对土壤深层石砾研究缺乏;归纳了石砾参数研究技术手段及模型;探讨了目前石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究存在的问题以及今后研究趋势。     

Monitoring and prognosis of regional water and salt

A system designed for monitoring and prognosis of regional water and salt (PWS), was developed to consist of a monitoring system, a group of models and an information system. PWS was developed and tested using a 253 km² portion of a monitored area of 487 km² established for observation of the surface water flow and quality, groundwater table and quality, soil water and salt regime in Quzhou county, Hebei Province. Predictive models for groundwater table location and quality were developed using basic principles of hydrodynamics and solved using finite element methods. A regional soil water model was developed based on a water balance approach, while a regional soil salinity models was developed by combining salt balance and expert identification methods. Submodels were integrated and applied seasonally, with satisfactory prediction results for the regional scale. The percentage of mean relative error for groundwater depth (m) and quality (g/l), water storage (mm) and salt storage (kg/m²) in the 0–1 m soil layer were 14.8, 13.1, 14.1 and 25.4%, respectively. The information system component of PWS, defined as PWSIS, was composed of four parts: the subsystems database, vector management, a system model, and information output. The predicted outputs were expressed as either tables or contour maps of groundwater table or depth and quality, grade maps of soil water and salt storage or drought/waterlogging and salinity status. Some key problems, such as how to expand the point data to a plane and how to determine the boundary of each grade on the map, were solved using “the point-to-plane expanding algorithm” and GIS techniques of digitizing and overlaying the grid maps concerned.     

地下水埋深对膜下滴灌棉田水盐动态影响及土壤盐分累积特征

为了探究不同地下水埋深条件下膜下滴灌农田的水盐运移规律,于2012—2016年在新疆库尔勒绿洲,对采用膜下滴灌结合冬春灌压盐的棉田开展定位观测,在不同位置处150 cm深土壤剖面进行水盐监测,探究不同生育阶段地下水埋深与土壤水盐含量的关系。结果表明,膜下滴灌农田土壤水分呈反"S"型分布,土壤盐分呈"酒杯"状表聚型分布;试验期内地下水埋深从2~3 m增加到5~6 m,相应地苗期和非生育期返盐程度显著降低,收获期盐分含量下降;5a来土壤含盐量从6.5 g/kg下降到1 g/kg,土壤累积含盐量与地下水埋深呈负的指数关系;深层水分交换量表明土壤水和地下水间的联系明显减弱。建议将类似地区的地下水埋深控制在3.5 m左右,膜下滴灌结合冬春灌淋洗可有效抑制土壤层盐分累积,并可保证自然植被的生态需水。     

降雨-径流条件下土壤溶质迁移过程模拟

通过雨滴的打击加速土壤表面溶质迁移至地表径流过程。通过设计3种水文条件即控制排水状态（-5 cm）、土壤水分饱和状态和土壤渗流状态（5 cm）,采用人工模拟3种降雨强度（30、60和90 mm/h）,及同时外加模拟相对于降雨量的0、2、4和10倍径流量,研究土壤溶质迁移到地表径流过程中扩散过程的规律。试验结果表明降雨强度、或地表径流总量、或地表水位线的增加,均加速土壤溶质的扩散过程。渗流作用下,对流-扩散作用存在着一种交互作用,能加速分子扩散过程。土壤溶质迁移过程同降雨强度、地表径流量和地下水位高低有着重要关系。     

Solute leaching in a sandy soil with a water-repellent surface layer: A simulation

Many sandy soils in the Netherlands have a water-repellent surface layer covering a wettable soil with a shallow groundwater table. Fingers form in the water-repellent surface layer and rapidly transport water and solutes to the wettable soil in which the streamlines diverge. Although several field observations are available, this system has not yet been studied systematically. In this paper, we present a model with a steady-state water flow to which solutes are added as a pulse. The model predicts the flow through the distribution zone and through the finger in the water-repellent surface layer with a closed form solution and transport in the wettable subsoil numerically. Model calculations show that the travel time through the water-repellent surface layer and the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the wettable soil have the strongest effect on the arrival time of the solute pulse at groundwater level. The calculations also show that, assuming transport in the wettable subsoil to take place in fingers, the travel time is considerably shorter than when the diverging flow in the wettable soil is included.     

Simulation of hydrology following various volumes of irrigation to soil with different depths to the water table

Vertical water fluxes at the water table and in the subsoil need to be quantified because of their significance for the supply of water to crops and the control of soil salinization in areas with shallow groundwater. A soil–water–atmosphere–plant (SWAP) model was calibrated using measured values of soil water content and the water fluxes at the water table. The measurements were taken in a field experiment where the depth to groundwater and the volume of irrigation water applied were controlled. The calibrated SWAP model was then used to simulate the soil water content and fluxes at the water table and in the subsoil under different irrigation and groundwater conditions. The predicted values provided a quantitative insight into specific terms in the water balance equation together with soil water fluxes in the subsoil that cannot be measured directly by field instruments. Crops utilized significant amounts of water from deeper soil layers and directly from groundwater, when the volume of irrigation decreased and the depth to the water table was <3.0 m. Depth to the water table significantly influenced water fluxes occurring in the soil profile over the period when evaporation dominated the hydrological cycle. Shallow groundwater is a very significant water resource for meeting the water requirement of crops. In practice, the frequency and quantity of irrigation need to be varied according to groundwater conditions.     

土壤优先流研究现状与发展趋势

优先流是近年来针对土壤水运动所提出的术语,是土壤中水运动机制研究由均匀走向非均匀领域的标志,是指在土壤各向异性的情况下,水分和溶质在多重因素的共同作用下,沿着特定的路径向下发生非稳定渗流的现象.优先流是造成降雨型滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害以及地下水质污染、农业土壤中养分流失等现象的主要诱因之一,所以深入开展优先流的研究显得尤为重要.本文从优先流的界定出发,主要介绍回顾了优先流数学模型的发展和研究优先流所采用的技术手段和方法,最后总结并探讨了优先流研究中存在的问题和发展趋势.     

Räumliche Variabilität von Stoffkonzentrationen am Grundwasserspiegel bei einem grundwasserfernen Sandstandort unter Kiefern

Spatial variability of groundwater solute concentrations at the water table under a pine stand on sandy soil with deep groundwater Aim of the study was to prove the evidence of a direct influence of solute input pattern (induced by canopy throughfall) on the pattern of groundwater solute concentration at the water table even at sites with groundwater table of 4–5 m below surface. The test site was a weakly buffered sandy soil with groundwater table ca. 4.3 m below surface (Podzol soil with some features of former gley process) under a cultivated pine stand (age ca. 60 years). Groundwater at the water table was sampled in between two rows of trees along a 30 m transect at 0.5 m intervals. As example, the results for sulfate concentration (the key solute of soil and groundwater acidification) show rather high variation along the transect. But a thorough stochastic analysis of empirical data sets reveals cyclic oszillations occurring synchronous and with same period length for sulfate concentration at the water table and for canopy coverage of the ground (and therefore for solute input). An additional long-periodic oscillation is strongly superimposing in the case of sulfate concentration. Thus the results indicate a direct influence of the pattern of canopy throughfall on the pattern of sulfate concentration at the water table. However, this influence is rather weakly pronounced at this deep groundwater site compared to corresponding shallow groundwater sites.     

SOIL GENESIS IN RELATION TO GROUNDWATER AND SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES NEAR VEGREVILLE,ALBERTA1

The study was designed to obtain information on flow and salinity of the groundwater, and on moisture regimes above the water table at selected sites near Vegreville, Alberta, and to relate this information to features of soil genesis revealed by soil mapping and analysis. All soils on the lower slopes, unlike those at upper elevations, contained accumulations of salts and gypsum, but the depth of salt accumulation and therefore the kind of soil appeared to be related only partly to current groundwater flow directions and the depth of the water table. The sodium content of the discharging groundwater and past flow conditions also appeared to be important. Lateral flow above the water table is suggested as being of possible importance in desalinization of surface horizons.     

土壤水流通量对饱水带溶质运移参数的影响

The transport processes of solutes in two soil columns filled with undistrubed soil material collected from an unsaturated sandy aquifer formation in Belgium subjected to a variable upper boundary condition were identified from breakthrough curves measured by means of time domain reflectometry(TDR),Solute breakthrough was measured with 3 TDR probes inserted into each soil column at three different depths at a 10 minutes time interval.In addition,soil water content and pressure head were measured at 3 different depths.Analyteical solute transport models were used to estimate the solute disperison coefficient and average pore-water velocity from the observed breakthrough curves,the results showed that the analytical solutions were suitable in fitting the observed solute transport,The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of the soil depth and average proe-water velocity,imposed by the soil water flux.the mobile moistrue content on the other hand was not correlated with the average pore-water velocity and the dispersion coefficient.