低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究 IV.光能竞争与剪枝作用

农林间作导致间作花生区域光合有效辐射和花生产量的下降,而且花生产量与光合有效辐射呈极显著正相关,表明了光能竞争是导致农林间作花生产量下降的主要原因。2001年6月初剪枝后,5龄和9龄南酸枣间作系统花生相对光合有效辐射分别从5月份的79.2%和63.4%增加到88.7%和67.5%; 但随着南酸枣生长,5龄和9龄南酸枣间作系统中7月份的花生相对光合有效辐射又下降到80.8%和65.7%。2001年剪枝以后,5龄南酸枣和9龄南酸枣间作系统花生相对产量分别由2000年的64.1%和55.4%提高到68.2%和58.1%。这表明剪枝在短期内能在一定程度上减轻光能竞争,但仍然不能满足花生生长需要。     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究Ⅰ. 生产力

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作试验结果表明，农林间作枣间作有利于促进南酸枣的生长，提高系统生产力，与单作南酸枣相比，间作5龄和9龄南酸枣生物量分别提高42．8％和72．9％，但农林间作会导致花生产量的降低，随着树龄的增加，这种影响愈来愈严重，与花生单作相比，5龄南酸枣间作和9龄南酸枣间作系统中可比种植面积花生产量分别降低了35．9％和44．6％，而且，在农林间作系统中花生产量与其对间作南酸枣带的距离呈显著相关，距离南酸枣带愈近，花生产量愈低。     

土壤pH与碳酸钙含量的关系

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作试验结果表明:农林间作枣间作有利于促进南酸枣的生长,提高系统生产力。与单作南酸枣相比,间作5龄和9龄南酸枣生物量分别提高42.8%和72.9%。但农林间作会导致花生产量的降低,随着树龄的增加,这种影响愈来愈严重。与花生单作相比,5龄南酸枣间作和9龄南酸枣间作系统中可比种植面积花生产量分别降低了35.9%和44.6%。而且,在农林间作系统中花生产量与其对间作南酸枣带的距离呈显著相关。距离南酸枣带愈近,花生产量愈低。     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究. Ⅱ.氮素竞争

利用^15N同位素示踪试验结果表明间作5龄和9龄南酸枣分别竞争利用了施用于毗邻花生9.66%和30.15%的氮肥，从而促进了间作南酸枣的生长。同时，南酸枣与花生间氮素竞争对毗邻南酸枣带的花生产量下降有一定影响。     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究.II.氮素竞争

利用15N同位素示踪试验结果表明间作5龄和9龄南酸枣分别竞争利用了施用于毗邻花生9.66%和30.15%的氮肥,从而促进了间作南酸枣的生长。同时,南酸枣与花生间氮素竞争对毗邻南酸枣带的花生产量下降有一定影响。     

低丘红壤南酸枣一花生复合系统物种问水肥光竞争的研究—Ⅱ．南酸枣与花生利用光能分析

试验研究结果表明低丘红壤南酸枣遮荫使复合系统花生光合有效辐射减弱以及花生产量和生物量明显下降 ,与单作花生相比间作各行花生相对光合有效辐射值日变化主要与距南酸枣树行远近有关 ,与复合系统花生产量和生物量中间行高而两侧行低的趋势相一致 ,两者呈显著正相关。     

花生-南酸枣间作系统氮素利用研究

在低丘红壤花生—南酸枣间作系统中利用1 5N同位素示踪方法研究结果表明 ,5龄和 9龄南酸枣分别竞争利用了施用于花生的氮肥的 9 66%和 3 0 15 %。与单作花生系统相比 ,5龄和 9龄南酸枣间作系统中花生对表施氮肥的利用率分别下降 3 7 8%和 5 9 1%。间作 5龄南酸枣对模拟淋溶至亚表层土壤氮素的利用率非常低下 ,与花生单作相比 ,5龄南酸枣间作系统表施氮素土壤残留没有显著差异 ,其安全网作用不明显。随着树龄增加 ,南酸枣根系充当安全网作用的潜力被证实。 9龄南酸枣对模拟淋溶至3 5cm和 5 5cm深度土壤氮素的利用率分别为 3 3 79%和 14 74% ,与花生单作相比 ,其表施氮素在 0～ 60cm土层残留降低 2 4 1%。     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究V.水土保持

降雨分配不均,特别是暴雨是造成低丘红壤水土流失的重要原因;红壤开垦农用后,地表径流减少,土壤侵蚀增加;减少水土流失并不是复合农林间作的内在属性,而取决于复合农林系统的管理措施。与南酸枣单作系统相比,花生系统地表径流减少50%~60%,土壤侵蚀增加247%～352%。与花生单作系统相比,5龄南酸枣花生间作和9龄南酸枣花生间作系统地表径流量分别减少21%和6%,土壤侵蚀量分别减少11%和23%。但是,就单位花生种植面积而言,花生南酸枣间作与花生单作处理之间水土流失并没有显著性差异。     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究Ⅴ.水土保持

降雨分配不均,特别是暴雨是造成低丘红壤水土流失的重要原因;红壤开垦农用后,地表径流减少,土壤侵蚀增加;减少水土流失并不是复合农林间作的内在属性,而取决于复合农林系统的管理措施.与南酸枣单作系统相比,花生系统地表径流减少50%～60%,土壤侵蚀增加247%～352%.与花生单作系统相比,5龄南酸枣花生间作和9龄南酸枣花生间作系统地表径流量分别减少21%和6%,土壤侵蚀量分别减少11%和23%.但是,就单位花生种植面积而言,花生南酸枣间作与花生单作处理之间水土流失并没有显著性差异.     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究III.土壤水分

红壤水分含量随土壤深度而增加为农林间作的水分协同利用提供了可能。但土壤水分动态结果表明农林间作不会改善表层土壤水分状况。南酸枣在干旱季节主要通过吸收深层次土壤水分，与间作花生对表层土壤水分的竞争也不剧烈。与单作南酸枣相比，间作系统中南酸枣种植带土壤水分含量较低。这表明农林间作对土壤水分的影响不是促进间作南酸枣生长、抑制间作花生生长的主要原因。     

低丘红壤区农林间作系统水分利用竞争性评价

农林复合系统由于其复杂的物种配置、下垫面差异及土壤水力学性质的空间变异,可能影响土壤水分运动及水量平衡,并决定物种间水分竞争性。本文研究了南方低丘红壤区花生南酸枣农林复合系统中土壤水分的时空动态、土壤水流通量和方向的二维变化;结合土壤水量平衡,评价了农林复合系统组分间的土壤水分竞争关系。研究结果表明:农林复合系统能够利用50～100 cm土层土壤水分,对干旱有一定缓冲作用;但在季节性干旱土壤水分期向树行运动,说明南酸枣与花生间作系统也存在着水分竞争,竞争同树龄和空间距离有关。花生的种植减小了地表径流却加剧了土壤的流失。农林复合系统改变了土壤水量平衡,复合后系统蒸散量提高5%～12%,而净渗漏量及土壤水分贮存量减小。农林复合系统减小了30～100 cm土壤水分运动通量,引起土壤水分运动方向变化,影响了作物水分利用体系,需在设计优化管理水资源的农林复合模式时充分考虑这些因素。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions in Temperate Alley Cropping Systems

Abstract

Alley cropping may promote greater sequestration of soil organic carbon. The objective of this study was to examine spatial variability of soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions relative to tree rows in established alley cropping systems in north central Missouri. Soils were collected to a depth of 30 cm from two alley cropped sites, a 19‐yr‐old pecan (Carya illinoinensis)/bluegrass (Poa trivialis) intercrop (pecan site) and an 11‐yr‐old silver maple (Acer saccharinum)/soybean (Glycine max)–maize (Zea mays) rotation (maple site). Particulate organic matter (POM) C constituted 15–65% and 14–41% of total organic C (TOC) at the pecan and maple sites respectively, whereas POM N comprised 3 to 24% of total N (TKN). TOC and TKN were on average 13% and 18% higher at the tree row than at the middle of the alley for surface soils (0–10 cm) at the pecan site, respectively. Similarly, POM C was two to three times higher at the tree row than the alley for subsurface soils at the maple site. No differences in microbial biomass C and N between positions were observed. Observed results suggest the existence of spatially dependent patterns for POM C, TOC, and TKN, relative to tree rows in alley cropping.     

Spatial variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems

Spatially dependent patterns in microbial properties may exist in temperate alley cropping systems due to differences in litter quality and microclimate in areas under trees compared to those in the alleys. The effect of tree row location was evaluated for its impact on soil enzyme activities and Biolog substrate use patterns. Soils were sampled to a depth of 30 cm at the tree row and at the middle of the alley at two sites: a 21-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis)/bluegrass (Poa trivials) intercrop (Pecan site) and a 12-year-old silver maple (Acer saccharinum)/soybean (Glycine max)–maize (Zea mays) rotation (Maple site). Sampling was done in fall 2001 and summer 2002. β-Glucosidase activities, Biolog patterns expressed as average well color (AWC), substrate richness, and Shannon diversity index, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the tree row than at the middle of the alley for surface soils at the Pecan site. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity was also higher at the tree row for soils sampled in the fall, but did not differ significantly for soils sampled in the summer. At the Maple site, AWC and substrate richness were significantly higher at the tree row for soils sampled in 2001. Soil volumetric water content and temperature were generally lower in the tree row at the Maple site. The results of this study suggest that functionally different microbial populations may be present under pecan trees compared to cropped alleys which may promote disparities in nutrient availability necessitating differential long-term nutrient management in such alley cropping systems.     

扁桃||冬小麦间作模式下树冠结构对间作 区域光环境的影响

本文研究了作物、果树间作模式下果树树冠结构对间作作物区域光环境的影响,为果粮间作模式下适宜果树高光效树形结构的确定提供理论依据。以南疆地区扁桃(10 a)||冬小麦间作种植模式为研究对象,扁桃树形分为疏散分层形、开心形、高干形、小冠半圆形4个树形处理,以非间作的冬小麦大田为对照,于冬小麦灌浆期对间作区域不同波段辐射强度、光谱组成和光合有效辐射(PAR)日变化规律进行分区测定。结果表明:1)各树形对应间作区域光环境优劣程度从高至低依次为小冠半圆形、高干形、开心形、疏散分层形,几个树形处理间作区域总辐射强度平均值分别为对照的55.63%、46.54%、37.87%和28.76%,光合有效辐射强度依次为自然光对照的55.84%、44.57%、35.52%和26.40%;2)与自然光对照相比,间作区域各波段光照辐射强度均有不同程度降低,其中PAR、蓝紫光、黄绿光和红橙光区域消减幅度高于总辐射平均值,紫外、近红外和远红外区域消减幅度低于总辐射平均值。以疏散分层形西侧冠下区为例,该区域总辐射消减为自然光的11.37%,蓝紫光、黄绿光、红橙光和光合有效辐射分别消减至对照的7.98%、8.42%、8.62%和8.30%;紫外光、近红外和远红外分别消减至对照的12.30%、15.94%和23.00%;3)光质参数中"红橙光/远红外"比值对树冠结构特征变化敏感度高,变异系数为23.34%,可作为对间作区域光环境评价的主要指标;4)冠幅、干高、树高、有无主干等树冠结构指标对间作区域特别是东侧区域的PAR日变化趋势影响大。综合以上结果,南疆扁桃||冬小麦间作模式下,控冠、提干、落头等整形修剪措施能够改善间作区域的光照条件,以采用小冠半圆形树形间作区域光环境最优。     

The fate of tree root and pruning nitrogen in a temperate climate alley cropping system determined by tree-injected 15N

 Nitrogen (N) fluxes through the major plant pools of an alder (Alnus sinuta)-sweet corn (Zea mays) alley cropping system were determined over the course of two cropping seasons. Alder trees were injected with ¹⁵NO₃–N to directly follow the flow of N between alder and corn. The contribution of the above- and below-ground tree N to corn was determined by exchanging the labeled above-ground prunings (green manure) with those from unlabeled plots. During the first growing season after coppicing of the injected alders, 18% of the alder ¹⁵N was taken up by the corn with 12% coming from the above-ground prunings. Of the ¹⁵N remaining in the tree/stump following coppicing, the majority was recovered by corn plants within the rows next to the labeled trees during the first growing season. Earlier recovery of ¹⁵N by corn in the labeled root plots compared to the labeled pruning plots indicated the importance of root turnover in supplying N to corn, especially following coppicing. By the end of the first and second growing seasons, 34% and 38% of the ¹⁵N initially present in prunings was recovered in corn plants, respectively. Approximately 80% of the total injected ¹⁵N was found in the soil during the second growing season; however, the turnover of above- and below-ground alder components supplied only 3–4% of the N required by corn during the year of green manure application. Thus, most of the corn N demand was met by mineralization of residual soil N within the 2 years of coppicing and green manure additions. Continued internal cycling of tree N and movement of soil N into more labile pools would presumably allow more alder N to become available over time. The synchronization between N mineralization from the hedgerow green manure components and nutrient uptake of the alley crop remains a major challenge in alley cropping and other green manure systems. Received: 9 April 1999     

晋西黄土区苹果 + 大豆间作系统小气候及其对作物生产力的影响

为了评价果农间作系统的生态效益和经济效益,指导果农间作系统的物种选择和行间配置等农艺措施的生产实践,以晋西黄土区山西省吉县3年生苹果＋大豆间作系统（T1）、5年生苹果＋大豆间作系统（T2）、7年生苹果＋大豆间作系统（T3）和大豆单作系统（CK）为对比试验材料,通过布设根障,在分析苹果＋大豆间作系统小气候各因子特征的基础上,利用灰色关联法,研究不同树龄间作系统的小气候综合效应,并评价小气候对作物生产力的影响.结果表明：1）与大豆单作系统相比,苹果＋大豆间作系统光合有效辐射强度降低了30.3％ ～ 59.0％,气温下降了5.9％～17.9％,表层土壤温度下降了14.6％～42.7％,空气相对湿度增加了7.0％ ～ 17.9％;2）随着树龄的增加,苹果＋大豆间作系统对大豆单作系统的小气候关联系数逐渐降低,其中,小气候各因子中,空气相对湿度和光合有效辐射强度与大豆单作系统的关联度最小;3）各树龄苹果＋大豆间作系统的大豆根茎叶生物量和产量均低于大豆单作系统.树龄越大,苹果＋大豆间作系统的光拦截作用和降温增湿作用越明显,小气候综合效应也越强,但各树龄苹果＋大豆间作系统的小气候均会对间作大豆生产力水平产生负面效应.