苏南地区水稻土亲水性的研究

土壤亲水性是土壤胶体的一个重要属性,它表示了土壤与水的相互作用,直接影响土壤的许多物理化学性质。     

土壤胶体磷环境效应及其影响因素

胶体是磷素在环境中迁移转化的重要载体,土壤胶体磷对磷素生物地球化学循环具有重要作用,其活化迁移对土壤、水环境具有十分重要的影响。本文介绍了国内外土壤胶体磷的分类、分离和分析技术。重点阐述了土壤胶体磷活化、土壤基础理化性质（矿物组成、其他胶体元素、土壤孔隙结构、pH、氧化还原电位）、肥料及土壤改良剂应用对土壤胶体磷环境效应的影响。并针对目前土壤胶体磷流失存在的问题,提出相关对策及展望,以期为后续胶体磷研究和胶体磷污染的治理提供参考。     

草萘胺在五种土壤及其胶体上的吸附行为

土壤胶体是土壤中颗粒最细小的部分,由于具有巨大的比表面积和较高的吸附容量,是环境中污染物的重要吸附剂,直接影响到污染物的归趋和生物有效性.本文采用批次吸附试验的方法,研究了农药草萘胺在黄棕壤等5种土壤及土壤胶体上的吸附行为.结果表明,草萘胺在供试土壤及胶体上的吸附均能很好地符合Freundlich方程;与本体土壤相比,...     

基于粒子系统的土壤胶粒快速凝聚的三维可视化仿真

土壤胶体凝聚三维可视化有助于更好地理解土壤凝聚动力学过程和土壤团聚体形成.该文构建了土壤胶粒粒子系统算法,实现了土壤胶粒建模及其胶体快速凝聚动态演化可视化.首先将土壤整体当作土壤立方体,土壤胶体颗粒看作球形,实现所有胶粒的建模.然后胶粒在布朗运动作用下以扩散系数随机移动,移动后发生碰撞而快速凝聚.该文分别实现了有固定中...     

土壤中铁形态转化的根际效应

氧化铁是土壤胶体的重要组成部份,它在中性和酸性水稻土及红壤的结构体中起着重要作用,还影响着土壤中离子吸附与解吸,沉淀与溶解等物理化学平衡,特别是含氧酸根及重金属离子的专性吸附作用,进而影响土壤中养分的有效性及污染物的生物毒性。     

土壤胶体电位滴定与热分析的初步研究

土壤不仅是一个分散体系,而且其高度分散部分还带电荷。因此,它能与土壤溶液中的离子相互结合,形成双电层。大部分土壤的无机胶体是带负电的,所以主要吸附阳离子。当它在盐基不饱和时就呈酸性,形成所谓胶体酸,胶体酸的缓冲性能既取决于交换性酸的本性,也取决于土壤胶体的本性。因此,了解胶体酸的缓冲性能不仅有助于对土坡酸度本性的认识,也可了解土壤胶体的本性。本文仅就我国几种土壤及其无机胶体部分进行电位滴定与热分析,并与粘土矿物比较以探讨各土壤胶体的缓冲性能与粘粒矿物组成的关系。     

有机修饰塿土总酸度和电荷性质的初步研究

土壤表面电荷特性是土壤十分重要的表面特性参数,其不但与土壤溶液中阴阳离子的吸附与解吸具有直接的关系,同时土壤中的离子扩散、土壤有机-无机复合体的形成以及土壤的水分性状在不同程度上也均受到土壤胶体表面电荷性质的影响。近年来国内外开始研究应用阳离子型表面活性剂对黏土矿物或土壤进行修饰,以增大对土壤中有机污染物的吸附能力[1,2],由于采用表面活性剂能够使得土壤的表面疏水性增加而亲水性减弱,其表面电荷性质也必然发生相应的变化,而这种变化对土壤中有机、重金属污染物的吸附固定将会产生本质的影响[3~7]。因此,研究土壤表面修饰后土壤电荷特性的变化,对于深入了解土壤表面修饰的机理,从理论上探讨修饰土样对于     

原子力显微镜在土壤胶体研究中的应用进展

胶体颗粒是土壤团聚体及土壤结构形成的基础物质,其表面性质及颗粒间相互作用对土壤性质及其肥力作用有着深刻的影响。原子力显微镜（AFM）具有纳米级的分辨率且能够测量物质颗粒间相互作用力的大小,将其应用于土壤胶体研究,可以更加直观、深入地阐明土壤胶体特性、探索土壤胶体作用机理。本文在概要介绍 AFM 的工作原理和特性的基础上,深入探讨了AFM 在测定土壤胶体表面形貌、测定土壤胶体相互作用力方面的研究进展,并对该领域未来的发展进行展望,可为深入揭示土壤胶体颗粒的表面特征及颗粒间相互作用方式、强度和机制,阐明土壤肥力演变过程、污染物在土壤中的迁移机理提供理论参考。     

氧化物研究的动态和展望

土壤粘粒中的氧化物包括铁、锰、铝、硅等氧化物及其水合物,代表土壤胶体中另一种重要的表面,属水合氧化物型。根据其表面性质有称为可变电荷表面,或可逆表面。     

有机修饰塿土表面特性的研究Ⅰ.CEC和比表面

污染物在土壤中的行为与土壤的表面化学特性密切相关,研究土壤的表面化学特性对于从微观领域了解污染物行为及其变化规律,采取有效措施减轻并消除土壤中污染物的危害,保护土壤环境和人体健康具有重要意义。为了增强土壤对有机污染物的吸附固定,国内外开始研究应用阳离子型表面活性剂对黏土矿物或土壤进行修饰,使土壤的表面性质由亲水性转变为疏水性,增大对土壤中有机污染物的吸附能力[1,2],研究表明,利用阳离子型表面活性剂修饰黏土矿物或土壤,可以显著增强土壤对水中有机污染物的吸附固定能力[3~7],但对于重金属离子却具有不同的作用[8~11]。土壤胶体的比表面、离子交换能力是与土壤对污染物吸持直接相关的土壤表面性质     

Structural transition in the humic matrix of soil gels and its effect on the soil properties

The analysis of drying-wetting cycles in soils has shown that the existence of the humic matrix of soil gels and, hence, the soil structure is ensured by hydrophilic bonds in dry soils and hydrophobic bonds in wet soils. This suggests that the structural transition from one mechanism controlling the stability of the soil gels and the existence of the soil structure to another mechanism occurs in the humic matrix of soil gels in a specific range of water content. The experimental results have confirmed the effect of the structural transition on the water stability of the soil structure, the pH_water, the hydrophilicity of the soil particle surface, and the structural-mechanical properties of the soils.     

Production of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> by surface and buried soils of the steppe zone under native and moistened conditions

Modern light chestnut and chestnut soils and their analogues buried under steppe kurgans in the southeastern part of the Russian Plain were studied in order to determine the rates of the CO₂ production by these soils under the native (with the natural moisture content) and moistened (60% of the total water capacity) conditions. It was found that the rates of the CO₂ production by the soil samples in the native state are relatively close to one another and vary from 0.3 to 1.4 μg of C/100 g of soil/h. The rates of the CO₂ production in the moistened state increased by two orders of magnitude for the modern surface soils and by an order of magnitude for the buried soils.     

Salinity and sodicity induced changes in dispersible clay and saturated hydraulic conductivity in sulfatic soils

Abstract

Irrigation is becoming a more commonly used practice on glacially derived soils of the Northern Great Plains. Threshold salinity and sodicity water quality criteria for soil‐water compatibility in these sulfatic soils are not well defined. This study was conducted to relate soil salinity and sodicity to clay dispersion and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) in four representative soils. Soil salinity (EC treatment levels of 0.1 and 0.4 S m^‐1) and sodicity (SAR treatment levels of 3, 9, and 15) levels were established to produce a range of conditions similar to those that might be found under irrigation. The response of each soil to changes in salinity and sodicity was unique. In general, as sodicity increased clay dispersion also increase, but the magnitude of the increase varied among the soils. In two of the soils, clay dispersion across a range of sodicity levels was lower under the 0.4 S m^‐1 treatment than under the 0.1 S m^‐1 treatment and in the other two soils, clay dispersion across a range of sodicity levels was similar between the two salinity treatments. Changes in K_sat were greatest in the finer textured soil (decreasing an order of magnitude across the range of sodicity levels), but was unchanged in the coarse textured soils. Results suggest that these sulfatic soils are more susceptible to sodicity induced deterioration than chloridic soils. These results and earlier field observations suggest that sustainable irrigation may be limited to sites with a water source having a SAR <5 and an EC not exceeding 0.3 S m^‐1 for these sulfatic glacially derived soils.     

零盐分效应点: 与巴西São Paulo州典型土壤的粘土矿物结构之间的关系

The point of zero salt effect （PZSE） is the soil pH value at which the magnitude of the variable surface charges is not changed due to variations in the ionic concentration of the soil solution. This property influences not only electrochemical phenomena occurring at the solid-solution interface but also the flocculation degree of the soil particles. In this study we investigated the relationships between the clay mineralogy and the PZSE values of representative soils of the Sāo Paulo State, Brazil. The results confirmed the usefulness of the difference between the soil pH values measured in 1 mol L^-1 KCl （pHKCl） and in water （pHH2O） （2 pHKCl-pHH2O） for estimating the PZSE of tropical soils, except for the ones rich in exchangeable Al; furthermore, the ApH index （pHKC1 - pHH2O） was highly correlated with the difference between the PZSE and pHH2O values, reiterating the △pH utility for estimating both the signal and the magnitude of the net surface charge of tropical soils. Finally, correlation and multiple regression analyses showed that the PZSE value of weathered non-allophanic tropical soils tends to increase and to equal the soil pH due to the weathering-induced kaolinite destabilization and concomitant Fe- and Al-oxide accumulation.     

Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes

This review examines the interactions between soil physical factors and the biological processes responsible for the production and consumption in soils of greenhouse gases. The release of CO₂ by aerobic respiration is a non‐linear function of temperature over a wide range of soil water contents, but becomes a function of water content as a soil dries out. Some of the reported variation in the temperature response may be attributable simply to measurement procedures. Lowering the water table in organic soils by drainage increases the release of soil carbon as CO₂ in some but not all environments, and reduces the quantity of CH₄ emitted to the atmosphere. Ebullition and diffusion through the aerenchyma of rice and plants in natural wetlands both contribute substantially to the emission of CH₄; the proportion of the emissions taking place by each pathway varies seasonally. Aerated soils are a sink for atmospheric CH₄, through microbial oxidation. The main control on oxidation rate is gas diffusivity, and the temperature response is small. Nitrous oxide is the third greenhouse gas produced in soils, together with NO, a precursor of tropospheric ozone (a short‐lived greenhouse gas). Emission of N₂O increases markedly with increasing temperature, and this is attributed to increases in the anaerobic volume fraction, brought about by an increased respiratory sink for O₂. Increases in water‐filled pore space also result in increased anaerobic volume; again, the outcome is an exponential increase in N₂O emission. The review draws substantially on sources from beyond the normal range of soil science literature, and is intended to promote integration of ideas, not only between soil biology and soil physics, but also over a wider range of interacting disciplines.     

The variation of soil critical state parameters with water content and its relevance to the compaction of two agricultural soils

Examination of the previously published results of laboratory compression tests on a loam and a sandy loam has shown that as the water content and degree of saturation of a soil increase, the gradient of the virgin compression line, expressed in terms of specific volume and log of spherical pressure, increases and its intercept decreases. The water contents of the soils ranged from 5% to 30% and the degrees of saturation ranged from 10% to 40%. For both soils the gradient of the recompression line for previously compressed soils was shown to decrease with decreasing initial specific volume (increasing density) and to approach zero at a specific volume of 1.5 (dry bulk density of 1750 kg/m₃). It was deduced that the position of the critical state line also varies with soil water content and that the critical state theory can be extended to unsaturated soils and therefore be of use in predicting the mechanical behaviour of agricultural soil during cultivation and compaction.     

Difference in the pH values of hydromorphic soils in field and laboratory analyses

There are marked differences in the pH values determined in water suspension under laboratory conditions and in soil solution under field conditions in hydromorphic soils (gleysols and stagnosols). The value δpH = pH_susp–pH_sol can be either positive or negative. Among the main factors that affect the value of δpH are the laboratory preparation of soil samples and the suspension effect. The sign of the pH effect (value of δpH) depends on the participation of humus, carbonate, and exchange bases in the formation of aggregates destructed in the laboratory. The value of δpH is negative in noncalcareous soils with low content of exchangeable bases and fulvate composition of humus and positive in calcareous soils or soils enriched with exchangeable bases and humate composition of humus. In cases of a significant δpH effect, the value of pH_susp cannot be regarded as an adequate measure of soil acidity.     

Calcium requirements of citrus

Abstract

A close relationship was found between the pH of soil suspensions in the SMP buffer solution (pH_smp) and the potential acidity of soils (H + Al) extracted by a neutral calcium acetate solution (r = 0.98), for twenty six soil samples of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, This relationship was represented by the equation lnY = 7.76 ‐ 1.053X, which allowed for the calculation of H + Al directly from the values of pH_smp.

With the values of H + Al and the sum of bases, calcium, magnesium and potassium, the cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the base saturation (V) were calculated. Relationships between the base saturation of the soils and the active acidity of soil suspensions were close, both for pH determined in water (r=0.94) and pH determined in 0.01M CaCl₂ solution (r ‐ 0.97). Thus the lime requirement (LR) of soils could be calculated, for given values of pH or base saturation, using the equation LR = CEC (V₂ ‐ V₁)/100, in which V₁ is the base saturation of the soil and V₂ is the expected value upon liming.

The predicted values for lime required to increase the soil pH in water to either 5.5 or 6.0 were comparable to those obtained by the direct use of the SMP buffer method, and were, respectively, two and four times higher than the amounts required to neutralize exchangeable aluminum, considering the criterion LR = Al × 1.5.

The proposed method to determine lime requirement of soils is described in detail and the advantages of its use are discussed.     

Effect of dry-wet cycles on carbon dioxide release from two different volcanic ash soils in a Japanese temperate forest

ABSTRACT

In the present study, two volcanic ash soils (soil A and B) from a temperate broad-leaved forest in eastern Japan were aerobically incubated under repeated dry-wet cycles and continuously constant moisture conditions. The primary aims were to quantify the potential for enhancement of carbon dioxide (CO₂) release owing to increased water fluctuation and to examine differences in the responses of volcanic ash soils with different physicochemical properties. Soil B, rather than soil A, was a typical Andosol. During incubation at 20°C for 120 days with five dry-wet cycles, the CO₂ release rate was measured periodically. Abundance of the stable carbon isotope in CO₂ (δ¹³C-CO₂) was measured to capture changes in the origin of decomposed soil organic matter (SOM) owing to the dry-wet cycles. The CO₂ release rate under the dry-wet cycles was up to 49% higher than the values predicted from a parabolic relationship between CO₂ release and water content during incubation under the continuously constant moisture condition. The magnitude of CO₂ release enhancement was 2.7-fold higher in soil B relative to that in soil A. The δ¹³C-CO₂ value in the dry-wet cycles was enriched by 0.3–2.3‰ compared to that during incubation under the continuously constant moisture conditions, suggesting that the decomposition of well-metabolized and/or old SOM was enhanced by the dry-wet cycles. Thus, the present study suggests that Andosols, which have been believed to have a strong SOM stabilization ability, are vulnerable to dry-wet cycles. Then, increased water fluctuation in a future warmer world would have significant potential to stimulate CO₂ release from soils.