土壤积累态磷研究Ⅲ.几种典型土壤中积累态磷的形态特征及其有效性

采用Ｈｅｄｌｅｙ土壤磷的分级方法研究了我国几种典型土壤和长期定位试验肥料残留磷（积累态磷）的形态，并根据生物耗竭试验后不同级磷的减少讨论了各级磷的有效性。结果表明，即使在固磷能力很强的红壤上，积累态磷也大部分存在于可被作物利用的磷的形态中。这就是为什么磷肥的积累利用率高的基本原因。     

长期施肥对酸性土壤磷形态及有效性的影响

为明确长期施肥对集约化果园土壤磷形态、分布特征及其有效性的影响，本研究对琯溪蜜柚主产区29个果园的土壤进行调查研究，采用张守敬和Jackson的酸性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究蜜柚果园土壤磷素累积对土壤磷形态及有效性的影响。结果表明：在集约化蜜柚果园中，土壤磷素累积丰富，随树龄增加土壤速效磷含量上升显著，且土壤磷形态在不同土层存在显著性差异；当全磷含量≤0.5 g/kg时，土壤磷形态主要以有机磷、铁磷为主，随着全磷含量的上升，铝磷含量、占比均显著上升；多元线性回归和逐步回归分析结果表明本试验中铝磷与速效磷相关性最好。果园土壤已经形成一个巨大的磷库，且有效性较高，可适当减少磷肥投入，降低土壤磷含量，减少经济成本，提高生态效益。     

影响土壤磷有效性变化作用机理

土壤磷有效性对植物生长以及磷的生态系统生物循环过程具有重要意义,一直以来也是国内外磷素研究的重点之一,文章综合介绍了土壤环境中影响磷有效性的一些因子及其作用机理,以期为系统的认识土壤中磷的有效性的变化提供借鉴。     

土壤有机磷形态的生物有效性研究

通过对土壤有机磷形态测定及其与土壤有效磷、小麦幼苗吸磷量、黑麦幼苗吸磷量、幼苗试验土壤有机磷矿化量的相关分析,研究了土壤有机磷形态的生物有效性。结果表明:反映土壤供磷状况及植物磷素营养状况的一些相关指标,如有效磷、黑麦草幼苗吸磷量与有机磷组分无明显直线相关关系,不能说明土壤有机磷形态的有效性。而幼苗试验土壤有机磷的矿化量、小麦幼苗吸磷量可以从一个侧面反映土壤有机磷形态的有效性。总的趋势是活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷表现出较高的有效性,高稳性有机磷有效性最低。     

连续施用生物炭对棕壤磷素形态及有效性的影响

【目的】土壤磷有效性差、磷肥利用率低是农业发展的主要限制因素之一。生物炭作为新型土壤改良剂，其独特的理化性质会影响磷素形态及有效性。本研究通过分析连续施用不同用量生物炭对棕壤不同形态磷素含量及变化规律，探讨各形态磷对棕壤磷素有效性的贡献，以期明确生物炭对棕壤磷素有效性的作用，为其合理农用提供理论依据。【方法】本试验研究对象为连续5年增施生物炭的玉米连作棕壤，共设5个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥氮磷钾(NPK )、1.5 t/hm2生物炭 + 氮磷钾(C1NPK)、3 t/hm2生物炭 + 氮磷钾(C2NPK) 和6 t/hm2生物炭 + 氮磷钾(C3NPK)，采用蒋柏藩、顾益初土壤无机磷分级、Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分级方法测定不同形态磷含量，研究不同用量生物炭配施化肥对棕壤磷素形态及有效性的影响。【结果】连续5年施用生物炭可显著提高棕壤全磷、有效磷含量及磷活化系数；明显提高了棕壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、LOP(活性有机磷)、MLOP(中活性有机磷) 含量，降低了MROP(中稳性有机磷) 含量；在磷组分中，MLOP、O-P分别占棕壤有机磷、无机磷比例最大，为64.32%、28.43%。施用生物炭显著提高了Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P占无机磷比例；Al-P与有效磷含量相关系数最大为0.945，LOP、Al-P、MROP对有效磷的直接通径系数较大，分别为0.318、0.285、–0.261；Al-P、HROP(高稳性有机磷) 对有效磷的决策系数分别为0.295和–0.130，是棕壤有效磷的主要决策因子和主要限制因子。【结论】施用生物炭可以促进棕壤磷素积累并提高其活性；施用生物炭条件下，Al-P、LOP是棕壤磷素的活跃组分，提高Al-P含量、限制HROP含量是生物炭提高棕壤磷素有效性的主要途径。     

杨凌地区大棚土壤无机磷形态及有效性研究

为了研究杨凌地区不同年限大棚土壤磷素的有效性及无机磷的空间分布状况,采用蒋-顾石灰性土壤无机磷形态分级方法.对大棚土壤磷素形态、空间分布特性以及无机磷形态的生物有效性进行了研究.结果表明:大棚土壤各形态无机磷呈现出在表层(0-10 cm)强烈富集,向下剧减的垂直分布特征,大棚土壤的磷素以无机磷为主,Ca-P含量占无机磷含量的73.61%～77.11%,平均74.99%,大棚土壤0-40 cm土层中各形态无机磷含量大体也表现Ca-P含量(Ca10-P、Cas-P)高于其他形态的磷;大棚土壤无机磷含量高于露天菜地,但无机磷占全磷的比例有所下降,随着大棚土壤栽培年限的延长,Ca-P在无机磷组分中始终占主导地位,Ca10-P、Ca8-P、Ca2-P等无机磷组分的含量顺序及比例在一定范围内基本不变,保持耕层各形态磷的平衡,无机磷组分的形态分布及比例分配并没有随棚龄的变化而发生改变;与露天土壤相比,大棚种植的环境提高了Ca8-P、Ca2-P在无机磷所占的比例,从而提高了土壤中磷素的生物有效性.     

土壤磷形态组分分级及31P-NMR 技术应用研究进展

农田生态系统中土壤磷形态转化,影响土壤磷对作物的有效供应。土壤磷分为无机磷和有机磷两大部分。化学连续提取法 (chemical sequential fractionation,CSF) 研究土壤磷形态分级,采用不同的化学提取剂,分级提取土壤中组成或分解能力接近的有机无机含磷化合物,是目前表征土壤磷素形态的重要方法。但该方法虽历经改进,仍难以确切反映土壤磷的实际组成,提取的不同磷形态间存在重叠,有机磷和无机磷组分分级存在一定的误差;不同分级磷组分对作物的有效性,需谨慎评估。核磁共振波谱技术 (nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR) 根据核磁共振波谱图上共振峰的位置、强度和精细结构来研究土壤中含磷化合物的分子结构。液相31P-NMR 可以同吋检测出土壤中多种磷组分,如正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯、膦酸脂、焦磷酸盐和多聚磷酸盐,识别土壤提取物磷形态,可将有机磷与无机磷分开。本文综述了应用31P-NMR 技术研究土壤磷形态组分的一些进展,总结了样品制备过程、NMR 测试参数及在土壤磷形态转化研究中的应用。二维31P-NMR 技术发展为鉴定分析土壤中更多种类的含磷化合物提供了契机。     

植物对不同形态磷响应特征研究进展

磷是植物生长发育所必需的大量营养元素之一,参与植物体内许多重要化合物的合成与代谢。土壤中磷素具有多种形态,且不同形态磷的植物有效性差异较大;植物在不同形态磷环境下,体内会形成相应的适应性机制。植物吸收积累磷通常与根形态、根系分泌物、体内磷转运等因素有关,受到特异基因表达的调控。了解植物对磷的吸收积累特性是筛选磷高效植物或磷富集植物的前提,也是充分利用土壤磷素资源、修复磷过剩环境的关键。根据国内外研究现状,本文从磷素吸收积累、根系形态特征、磷酸酶与植酸酶的变化以及磷营养高效的分子机制,综述了植物对不同形态磷的响应特征,并对未来该领域的研究进行了展望。     

磷肥对中酸性土壤无机磷形态转化及其有效性的影响

用张守敬Ｓ．Ｃ．Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ提出的无机磷分级体系和蒋柏藩等新近改进的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法，对棕红壤和黄棕壤无机磷分级进行了比较研究，并用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了棕红壤和黄棕壤施用过磷酸钙和磷矿粉肥前后无机磷形态的转化及其有效性。     

石灰性土壤无机磷有效性的研究

本文概要地介绍了作者推荐的关于石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的建立依据,并将该分级体系中的Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和Ca₁₀-P与张守敬的土壤无机磷分级体系进行了比较。根据对土壤中无机磷形态的分析,以及系列的生物试验结果,对石灰性土壤中不同形态无机磷的有效性进行了初步评价。     

土壤磷素的化学组分及其植物有效性

本文主要论述了土壤磷素分级方法、土壤不同磷素组分的转化与植物有效性的关系及影响因子等方面的研究进展,对不同分级方法的优缺点给予了评价,并提出了该领域今后的重点研究方向。     

长期施肥对黑土磷素的影响

A twelve-year field trial was carried out to determine the impact of long-term fertilization on phosphorus (P) distribution in the soil profile, P balance, and the transformation and availability of soil P in a black soil (Phaeozem, FAO). Under a wheat-soybean-corn rotation, during twelve years where no fertilizer was applied, crops removed 60 and 81 mg P kg^-1 soil in the control and NK treatment, respectively. About one third of the P absorbed by crops was originated from organic P. Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P were the main forms of inorganic P absorbed by crops. The surplus P from fertilization remained in the 0-20 cm soil layer and increased with the application rate of P. The combined application of NP or NPK increased available P to a lesser extent than the combined application of PK. Fertilizer P had mainly transformed to the Al-P, Fe-P, Ca2-P, and Ca8-P forms. By using the P budget (X), changes in total P (Y1) and available P (Y2) in soils under the current cropping system could be predicted by the equations: Y1 = 0.02 1.01X and Y2 = 2.08 0.15X.     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

长期施磷对山原红壤磷库组成及有效性的影响

通过33年施肥试验研究了不同施磷处理对山原红壤中磷素形态转化及含量的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥增加了红壤中全磷和速效磷的含量;施磷处理下土壤表层无机磷、有机磷显著积累。不同施肥处理下土壤无机磷组分均以Fe-P为主,占总量的50%左右;相关分析表明无机磷组分中的Fe-P、Al-P与速效磷分别呈极显著正相关(r=0.908)、显著正相关(r=0.706),表明Fe-P、Al-P为山原红壤的有效磷源。对于土壤有机磷而言,所有施肥处理的土壤中稳性有机磷比例最高,其次为中等活性有机磷,再次为高稳性有机磷,活性有机磷最低,前二者占有机磷总量的90%左右。有机磷组分与速效磷的相关性分析结果表明,中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷分别与土壤速效磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.861)、显著正相关(r=0.840)。说明中等活性有机磷和中稳性有机磷是土壤速效磷的主要来源。增施磷肥尤其是氮、磷、钾肥与农家肥配施后,可促进其他形态有机磷向有利于作物吸收的中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷转变。     

Chemical forms of cadmium in a calcareous soil treated with different levels of phosphorus and cadmium and planted to spinach

The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of applied phosphorus (P) and cadmium (Cd) on Cd chemical forms determined by sequential extraction and the relationship between these forms and plant responses, i.e., dry weights, concentration, and total uptake of Cd and P in a greenhouse experiment. Treatments consisted of five levels of Cd (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg^?1 soil as cadmium sulfate) and four levels of P (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 soil as monocalcium phosphate), which were added to the soil and left to equilibrate for 1 month under greenhouse conditions. Spinach seeds (Spinacea oleracea L., cv Viroflay) were sown and then grown for 8 weeks. The chemical composition in the aerial part of the pant and soil was determined. Application of Cd decreased plant dry matter and increased Cd concentration in the plant, whereas at each level of applied Cd, P increased plant dry matter and decreased plant Cd concentration. All chemical forms of Cd in soil, as determined by a fractionation method, were increased following Cd application, the highest being the carbonatic form. Phosphorous application decreased exchangeable and carbonatic forms of Cd, whereas it increased other forms.     

我国东南部地区土壤养分的退化

A total of 2 190 soil nutrient data in the Second National Soil Survey of China were collected to assess the degradation of soil nutrients in the hilly region of Southeast China. The definition of soil nutrient degradation is suggested firstly, then the evaluation criteria are set up and the current status of degradation of red soil and latosol is assessed. The percentages of areas in four grades of soil nutrient degradation, i.e., slightly deficient, medium deficient, severely deficient and extremely deficient, were 21.3%, 43.3%, 16.2% and 3.0% for soil total N; 0.7%, 6.4%, 16.7% and 76.2% for soil available P; and 25.4%, 26.3%, 8.6% and 5.0% for soil available K, respectively. The severity of soil nutrient degradation was in the order of P > N > K. The major factors leading to the degradation of soil nutrients in quantity include soil erosion, leaching and the consumption by crops. And the principal factor affecting the degradation of soil nutrients in availability is the fixation of N, P and K, especially the fixation of phosphorus. The average amount of P fixed by soils is 408 mg kg^-1, and upland soils can fix more P than paddy soils.     

The Effect of Legume Species Grown as Cover Crops in Olive Orchards on Soil Phosphorus Bioavailability

Some legume species are able to utilize phosphorus (P) from sparingly soluble P sources benefiting companion crops or those following in the rotation. Lupinus albus, Vicia villosa, and a mixture of eleven annual pasture legumes were used in olive orchards as mulched cover crops as a means of increasing the soil P availability. By soil testing and growing bioindicator P plants in the next season, it was possible to detect a slight but consistent increase in soil P availability. The results indicated that the increase in soil P availability was mainly due to the mineralization of the high P content legume residues, rather than the direct effect in the rhizosphere of the living plants. The results also suggested that the good adaptation of white lupine to low P environments might be due to a high internal P use efficiency of this species, producing high dry matter yields with low P concentration in their tissues.     

长期不同施肥对黄壤磷素吸附–解吸特性的影响

  【目的】  磷吸附–解吸特性对土壤磷素有效性和环境流失风险有重要影响。研究长期不同施肥对黄壤旱地磷吸附–解吸特性的影响,可为黄壤区合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  供试黄壤肥力长期定位试验位于贵阳,始于1995年。设有对照 (CK)、施氮钾肥 (NK)、施氮磷钾肥 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M) 和有机肥化肥配施 (MNPK) 5个处理。采用恒温平衡方法,研究了磷最大吸附量 (Q_m)、磷吸附常数 (K)、磷吸附自由能 (|ΔG|)、磷最大缓冲容量 (MBC)、磷吸附饱和度 (DPS)、磷固定量 (PI)、磷解吸率 (DR),不同施肥处理土壤对外源磷的吸附和解吸特征,并分析土壤磷吸附解吸特征参数与土壤理化性质之间的关系。  【结果】  M和MNPK处理显著降低了土壤中的黏粒含量,提高了有机质含量和pH,提高了土壤全磷和有效磷及微生物量磷含量;NK和NPK处理对土壤黏粒含量没有显著影响,但是降低了有机质和pH,NK处理降低了土壤的磷含量和有效性。Langmuir吸附等温线方程能很好地拟合土壤吸附磷和相应的平衡溶液磷浓度曲线 (R2为0.9532～0.9950,P < 0.01)。与CK相比,NK、NPK处理Q_m分别显著增加了39.2%、40.9%,M处理Q_m显著降低了20.0%,MNPK处理Q_m无显著差异,说明施用化肥可增加土壤对磷素的吸附位点,而施用有机肥则减少了土壤对磷素的吸附位点,有机无机肥配施时则吸附位点无显著变化;各处理K、|ΔG|、MBC、PI表现为MNPK≤ M < CK < NPK < NK,DPS则表现为MNPK > M > NPK > CK > NK,DR均值表现为MNPK>M>CK>NPK>NK。当加入外源磷浓度 < 10 mg/L时,NK和NPK处理的磷固液比为85.8～100.3,CK为4.2～28.8,M和MNPK处理为2.5～7.7,说明当施用的外源磷浓度较低时,长期施用化肥处理中的磷大部分被土壤吸附,难以被作物利用,而长期施用有机肥处理中磷则大部分留存在液相中,有利于作物的吸收利用。相关分析表明,Q_m、K、|ΔG|、MBC、PI等磷吸附特征参数与土壤黏粒含量、pH、有机质相关系数基本大于与土壤磷的相关系数,说明土壤黏粒含量、pH和有机质对土壤磷素吸附解吸特性的影响大于土壤磷素水平的影响。  【结论】  黄壤磷素吸附–解吸特性受磷肥性质的影响大于施磷量,长期施用有机肥可降低土壤对磷素的吸附,促进土壤磷素解吸,提高土壤磷素有效性,长期施用化肥效果则相反。长期有机无机肥配施可综合有机肥和化肥优势,在土壤磷浓度较低时,可降低土壤对磷的吸附,促进磷素解吸,提高土壤磷素的有效性;在土壤磷浓度较高时,可以降低土壤磷素解吸率,减小磷素环境流失风险,是黄壤旱地上最佳的施肥模式,但本研究中MNPK处理施磷量过高导致土壤磷素大量累积,磷素流失风险较大。     

SULFUR APPLICATION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL AND ON SUGARCANE GROWTH AND YIELD

High pH soils limit availability of pH sensitive nutrients including phosphorus (P), even though abundant levels are present. Application of such nutrients to the soil is ineffective because they quickly get tied up in unavailable forms. Elemental sulfur (S) application in a narrow band to lower root zone pH and increase nutrient availability to the crop is a possible economically feasible solution. A four year field study was conducted in which S was applied to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) at rates up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 each of the 1st three years in a band using different application methods. Sulfur application effects on soil pH were gradual, causing only a slight reduction in the application zone after one year; but was long lasting, resulting in continuing substantial declines in soil pH in an adjacent zone four years after the first S application. Soil available P, sulfate (SO₄)-S, and salinity levels increased with increasing S applied. Sugarcane plant growth, as indicated by leaf area index during the grand growth period responded to moderate S application levels. Sugarcane yields increased linearly in the plant crop, but showed quadratic responses to S applications in the 1st through 3rd ratoon crops. Initial soil available P levels prior to the first treatment application were at the critical level considered adequate for crop requirements, yet growth and yield increases in response to S application suggest that the critical available soil P levels for sugarcane may be higher than previously established. Sulfur application at rates beyond those necessary to produce maximum yields resulted in salinity problems which probably reduced yields. The ‘stool splitter’ application method, which slices the plant stool using a coulter and places the fertilizer directly in the middle of the furrow caused crop damage and stand loss which persisted for the remainder of the sugarcane crops. Based on the results of this study, a single application of elemental S at up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 directly below the seed cane at planting is recommend for sugarcane on a calcareous soil, with no additional applications in later crops.